ME 2213

Fluid Mechanics II
 Course contents
Impact of jets

Viscous flow

Flow over submerged body

Boundary layer theory

Compressible flow
Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 2
Impact of Jets
Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk
 Course Outcome

 Apply the linear and angular momentum principles to evaluate the impact of jet on targets in
different orientations.
• Apply the continuity, momentum and energy equations to analyze problems, and learn
systematic engineering method to solve practical fluid mechanics problems.
• Use the control volume analysis to determine the forces associated with fluid flow, moments
caused by fluid flow and the torque transmitted.
• Calculate the force/moments of fluid jet on stationary and moving plates, curved
blades/vanes, pipe bends, elbows, water sprinkler etc.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 4

 Introduction

 A jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle has some velocity and hence it possesses a certain
amount of kinetic energy.
 Impact of a jet is defines as the force exerted by a jet of fluid as it strikes an object (namely
flat plate or hemispherical cup) due to the kinetic energy of the jet.
 The impressed force by the jet is designated as hydrodynamic force, unlike the forces due to
hydrostatic pressure of fluid at rest, since a dynamic force is exerted by virtue of fluid
motion.
 Hence, it involves a change of momentum flow in the jet and impulse-momentum principle
may be utilized to evaluate this hydrodynamic force.
 One of the applications of jet impact is used to generate electricity. Impact of jet is used to
rotate the turbine (Pelton wheel for example) in the generator. The water jet is applying
force tangential to the wheel.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 5

 Impulse-Momentum principle
 The Impulse-Momentum principle sates that “the impulse exerted on any body is equal to
the resulting changes in momentum of the body.”
 This principle is a modified form of Newton’s second law of motion:
𝑑
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥 , where, 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑚𝑉𝑥 is the momentum created by force 𝐹𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 𝑃𝑥
 The term 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 is impulse and the term 𝑑 𝑃𝑥 is the resulting change of momentum. Thus,
the product of a force and the time over which it is exerted is called impulse.
 For example, if you kick a stationary football which involves applying impulse to it and this
causes the momentum change.
 The equation in above form is applicable to discrete bodies for which the force acted for a
finite period of time. However, steady flow of fluid involves a motion that is continuous and
it is not completed in a finite period of time.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 6

 Impulse-Momentum principle for steady flow
 The linear momentum equation for a control volume,
𝑑
𝐹= 𝑉 𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝑉 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

 For steady flow through the control volume,

𝐹= 𝑉 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑆

where 𝑉. 𝑛 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 is the normal component of velocity at an arbitrary control surface.

 For uniform velocity distribution and normal (1-D) in/exit of flows through the surface
𝐹= 𝑚𝑉 out
− 𝑚𝑉 in

where 𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 is the mass flow rate.

 For one inlet and one outlet of the control volume
𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑉out − 𝑉in

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 7

 Impulse-Momentum principle for steady flow
 If any force is exerted on a fluid, the fluid exerts an equal and opposite reaction force. As a
result, the force associated with the momentum change of a fluid.
 It can be interpreted as either an external force applied to the fluid (providing momentum to
the fluid in the direction of that force), or a force being applied by the fluid on its
surroundings, thereby depleting the fluid of momentum in the direction of that force.
 For example, if water in a pipe is initially heading in the +𝑥 direction and takes a 180° turn:
• It can be interpreted as the pipe is applying a force, and therefore adding momentum to the
water in the −𝑥 direction. This force causes the 𝑥 component of the water’s velocity to
decrease and eventually become negative.
• Equivalently, it can be said that the water is applying a force to the pipe, and therefore losing
momentum in the +𝑥 direction.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 8

 Impact of jet on stationary flat plate
 Consider a jet fluid coming out from a nozzle of diameter 𝑑 with a velocity 𝑉, strikes a
vertical fixed flat plate. The jet after striking the plate will move along the plate and leave
tangentially. Hence the jet deflected through 90°; the component of velocity of jet in the
original direction of jet will be zero.
 The friction between the jet and the plate may be neglected if the plate is quite smooth.
Furthermore, if the elevation between the incoming and outgoing jets is neglected, the
application of Bernoulli’s eqn. indicates that the jet will move on and off the plate with the
same velocity 𝑉 since the pressure is atmospheric everywhere.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 9

 Impact of jet on stationary flat plate
 Applying the linear momentum equation to determine the force exerted by the stationary
plate on the jet in the direction of jet.
𝐹= 𝑚𝑉 out
− 𝑚𝑉 in

 Taking a control volume enclosing the jet gives

−𝐹𝑥 = 0 − 𝑚𝑉 = −𝜌𝐴𝑉. 𝑉 = −𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 ⋯ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2
 The force 𝐹𝑥 is considered negative because the force exerted by the plate on the jet is in the
opposite direction of jet −𝑥 direction . Further the force exerted by jet on the plate is
equal and opposite to the force exerted by the plate on the jet.

Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 10

 Velocity Triangle
 Consider a fan blade driven at constant angular velocity ω by a
motor, the blade speed would be 𝑈 = ωr, where r is the radial
distance from the axis of the fan.
 The absolute fluid velocity (that seen by a person sitting
stationary at a chair near the table on which the fan rests) is
denoted 𝑉, and the relative velocity (that seen by a person riding
on the fan blade) is denoted 𝑊.
 The actual (absolute) fluid velocity is the vector sum of the
relative velocity and the blade velocity: 𝑉 = 𝑊+𝑈.
 For simplicity, assume that the flow moves smoothly along the
blade so that relative to the moving blade the velocity is parallel
to the leading and trailing edges (points 1 and 2) of the blade. In
other words, the fluid is perfectly guided by the blade.
Idealized flow through a fan: (a) fan blade geometry;
(b) absolute velocity, V; relative velocity, W; and blade
velocity, U at the inlet and exit of the fan blade section
Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 11
 Angular Momentum Theorem
 The angular momentum equation for a control volume,
𝑑
𝑀0 = 𝑟 × 𝑉 𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝑟 × 𝑉 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

 For steady incompressible flow,

𝑇= 𝑀0 = 𝑟 × 𝑉 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑆

 The cross product can be evaluated as 𝑟 × 𝑉 = 𝑟𝑉 sin 𝜃 𝑛, where 𝑛 is the unit vector
perpendicular the plane of 𝑟 and 𝑉 indicating the direction of axis.
 Applying the angular momentum theorem to a turbomachine and arrived at a result for the
applied torque T:
𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑟2 𝑉𝑡2 − 𝑟1 𝑉𝑡1
where 𝑉𝑡1 and 𝑉𝑡2 are the absolute tangential velocity components of the flow at the inlet
and exit, respectively.
 s
Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 12
Dr. Abdullah Al-Faruk 13
End of chapter