Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Government of India

National Mission
on Sustainable Habitat
2021-2030

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Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India

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 National Mission
on Sustainable Habitat
2021-2030

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  i

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 Contents
Message of the Hon’ble Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs..................iii
Message of the Hon’ble Minister of State for Housing and Urban Affairs................v
Message of the Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs)...........................................vii
Abbreviations................................................................................................................xi
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................xv

1. Introduction.........................................................................................1
2. Climate Change: Hazards and Vulnerabilities..................................3
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat..........................................7
3.1 Paris Agreement and India’s NDC........................................................................7
3.2 National Action Plan on Climate Change..............................................................8
3.3 Overview: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat.............................................9
3.3.1 Definition..................................................................................................... 11
3.3.2 Objectives................................................................................................... 11
3.3.3 Key Priorities ..............................................................................................11
3.3.4 Linkages with SDGs.................................................................................... 11
4. Energy and Green Building..............................................................13
4.1 Key Priorities.......................................................................................................13
4.2 Key Strategies.....................................................................................................14
4.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes............................................................15
5. Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity.............................17
5.1 Key Priorities.......................................................................................................17
5.2 Key Strategies.....................................................................................................18
5.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes............................................................19
6. Mobility and Air Quality....................................................................21
6.1 Key Priorities.......................................................................................................21
6.2 Key Strategies.....................................................................................................21
6.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes............................................................23

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 7. Water Management...........................................................................25
7.1 Key Priorities.......................................................................................................25
7.2 Key Strategies.....................................................................................................27
7.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes............................................................28
8. Waste Management...........................................................................31
8.1 Key Priorities.......................................................................................................31
8.2 Key Strategies.....................................................................................................32
8.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes............................................................33
9. Cross-Cutting Strategies for enabling Climate Actions................35
9.1 Urban Governance..............................................................................................35
9.2 City Level Monitoring Mechanism.......................................................................36
9.3 Capacity Building ...............................................................................................38
9.4 Data, Technology and Innovation........................................................................38
9.5 Financing............................................................................................................39

References.............................................................................................41
Annexure I: Case studies on various thematic areas.............................45
Chandigarh: Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Plant.................................45
Thane: Energy and Green Buildings.........................................................................46
Thanjavur City: Rejuvenation and conservation of urban environment....................47
Annexure II: Indicative list of proposed cities under NMSH...................49
Indicative list of proposed cities under NMSH..........................................................49
Annexure III: Key Deliverables and Timelines (2021-30).......................51
Annexure IV: Key Contributors...............................................................57

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4R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and
Recovery
AJAY Atal Jyoti Yojana
AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Urban Transformation
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BRTS Bus Rapid Transit System
BUR Biennial Update Report
C&D Construction and Demolition
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CapEx Capital expenditure
CCAP City Climate Action Plan
C-Cube Climate Centre for Cities
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CSCAF ClimateSmart Cities Assessment
Framework
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DAY-NULM Deendayal Upadhyay Antyoday
Yojana - National Urban Livelihoods
Mission
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
EESL Energy Efficiency Services Limited
EV Electric Vehicles
FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
Electric/Hybrid
FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
GCF Green Climate Fund
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gases
GHTC - India Global Housing Technology Challenge
- India
GIS Geographical Information System
GoI Government of India
GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment
Abbreviations
ICCC Integrated Command and Control
Centre
IEC Information, Education and
Communication
IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate
Change
ITS Intelligent Transportation System
JJM-U Jal Jeevan Mission - Urban
JSA Jal Shakti Abhiyan
LAP/TPS Local Area Plan/Town Planning
Scheme
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LEED Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
LHP Light House Project
MBBL Model Building Bye-laws
MEEP Municipal Energy Efficiency
Programme
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
MoP Ministry of Power
MRF Material Recovery Facility
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
NAPCC National Action Plan for Climate
Change
NCMC National Common Mobility Card
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NDMA National Disaster Management
Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NITI National Institution for Transforming
India
NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs
NMMU National Mission Management Unit
NMSH National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat
NMT Non-Motorised Transport
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NRW Non-Revenue Water
NULP National Urban Learning Platform
NUTP National Urban Transport Policy
O&M Operation and Maintenance
ODF Open Defecation Free
PBS Public Bicycle System
PMAY-U Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban
PPP Public Private Partnership
PWD Public Works Department
RCA Recycled Concrete Aggregate
RDF Refused-Derived Fuel
RWA Resident Welfare Association
SBM-U Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban
SCF-S Segregated Combustible Fraction
SCM Smart Cities Mission
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SECI Solar Energy Corporation of India
SLNP Street Lighting National Programme
SPV Special Purpose Vehicle
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWD Storm Water Drainage
SWM Solid Waste Management
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TCPO Town and Country Planning
Organisation
TNA Training Needs Assessment
TOD Transport Oriented Development
TTRO Tertiary Treatment Reverse Osmosis
UDA Urban Development Authority
ULB Urban Local Body
UMTA Unified Metropolitan Transport
Authority
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
URDPFI Urban and Regional Development
Plans. Formulation and
Implementation guidelines
USGBC US Green Building Council
UTF Urban Transport Fund
VCF Value Capture Financing
VGF Viability Gap Funding
WHO World Health Organisation
WRI CAIT World Resources Institute Climate
Analysis Indicators Tool
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 Executive Summary
I
ndia is witnessing rapid urbanisation. According to
Census 2011, about 377 million people comprising
31.14% of the total population lived in urban areas.
The urban population is projected to grow to about
600 million by 2031. While cities are engines of growth,
they also contribute to more than 70% of India’s
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
There has been a perceptible increase in number as
well as intensity of extreme weather events in recent
times in India, which can be directly attributed to
climate change. India has unique geo-climatic and
socio-economic conditions, and is vulnerable, in
varying degrees, to rising sea levels, floods, droughts,
cyclones, landslides, avalanches, storms, and heat
waves. Indian cities are especially susceptible to the
effects of climate change due to limited access to
basic services, infrastructure, livelihood, and health. It is
estimated that India will experience a decline of about
2-6% in its GDP under the carbon-intensive scenario
by 2050, which could pose a serious threat to its
development goals and investments.
National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC),
launched in 2008, outlines multi-pronged, long term
strategies to address climate change and its impacts.
As a part of NAPCC, National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat (NMSH) aims at (i) Promoting low-carbon urban
growth towards reducing GHG emissions intensity for
achieving India’s NDC, and (ii) Building resilience of
cities to climate change impacts and strengthening their
capacities to ‘bounce back better’ from climate related
extreme events and disaster risks. The first version of
NMSH released in 2010 has now been revised in the
context of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
under the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), and New Urban Agenda (NUA).
“Sustainable Habitat” is defined in NMSH 2.0 as
“an approach towards a balanced and sustainable
development of the ecosystem of habitat which offers
adequate shelter with basic services, infrastructure,
livelihood opportunities along with environmental and
socio-economic safety including equality, inclusiveness
and disaster-resilience”.
The revised NMSH has identified five thematic areas,
namely (i) Energy and Green Building, (ii) Urban
Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity, (iii) Mobility
and Air Quality, (iv) Water Management, and (v) Waste
Management. Key mitigation and adaptation strategies
to facilitate the development of sustainable habitat have
also been recommended under each thematic area.
The first thematic area “Energy and Green Buildings”
focuses on reducing the energy consumption for
lighting, heating, and cooling, etc. in India’s real estate
sector and shifting to cleaner renewable energy sources
through adoption of green building technologies. Key
mitigation and adaptation strategies recommended
under this area include undertaking energy audit of all
municipal services, including water supply, sewage,
and storm water management on an annual basis and
promoting renewable energy, and 100% installation of
energy-efficient streetlights.
The second thematic area on “Urban Planning,
Green Cover and Biodiversity” lays emphasis on
integrated urban and regional planning approaches
to climate-sensitive development and preservation
and rejuvenation of water bodies, green spaces, and
eco-sensitive areas. Key mitigation and adaptation
strategies include mapping of all eco-sensitive zones,
biodiversity rich areas, natural assets in the city, and
promoting maintenance of green cover using an
ecological approach, specifically focusing on native tree
species and sustaining urban biodiversity.
The third thematic area on “Mobility and Air
Quality” highlights the need to formulate and
implement strategies focusing on inclusive and
multi-modal mobility options in order to arrest the
rapid growth of private motor vehicles, which
has led to traffic congestion and increasing air pollution
levels in metro cities. Key mitigation and adaptation
strategies recommended under this thematic area
include adopting cleaner and environment-friendly
technologies, such as Electric Vehicles (EVs),
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), biofuels, etc. and
creating incentives to attract and enable public-private
partnership (PPP) in setting up charging infrastructure,
shared mobility, first and last-mile connectivity and the
use of clean renewable energy sources.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  xv
The fourth thematic area on “Water Management” lays Recovery Facility (MRF) with provision for sorting
emphasis on augmenting existing water resources by recyclables and facility for sorting SCF Segregated
adopting rain-water harvesting (RWH), rejuvenation Combustible Fractions/Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) as
of waterbodies, recycling/ reuse of treated sewage, per the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules 2016 in
water conservation, and promoting circular economy cities with over 0.5 million population.
of water through development of City Water Balance
Plan (CWBP). Key mitigation and adaptation strategies
NMSH 2.0 also lists out enabling climate actions, which
recommended include publishing Rapid Flood Risk
are intended to address the overarching framework to
Assessment Report to understand the reasons of
facilitate adoption and implementation of the sector-wise
flooding/water stagnation as well as flooding/water
climate action strategies mentioned above. These include
stagnation hotspots in the city, implementing an end-
strategies pertaining to Urban Governance, Capacity
to-end urban flood early warning system, efficient
Building, Data, Technology and Innovation for the
distribution of piped water supply, and encouraging
mission. ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework
100% recovery of Operation and Maintainance (O&M)
(CSCAF), a first-of-its-kind assessment framework
charges by water supply authorities and wastewater
with 28 climate-relevant parameters across the five
management.
thematic areas, will serve as a tool for cities to assess
their present situation vis-à-vis objectives and targets
The fifth thematic area on “Waste Management” focuses of NMSH 2.0.
on the need for cities to prioritise actions for waste
reduction and waste management, and promote waste-
The implementation period of NMSH 2.0 is from 2020-
to-energy and waste-to-compost plants. Key mitigation
21 till 2030. The goals of NMSH 2.0 are envisaged
and adaptation strategies include segregating waste and
to be achieved through various other Missions and
3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) principles for better
programmes of MoHUA, which are already being
waste management, and facilitating setting up Material
financed through budgetary and extra-budgetary
resources.

Bird’s-eye view of Udaipur City, Rajasthan

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S
ince the late 19th century, earth’s surface
temperature has risen by 1.14 oC (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2020),
which is primarily attributed to anthropogenic-
induced climate change, leading to widespread impacts
on natural and human systems. It is estimated that
human activities have contributed to almost 78% of
GHG emissions (Pachauri & Meyers, 2014) between
1970 and 2010. As per SR 1.5 of Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the impacts of the
average temperature warming by more than 1.5 oC
are manifold: human death and illness are expected to
increase in pathways with warming greater than 1.5 oC
due to risks directly attributable to climate change, such
as exacerbated urban heat islands, amplification of heat
waves, extreme weather volatility, floods, droughts,
coastal inundation and an increase in vector-borne
diseases, like malaria and dengue fever (IPCC, 2018).
India is the 3rd largest emitter of GHG globally. While
the per capita emissions are much lower - less than half
compared to the global average, more than 70% (Sethi,
2015) of India’s emissions are generated from urban
Urban Development in New Town Kolkata, West Bengal
1
Introduction
areas. As per Census 2011, the urban population in
India accounted for 31.16% of the total population (37.7
crores). The country has 53 city agglomerations with
over a million people, and 6 city agglomerations with
over 10 million population. By 2030, the country’s urban
population is expected to rise to about 600 million, and
cities would generate 70% of India’s GDP (MGI, 2011).
As India undergoes rapid urbanisation and economic
growth, GHG emissions from urban areas are likely
to increase further. Therefore, as hubs of population,
economic activities, and infrastructure, cities are uniquely
positioned when seen through the climate lens. On one
side, cities are key contributors to climate change; on the
other, they also experience the severe impact of
climate change with varying degrees of risk to essential
services, infrastructure, housing, livelihoods, and
health. Urbanisation and unplanned growth have led to
complex social, economic, and ecological challenges
that the urban areas need to address, along with catering
to the current demand for essential infrastructure
services and resource allocation towards better urban
management.
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 2
Climate Change: Hazards
and Vulnerabilities

A
ccording to IPCC, rise in the global at risk from landslides and avalanches, and 15% of the
average temperatures leads to increase landmass is prone to landslides. A total of 5,161 Urban
in precipitation, extreme rainfall, cyclonic Local Bodies (ULBs) are prone to urban flooding .
storms, coastal flooding and heatwaves.
As per the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
The recently released Global Climate Risk Index 2021
Climate Change (MoEFCC) Third Biennial Update
(David Eckstein, 2020) ranks India as the 7th most-
Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework
affected country from climate-related extreme weather
Convention on Climate Chnage (UNFCCC), the diverse
events (storms, floods, heat waves, etc.). This is based
geography of India manifests varied climate regimes,
on the recorded data for loss and damages during
ranging from continental to coastal, heat and cold,
2000- 2019 in terms of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants
aridity and negligible rainfall, to excessive humidity
and losses per unit GDP as percentage. Besides,
and torrential rainfall (MoEFCC, 2021). India has
in 2019, India recorded its maximum rainfall since
unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions
1994, with the most number of cyclones and ‘severe
and is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to floods,
cyclones’. However, the impact of climate change and
droughts, cyclones, landslides, avalanches, storms,
climate hazards is not uniform country-wide, and varies
and heatwaves. According to the National Disaster
across regions due to differences in the exposure and
Management Authority (NDMA 2019), out of the 36
vulnerability of various systems (O’Brien, 2008).
states and Union Territories (UTs) in the country, 27 are
disaster-prone. 12% of the land area is prone to floods
and river erosion; out of the 7,516 km coastline, around According to IPCC, the vulnerability of cities is
5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of the linked with several economic, social, cultural,
cultivable land is vulnerable to droughts, hilly areas are institutional, political, and psychological factors

Table 1: Loss and damages due to urban flooding in Indian cities (during 2000-20)

Sr. Year(s) of
Name of city Loss and damages
No. occurrence
2005: 100 homes damaged and 54 collapsed, 10 persons died. Urban flood
Bengaluru, 2005, 2009, 2013,
1 disrupted essential services in the city became non-functional. The flood in-
Karnataka 2016 undated all arterial roads.
Chennai, 2015: Essential transit services were disrupted during the megaflood; It
2 2004, 2015
Tamil Nadu claimed 280+ lives, and more than 0.1 million people were rescued.
Mumbai, 2005: 1,094 lives lost; all essential services including major transits operations
3 2005, 2007, 2015
Maharashtra were suspended. INR 550 crores loss was estimated in two days.
Sri Nagar, 2014: Flood affected the entire Kashmir valley, halted all services (transport,
4 Jammu & 2014 telecommunication, city administration, hospitals) within the city. The
Kashmir estimated damage was INR 5,000-6,000 crores.
2000: Urban floods damaged 35,693 homes and affected 0.2 milion people
Hyderabad, 2001, 2002, 2006,
5 Telangana 2008
2008: Floods affected 0.15 million people.
6 Delhi 2010, 2013, 2016 2016: Heavy rainfall created havoc conditions
Vadodara, 2019: Major transport operations were suspended; natural
7 2005, 2013, 2019
Gujarat habitats affected
2018: Airport closed for 2 weeks with over INR 220 crores of loss and damag-
8 Kochi, Kerala 2018, 2019 es; floods were followed by drought, water scarcity, and public health issues.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  3

that determine and affect the coping capacities
of institutions, communities, and infrastructure
systems. The current projected increase of global
temperature by 1.5 to 2 oC is expected to increase
the frequency and intensity of extreme weather
events, and give rise to new vulnerabilities with
differential spatial and socio-economic impacts
on communities. This will further impact the
hydrological cycle and existing water resources,
leading to droughts, floods, water scarcity, and food
insecurity. In addition, extreme events cause loss
of life, and adversely impact the standards of living,
economic growth, and poverty reduction measures.
The impact would be particularly disastrous for
India and will lead to differential impact on poor
and vulnerable communities, which constitute
between one quarter and one half of the population
across most Indian cities. It is estimated that, by
2050, under the carbon-intensive scenario, India
will experience a decline of about 2-6% in its
GDP (Mani, Bandyopadhyay, Chonabayashi,
Markandya, and Mosier, 2018). Thus, climate
change can pose a severe threat to India’s
development goals and investments.
Heat waves
Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense
heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally
due to climate change. Further, the decrease in the
Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) due to urbanisation
is leading to human mortality and discomfort. Also,
increased minimum temperatures in summer do not
allow the necessary nocturnal cooling to neutralise
the high maximum temperature during a heatwave,
increasing its intensity and period. As per NDMA, India
is witnessing the impact of climate change, which is
increasing in intensity with each passing year and
having a devastating impact on human health, which is
evident from increasing number of heatwave casualties.
Cyclones
India has a coastline of about 7,516 km, which is
exposed to nearly 10% of the world’s tropical cyclones
(NDMA, 2019). A recent study by the Indian Institute
of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) indicates that frequency
of cyclones in the Arabian Sea has increased by 52%
between 2001 and 2019 (Deshpande, M., Singh, V.K.,
Ganadhi, M.K. et al., 2021). On average, about five or six
tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian
sea, and hit the coasts every year. About 71% of the
coastal areas across ten states (Gujarat, Maharashtra,

Figure 1: Climate Risk Management Framework (IPCC, 2014)

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Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry,
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal) and islands
of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep are prone
to cyclones (Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), 2011).
In 2020 alone, nine cyclonic disturbances had their
landfall in India, adversely impacting cities and coastal
communities.
Droughts and water scarcity
The primary cause of drought is the deficiency of
rainfall, including the timing, distribution, and intensity
of deficiency. A prolonged period of relatively dry
weather leading to drought is a widely recognised
climate anomaly. Drought can be devastating as water
supplies dry up, crops fail, animals die, and malnutrition
and ill health become widespread. The environmental
effects of drought include increase in soil aridity and
salinisation, depletion in groundwater levels, and
increased pollution of freshwater ecosystems.
According to MHA, a staggering 68% of India is prone
to drought of variable degrees. 35% of the country
receives rainfall between 750 mm and 1,125 mm,
thereby falling in the drought-prone category, while
33% receives less than 750 mm and is categorised as
chronically drought-prone (MHA, 2011). India has about
17% of the global population, but it has only 4% of total
freshwater resources. About 0.2 million people die
every year in the country due to inaccessibility to water,
sanitation, and hygiene (NITI Aayog, 2019). Cities with
high population density are more prone to the impacts
of drought, leading to acute water scarcity.
Floods
In India, about 40 million hectares of the country’s
geographical area are flood prone (National Institute of
Disaster Management (NIDM), 2014). There has been
an increase in the intensity of urban floods over the
past years, whereby major cities have been severely
affected. While increasing frequency of extreme rainfall
events (Pachauri & Meyers, 2014) is one of the critical
factors responsible for the ‘urban floods’, increased
paved surfaces affecting run-off, lack of adequate
stormwater drainage, poor SWM systems leading to
choking of the drains, etc. have also aggravated the
vulnerability. In the last two decades, urban India has
experienced unprecedented high intensity floods and
flash floods in several cities, including Mumbai, Surat,
Kolkata, Chennai, Kochi, Srinagar, Hyderabad, and
Bangalore among others (Table 1). In 2019 alone,
floods led to more than 1,800 deaths across 14 states.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates
that around 2.4 million children were impacted by floods
in India.
Climate change has led to increased occurrences of
irregular and high intensity short duration rainfall events,
which have rendered the cities more vulnerable to
inundation and frequent flooding. The problem of urban
flooding has been further compounded due to increase
in impervious areas, absence of systematic approach to
formulate and implement stormwater drainage systems,
their inadequate O&M, and encroachment of drainage
pathways in towns and cities (Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO),
2019).
Landslides
National Landslide Risk Management Strategy,
NIDM (2019) has indicated that landslide hazards
in India rank high among the hydrogeological hazards,
as they pose threat to life and livelihood, ranging from
disruptions of routine activities to widespread loss
of life, property, and destruction in large parts of the
mountainous regions.Himalayan and other hilly regions
are affected by landslides and landmass movement
activities. Some of the significant landslide incidents
that occurred in the past are Katropi - 2017 (Himachal
Pradesh), Laptap Pampare - 2017 (Arunachal Pradesh),
Mirik - 2015 (West Bengal), Malin - 2014 (Pune),
Dasalgaon - 2007 (Maharashtra), Varunavat Parvat -
2003 (Uttarakhand), Amboori - 2001 (Kerala), Malpa -
1998 (Uttarakhand), Kalimpong - 1993 (West Bengal),
Kohima - 1993 (Nagaland).
Rising sea levels and storm surges
According to India’s Third BUR, sea level along
the Indian coast is estimated to be rising at
about 1.7 mm/year and at different rates along various
parts of the coast. As per Census 2011, the total
population of coastal districts is 171 million, which
accounts for 14.1% of India’s population. Several urban
areas with considerable wealth in the form of assets
and infrastructure, including the megacities of Mumbai
and Chennai, with high population density, are located
along the coast. Further, the urban slum population
in these coastal cities is especially susceptible to
be affected by regular flooding. Rising sea level can
aggravate the flooding of low lying areas during
extreme events, such as storm surges, while leading to
increased coastal erosion. Coastal areas are vulnerable
to the threat of rising sea-level, and can experience
increased exposure to coastal hazards, such as storm
surges during cyclones and related hazards.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  5
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 3
National Mission
on Sustainable Habitat
3.1 Paris Agreement and India’s NDC

I
ndia is a party to the Paris Agreement, a legally
binding international treaty on climate change
adopted by 196 countries at the Conference of
Parties (COP) 21 held in Paris. Its goal is to limit
global warming to well below 2 oC, preferably to
1.5 oC, compared to pre-industrial levels. To that
end, countries aim to reach global peaking of GHG
emissions as early as possible to achieve a climate-
neutral world by mid-century. In order to achieve these
ambitious goals, the Paris Agreement has provisions
for providing financial assistance to vulnerable and
less-endowed countries as well as development
and transfer of technology for improving resilience
to climate change and reducing GHG emissions.
The Agreement also lays great emphasis on
strengthening climate-related capacity building in
developing countries, and calls for conservation
and enhancement of GHG sinks and reservoirs. The
Agreement requires all countries to determine their
NDCs, and also report regularly on emissions and their
implementation efforts (UNFCCC, 2016).
5. To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion
tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest
and tree covers by 2030.
6. To better adapt to climate change by enhancing
investments in development programmes in
sectors vulnerable to climate change, particularly
agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region,
coastal regions, health, and disaster management.
7. To mobilise domestic and new & additional funds
from developed countries to implement the above
mitigation and adaptation actions in view of the
resource required and the resource gap.
8. To build capacities, create a domestic framework
and international architecture for quick diffusion
of cutting-edge climate technology in India
and for joint collaborative R&D for such future
technologies.

India has committed to its NDCs (2021-30) and is on

track to achieve the same (Economic Survey 2019-20).
The NDCs for India are as follows:
1. To put forward and further propagate a healthy
and sustainable way of living based on traditions
and values of conservation and moderation.

2. To adopt a climate-friendly and cleaner path

than the one followed hitherto by others at
corresponding level of economic development.
Floating Solar PV System at Kailasagiri Reservoir,
3. To reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33- Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
35% by 2030 from the 2005 level.

4. To achieve about 40% cumulative electric power

installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based
energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer
of technology and low cost international finance,
including from Green Climate Fund (GCF).

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  7

3.2 National Action Plan
on Climate Change
T
he Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change,
GoI, launched NAPCC in 2008 with 8 sub-
missions representing the multi-pronged, long-
term, and integrated strategies to mitigate and
adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. The
plan aims at fulfilling India’s developmental objectives
with a focus on reducing the emission intensity of its
economy. Eight missions under NAPCC are as follows:
1. National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
4. National Water Mission
5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
Ecosystem
6. National Mission for Green India
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for
Climate Change
Riverfront Development in
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
8 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
NAPCC is being guided by the following principles to
achieve sustainable development while advancing the
economic and environmental objectives:
1. Protecting the poor and vulnerable sections of
society through an inclusive and sustainable
development strategy, sensitive to climate
change.
2. Achieving national growth objectives through
a qualitative change in direction that enhances
ecological sustainability, leading to further
mitigation of GHG emissions.
3. Devising efficient and cost-effective strategies for
end-use Demand Side Management (DSM).
4. Deploying appropriate technologies for both
adaptation and mitigation of GHG emissions
extensively at an accelerated pace.
5. Engineering new and innovative forms of market,
regulatory, and voluntary mechanisms to promote
sustainable development.
6. Effective implementation of programmes through
unique linkages, including with civil society and
local government institutions and through PPP.
7. Welcoming international cooperation for
research, development, sharing and transfer of
technologies enabled by additional funding and
a global Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime
that facilitates technology transfer to developing
countries under the UNFCCC.
3.3 Overview: National Mission
on Sustainable Habitat

I
ndia’s GHG emissions grew from 1,311.29 MtCO2 eq
in 1994 to 3,202 MtCO2 eq in 2014, an overall increase
of 144% (WRI CAIT). The anticipated growth in urban
population will require the construction of additional
as well as re-construction of existing urban infrastructure
and buildings, which will increase demand on land for
habitation and other purposes. Managing the carbon
footprint of urban habitats and ensuring their climate and
disaster resilience are an important and challenging task
for governments across countries, including India. To
foster sustainable development, mainstreaming climate
change mitigation and adaptation measures in
urban planning and policy frameworks is critical.
With this vision, GoI launched NMSH 2010
under NAPCC, which highlights strategies and
guidelines to mitigate GHG emissions and adapt
to climate change impacts by building resilience in
infrastructure assets and communities, measures
for improving disaster risk management, and warning
systems for extreme weather events.
In 2015, GoI further adopted various strategies to
mainstream sustainable development and climate
actions in all urban investments and development
activities as part of its various urban missions and
programmes. These include the Atal Mission for
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT),
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban (PMAY-U),
Deendayal Upadhyay Antyoday Yojana - National
Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM), Swachh Bharat
Mission - Urban (SBM-U), and the Smart Cities Mission
(SCM). The missions focus on creating ‘lighthouses of
replicable models of sustainable urban development
and providing a high quality of life to citizens’.
National Urban Policy Framework (NUPF) outlines an
The ‘Ease of Living Index’ launched in 2018, aiming to
improve institutional, social, economic, and physical
urban systems to enhance the livability of cities,
includes various indicators aligned to climate mitigation
and adaptation targets.
With the new global urban agenda, the SDGs, and India’s
NDCs towards the Paris Agreement and paradigm shift
in India’s urban discourse, this revised version of the
NMSH intends to align India’s national programs and
initiatives with international goals and commitments.
This requires a closer review of the approaches and
mechanisms for urban policy and planning, programs
and investments, infrastructure development, and
governance (Figure 2). The planning of cities needs to
be envisioned with an integrated and holistic approach
– making habitats that are sustainable, smart, low
carbon, resilient, and promote quality living for all. In
order to develop integrated strategies that promote
sustainable habitat, NMSH 2.0 envisages to incorporate
and address the growing needs and concerns that have
emerged in the past decade.
Figure 2: Strategy for Global Commitments
Adaptation
• Reduce effects of climate
change in various sectors of
urban development
Global
Commitments Mitigation
• Paris Agreement • Key sources of GHG
• Agenda 2030 emissions

integrated approach for urban planning by analysing • New Urban Agenda • Sustainable and
integrated land use
key challenges and priorities for managing urban plan
• Rejuvenate natural
habitats. Further, MoHUA has introduced CSCAF - a resources
first-of-its-kind assessment framework on climate-
relevant parameters that will serve as a tool for cities to
assess their present situation and will facilitate cities to
adopt, implement and disseminate best practices. It will Support / Monitoring
• Finance/Investment
also set standards compared to the international efforts • Urban governance
towards green, sustainable, and disaster-resilient urban • Technology and innovation
• Capacity building
habitats. Aligning with these missions and initiatives, • Facilitate implementation
Indian cities have been actively working towards
promoting sustainable urban development.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  9

GHG Emissions Scenario

India’s GHG emissions grew from 1,311.29 MtCO2 eq in 1994 to 3,202 MtCO2 eq. in 2014, indicating an overall
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.5%. Although India’s annual carbon footprint increased in 2014
compared to previous years, the country is on track to meet its global climate action pledges of reducing the emission
intensity of its GDP (emission per unit of GDP). India’s emission intensity reduced from 2,231.56 MtCO2/million $
GDP in 2005 to 1,573.31 MtCO2 eq/million $ GDP in 2014. Consistent time series information on GHG emissions per
GDP from 1994 to 2014 are presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: India’s reduction of emission intensity CO2/million $ GDP (2005 to 2014)

Emissions (in MtCO2eq.)

Per GDP Emission (MtCO2eq.) Total Emission (MtCO2eq.)

India GHGs: Sectoral analysis

According to the World Resources Institute Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (WRI CAIT), India’s 2014 GHG profile
was dominated by emissions from the energy sector, which accounted for over 63% of the total emissions, of which
49% of the emissions was from electricity and heat generation, and 24% from manufacturing and construction
sectors. Agriculture was the second highest source with 20.3% of the total emissions, Industrial processes, transport,
and waste contributed 7.0%, 6.2%, and 1.9% respectively emissions, as represented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Sector-wise GHG emission (2005-14); source: WRI CAIT

Emissions (in MtCO2eq.)

10 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Figure 5: Interlinkage between development and climate change

Stakeholders
• Government
• Private
• Think tank organisation Development
• CBOs/NGOs
• Multi and bilateral
Climate
organisations
change

Policy/Mission Finance Impact

3.3.1 Definition 3.3.2 Objectives

A central principle of sustainable development is a The objectives of the NMSH 2.0 are as follows:
holistic view of life, where all objects and activities are
interconnected and mutually affect one another. Further, 1. Promote low-carbon urban growth towards
sustainable development aims to strike a balance reducing GHG emissions intensity for achieving
between economic development, environmental India’s NDC.
conservation, and promotion of equity, known as the
economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of sustainable 2. Build resilience of cities to climate change
development. impacts and strengthen their capacities to
‘bounce back better’ from climate-related
NMSH 2010 defined sustainable habitat as “achieving a extreme events and disaster risks.
balance between the economic and social development
of human habitats together with the protection of the
environment, equity in employment, shelter, basic 3.3.3 Key Priorities
services, social infrastructure, and transportation.”
To achieve the objectives of NMSH, the subsequent
However, in the context of various global and national
sections provide a roadmap for realising the key
commitments, i.e. NUA, SDGs, NDCs within the Paris
priorities of building a sustainable and climate-
Agreement, it was decided to review/revise NMSH in
resilient urban India under five thematic areas:
2019.
Energy and Green Building; Urban Planning, Green
Cover and Biodiversity; Mobility and Air Quality;
NMSH 2.0, through this Mission document, adopts the
Water Management; and Waste Management. These
following definition of sustainable habitat:
thematic areas are broad buckets of interventions to be
undertaken and may be merged, in the local context, as
required.
“An approach towards a balanced and sustainable
development of the ecosystem of habitat which
offers adequate shelter with basic services,
infrastructure, livelihood opportunities along 3.3.4 Linkages with SDGs
with environmental and socio-economic safety
While all the SDGs are important, the cities can focus on
including equality, inclusiveness, and disaster
the following SDGs as per the thematic areas in Table 2.
resilience.”

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  11

Table 2: Mapping of SDGs with NMSH thematic areas

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean

Energy Energy
& Green
Building SDG 11: Sustainable Cities
and Communities
Urban
Planning, SDG 13: Climate Actions
Green
Cover, and SDG 15: Life on Land
Biodiversity
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean
Mobility and Energy
Air Quality SDG 11: Sustainable Cities
and Communities
Water SDG 6: Clean Water and
Management Sanitation
Waste SDG 12: Responsible
Management Consumption and Production

12 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT


Energy and Green Building
4.1 Key Priorities
H
ousing and buildings (residential and non-
residential) are essential sectors of a country’s
economy and known as growth escalators,
which directly impact the quality of life. The
construction sector of India, including housing accounts
for 8% of GDP and employs 12% of the total workforce
(Source: India Habitat III National Report, 2016).
Buildings consume 1/3rd of the global energy output
and produce around 20% of the total GHG emissions
(WBCSD 2016).
In the wake of increasing frequency of extreme events,
such as floods, heatwaves, coastal flooding, storm
surges, etc., it is critical to mainstream and implement
retrofitting of climate adaptation measures in the
building sector. While there are various guidelines
and regulations in this sector to promote sustainability
and address climate change impacts, there is a need
for structured mainstreaming of various approaches
and mechanisms in the existing city-level frameworks
with appropriate implementation, monitoring, and
verification protocols. Further, the challenges prevailing
in the sector include knowledge gaps at various levels,
issues related to enforcement and implementation,
high upfront cost of green technology, and limited
technological development.
With 50% of the building stock that is expected to be
constructed by the year 2030 yet to be built, electricity
consumption in residential and commercial buildings is
bound to increase. Further, 80% of GHGs in India are
generated from the present energy demand in fossil
fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil. The Bureau
of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory body under
the Ministry of Power, GoI, estimates that electricity
consumption in the commercial building sector alone
in India is expanding at a rate of over 9% per year.
Similarly, as per the National Institution for Transforming
India (NITI Aayog), GoI, the electricity consumption
in the residential sector is expected to increase 6-13
times by 2047. Therefore, India’s real estate sector will
play a crucial role in addressing the climate-related
challenges, especially in reducing energy demand
and other resource requirements in terms of electricity
4
consumption for heating and cooling, land and material
requirement, and other infrastructural demands.
Energy production must shift to cleaner, renewable
energy sources (such as, solar photovoltaics (PV),
solar thermal, wind energy, hybrid-hydel power, small
hydro, geothermal energy, tidal energy, biogas, waste-
to- energy, etc.).
There are several programmes designed by MoHUA,
Ministry of Power (MoP), Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) through the Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE) and its State Nodal Agencies,
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Solar
Energy Corporation of India (SECI) and others, to
develop energy efficiency in cities and shift to renewable
energy sources. For example, MNRE has a Solar Cities
program that is designed to support cities to prepare
a roadmap to transform to ‘renewable energy cities’ or
‘solar cities’. Similarly, BEE has a Municipal Demand
Side Management (MuDSM) program for reducing
electricity consumption in municipal services, promoting
energy-efficient appliances, and a Green Building Star
Rating program that the cities can take advantage
of to achieve energy and cost savings in providing
various municipal services. EESL has Municipal Energy
Efficiency Programme (MEEP), Street Lighting National
Programme (SLNP), and Unnat Jeevan by Affordable
LEDs and Appliances for All (UJALA), that the ULBs can
implement for promoting energy-efficient technologies
in their cities. Under AMRUT, over 6.2 million streetlights
were replaced with energy-efficient LED street-lighting.
SNLP has been instrumental in replacing over 5
million street lights in over 500 cities in India, leading
to 1.35 billion kWh of energy savings and cost saving
of INR 7.42 billion every year. The cities can also take
advantage of the solar street-lighting program through
Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) - an initiative of MNRE.
It is important to note that, even though the upfront
costs for green building technologies are high, over long
term, the life cycle cost, including O&M, is considerably
lower. It is evident from research that the life cycle
cost of green buildings is 24-28% less compared to
conventional buildings (Weerasinghe et al, 2017).
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  13
Similarly, the building sector has implemented policies
and codes, which elaborate on energy efficiency in
residential and commercial building sector - Model
Building Bye Laws (MBBL), 2016, National Building
Code (NBC), 2016; the Energy Conservation Building
Code (ECBC); the Eco- Niwas Samhita, 2018, and the
schemes deployed by BEE. During the last decade,
these policies and guidelines have been revised
to address and incorporate the emerging needs of
the sector. MBBL 2016 has provided guidelines for
sustainable buildings to reduce energy and water
consumption to 50% of the present consumption in
conventional buildings. NBC developed by the Bureau
of Indian Standards (BIS) was updated in 2016 to
include a chapter on ‘Approach to Sustainability’. ECBC
2007 document developed for commercial buildings
was revised in 2017 to address the energy performance
of the buildings at three levels. In 2018, ECBC for
residential buildings “Eco Niwas Samhita 2018” was
also launched. However, the ECBC document applies
only for new construction and does not apply to existing
buildings and renovation projects. For existing buildings,
BEE has launched a scheme ‘Star Rating of commercial
buildings’ with the objective of building a foundation for
enhancing energy efficiency in buildings. Besides, the
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) stipulates green building guidelines for both
new and existing buildings.
4.2 Key Strategies
The impact of the energy & buildings sector is critical
from climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience per-
spective. Following strategies are recommended to facil-
itate the development of sustainable habitats.
1. Undertake energy audit of all municipal services,
including water supply, sewage, and storm water
management, on an annual basis.
2. Promote 100% installation of energy-efficient
streetlights and use of renewable energy operated
streetlights.
Roof-top Solar PV System in Jaipur, Rajasthan
14 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
3. Promote installing renewable energy systems
in buildings (premises), including all municipal
corporation buildings, to reduce the dependency
on fossil fuels.
4. Integrate ECBC 2017 for all new municipal
buildings and Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 for
residential buildings.
5. Green building guidelines should be integrated
into development control regulations and building
rules/bye laws and made mandatory for all new
constructions of more than 20,000 sq.m area.
6. Promote roof cooling techniques within new
developments in peri urban areas for all new
constructions of more than 20,000 sq. m area.
7. Rating systems notified in Development Control
Regulations (DCRs)/ General Development
Control Regulations and building rules/ bye laws
to be made mandatory for all new constructions of
more than 20,000 sqm. area.
8. Integrate norms and standards to address climate
risks (heat, floods, extreme rainfall, cyclones
& storm surges, water scarcity, etc.) in Model
Building Bye- laws, 2016 and National Building
Code, 2016 for adoption by cities. Develop
promotional/penalty schemes available for code
compliance, pre-certification, certification of
green buildings.
9. All Municipal Corporations with a 10 lakh plus
population should Institute a green building action
cell for knowledge creation, public awareness,
empanelling green building vendors, designing
green building schemes and their promotions,
verification, and faster approvals for green
buildings in the city. Develop a high-level green
building committee/equivalent comprising ex-
officio members from municipal corporation, smart
city SPV, UDD, PWD, Green building certification
agencies, and civil engineering/architect’s
membership association. The committee will
provide strategic advice to promote and adopt
energy efficient buildings and green buildings in
the city.
10. Water harvesting should be mandated to reduce
surface runoff and reduce water scarcity.
4.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes
Initiatives of MoHUA
MoHUA has been promoting new and emerging technologies in the construction sector to reduce the overall pollution
and emissions. Further, they are also promoting energy efficiency, resource management, and recovery through
green building initiatives. Further, it is also promoting the uptake of renewable energy and reducing reliance on fossil
fuels. The Ministry has spearheaded several initiatives, including the PMAY-U, AMRUT, SCM, and Model Building
Bye-Laws, 2016.

Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) under PMAY-U

• The objective of the GHTC (launched in January 2019) is to identify new emerging proven construction
technologies, replacing conventional construction practices and building materials that are polluting, consume
higher energy, and use natural resources.

• Fifty four new emerging construction technologies were identified for construction of mass housing.

• Six Light House Projects (LHPs) of about 1,000 houses each with necessary infrastructure in six regions of
the country have been planned using six distinct technologies identified under GHTC. Funds for these projects
have been allocated.

• Future evolving technologies will be supported to foster an environment of research and development in the
country through Incubation and Acceleration Support at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, IIT
Mumbai, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee, and the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) lab at Jorhat
to help technology initiators.

Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL), 2016

• Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is mandatory for buildings on plot size of 100 sq. m or more.

• Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system is mandatory for buildings on plot size of more than 500 sq. m.

• Waste water recycle is mandatory for all buildings having a minimum discharge of 10,000 litres per day.

• Processing of MSW should ensure implementation of the 4R rule of ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery’
through promotion of waste-to-compost and segregation of dry and wet waste.

• All buildings on plot sizes above 100 sq.m. to comply with the green norms and conform to the mandatory
requirements for sanction as per Green Rating systems to reduce energy and water consumption to 50% of
the consumption in conventional buildings.

• 20% of the recreational space to be left unpaved for green space.

AMRUT
• Replacement of conventional lights with LEDs: 6.2 million streetlights replaced with LED lights out of targeted
9.8 million lights. This is estimated to save around 1.35 billion kWh units of energy per year and reduce about
1.1 million tonnes of CO2 emission per year.

• Energy audit of water pumps and replacement of inefficient pumps: MoUs were signed with 446 cities (29
states/UTs), and field survey for energy was completed in 413 cities (28 states/UTs), out of which energy
audit was completed in 370 cities (27 states/UTs). 11,567 pumps (26 states/UTs) have been identified for
replacement.

Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

• In case of redevelopment and greenfield models of Smart Cities, at least 80% of the buildings should be
energy-efficient and green buildings.
• Renewable energy is to be promoted to ensure that a minimum of 10% of the city’s energy needs are met by
solar power.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  15

 Smart Sustainable Campus
Infosys Pune (Phase 2) is the largest campus in the world to earn Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design - Existing Building Operation and Maintenance (LEED-EBOM) - Platinum Certification from the US Green
Building Council (USGBC), which is a globally accepted benchmark for design, construction, and operation of high-
performance existing green buildings. LEED is one of the most stringent green rating tools for existing buildings,
which verifies whether a building is performing sustainably.

The campus started operations in 2004 with 114 acres in Hinjewadi, wherein efficiency improvements were
achieved through large-scale retrofit projects in 10 office buildings, three food courts, employee training centre,
guest house, and sports complexes across the campus that can accommodate 34,000 people. A two-pronged
strategy was adopted in 2008, which were:
• Designing new buildings to meet the highest efficiency standards

• Implementing deep retrofits in old buildings to increase energy efficiency.

The details of measures taken for efficient design in 6 years (2008 to 2014) and their impact is as under:

• 663 million units (kWh) saved.

• 0.56 million Tons of CO2 emissions reduced.

• 80 million USD spend on electricity, saved.

• Ensuring that 90% of occupied space should be naturally lit (impact of day lighting i.e., employee health,
work productivity, pleasant work space).

• Re-engineering of chiller plants reduced energy consumption by 30%, number of equipments by 45% and
space requirement by 25%.

• Replacement of electric heaters with heat pumps is 3.5 times more efficient (1 kW electricity required for
electric water heaters of 0.95 kW heating whereas 1 kW can heat 3.5 kW through heat pump). This led to a
reduction of 4 MW of connected load across the campus.

• 2.6 million sq. ft area covered with white roofs across Infosys campuses. reduced building heat gain and
urban heat island effect.

• 2000 street light retrofits, high-pressure sodium vapour luminaire of 250 W replaced with 90 W LED, migrated
from yellow to white light for improving night vision, retrofit through replacement of standalone UPS systems
with modular type high-efficiency UPS which improved efficiency by 15% as a result of a reduction in the
number of UPS and annual maintenance costs.

• Smart operations through Command and Control Centre to monitor, manage and optimise resources,
data driven building operations through energy-saving algorithms, provide data to optimise future building
designs, demystifying solar by publishing live data, ground level weather data, 2020 goal for corporates
allow solar funding as part of home loan etc.

According to a study, traditional “dark roofs” absorb significant sunlight - around 100 watts per sq. ft. While white
roofs absorb less sunlight than either green or black roofs, they offset a portion of the warming effect from the
GHG emissions. Both white and green roofs do a good job at cooling the building and cooling the air in the
city. However, white roofs are three times more effective at countering climate change than green roof, and
white roof is the most cost-effective over 50 years. The high installation cost of green roof, their environmental
benefits may at least partially mitigate their financial burden (Source: Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory,
California, USA).

16 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT


Urban Planning, Green
Cover, and Biodiversity
5.1 Key Priorities
U
rban areas in India are expected to house more
than 40% of the country’s total population, and
will contribute to over 75% of the national GDP
by 2030 (Source: MoHUA, SCM). However, as
the cities expand, the energy demand is expected to
increase dramatcally, resulting in high GHG emissions
and thereby contributing to the climate change. Since
much of India’s future development is centred around
cities and urban areas, consistent with the objectives
of the Paris Agreement, cities urgently need to plan
and implement climate actions in an integrated and
inclusive way. This would include mitigation of GHG
emissions and adaptation to climate change impacts
to foster comprehensive social, cultural, economic, and
environmental benefits.
The cost of poor planning of Indian cities is estimated
between 1.2% and 6.3% of the GDP by 2050 (Mani,
Bandyopadhyay, Chonabayashi, Markandya & Mosier,
2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need for urban
planning reforms that can facilitate integrated urban
and regional planning approaches to climate-sensitive
development, with active public participation in a
time bound manner. At the same time, adoption and
enforcement of existing mechanisms and guidelines,
such as the revised URDPFI guidelines 2014 on
preservation and rejuvenation of water bodies, green
and eco-sensitive areas, need to be strengthened by
the Urban Development Authorities (UDAs) and Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs).
As of July 2019, out of the 7,933 cities and towns, 2,843
have statutory Master Plans. The disaggregation of
Master Plans in the form of Zonal Development Plans/
Local Area Plans /Layout Plans are rarely available
for most cities and towns, leading to haphazard and
unplanned growth. Moreover, a review of existing plans
suggests that many towns and cities that have Master
Plans or Development Plans, which do not match with
the growing infrastructural requirements and emerging
challenges arising out of climate change, environmental
5
and infrastructure requirements. Besides, lack of data to
enable risk-informed planning, fund scarcity, and lack of
qualified human resources (urban/town planners) pose
serious challenges in formulation, implementation, and
monitoring of climate actions at the city level. Spatial
and temporal data loss and damage due to disasters
remain a gap. In addition, timely implementation and
monitoring of various spatial plans and provision for
revision, need to be enabled with the use of the latest
technological tools, such as Geographical Information
System (GIS) and Remote Sensing techniques.
Urban environment consists of many aspects, including
waterbodies, open spaces, and built-up areas. The
waterbodies and open spaces help people adapt better
to the adverse impacts of extreme climate events besides
combating the urban heat island effect. These also
combat water crisis, acting as reservoirs for draining,
retention for groundwater recharge, for protection in
case of floods, and for maintaining biodiversity. Further,
local sources of freshwater decrease the dependence
on energy for pumping purposes.
Similarly, sufficiently large and protected green spaces
reduce the impact of human activities on climate, while
biodiversity helps in carbon sequestration, air and water
purification, mitigation of impacts of environmental
pollution, noise reduction, and microclimate regulation.
The effects of climate change and disasters (natural
and man-made) are faced by urban inhabitants, and
impact urban infrastructure. As effects of climate
variability leading to extreme events are becoming
more severe and frequent, the incidents of damage
to urban infrastructure are also increasing. Therefore,
all cities should be able to identify their potential
hazards, vulnerabilities, and risk as well as be prepared
for a prompt response mechanism to combat any
disaster situations, including robust plans for recovery,
reconstruction, and rehabilitation to ‘build back better’.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  17
5.2 Key Strategies 6.
disaster resilient urban planning.
Carry out rejuvenation and conservation of urban
waterbodies as envisaged under the Jal Jeevan
The following strategies are recommended for Urban
Mission (JJM-Urban).
Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity to facilitate sus-
7. Enforce existing guidelines to preserve and
tainable habitat development:
protect river floodplains, banks, river beds, natural
1. Map all eco-sensitive zones, biodiversity
drainage canals, and open areas.
hotspots, natural resources in the city including
8. Digitise the city drainage network, and used the
waterbodies/drinking water sources, along with
information to prepare drainage master plans,
their catchments, open spaces/wetlands, and
which include locations of storm water system,
forest areas. Further, prepare a heat island
waterbodies, streams, natural canals, invert
map to inform mitigation actions to regulate
levels, terrain, land use, and land cover.
micro-climate and reduce GHG emissions locally.
9. Ensure that 10-12% of city area is earmarked as
2. Take appropriate disaster mitigation and
recreation spaces, including the green and blue
management measures in vulnerable areas
infrastructure of the total developed area following
as identified in the Vulnerability Atlas of India
the URDPFI guidelines.
(Source: Building Materials and Technology
10. Develop green belt buffer zones around the
Promotion Council (BMTPC)), which contains
industries situated within the Master Plan limit.
digitised state/UT-wise Hazard Maps with respect
11. Prepare and implement City Climate Action
to earthquakes, wind, and floods.
Plan (mitigation and adaptation) for Million-plus
3. Protect and prevent the construction of roads
cities, and integrate with the Master Plan, Local
and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood
Areas Plans, and Town Planning Schemes, as
zones to maintain channels for surface runoff.
applicable.
4. Promote maintaining of green cover using
12. Apart from the focus on land use and land cover
an ecological approach, specifically focusing
aspects, Make provisions for proper planning
on native tree species and sustaining urban
of water supply, sewerage, and storm water
biodiversity that provides important ecosystem
drainage networks in the Master Plans.
services contributing to climate change mitigation
13. Reduce impervious surfaces and encourage
and adaptation, such as carbon sequestration,
construction of permeable sidewalks and
air and water purification, mitigation of impacts
pavements to reduce the intensity of surface
of environmental pollution, noise reduction, and
runoff during monsoons and contribute to
regulation of microclimate.
increased recharge of the groundwater, thereby
5. Develop a plan of action for city preparedness
helping to address stresses, such as droughts
to tackle natural and man-made disasters in
and water scarcity.
alignment with the Sendai Framework for the
14. Take effective steps to increase green cover in
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), NDMA guidelines
urban areas, which prevents soil erosion (during
(2010, 2014, 2019), and MoHUA’s Standard
run-off) and help manage the surface and ground
Operating Procedure (SOP) on Urban Flooding
water hydrology. Eg. Maintain vegetation and
(2017). State/city level development controls/
trees to stabilise soil and and reduces the risk of
codes should address multi-hazard risks in line
landslides in hilly/mountainous areas.
with the Vulnerability Atlas of India to enable

Rejuvenation of City Greens by

Gwalior Smart City, Madhya Pradesh

18 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

5.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes
Initiatives of MoHUA
Rejuvenation of waterbodies is critical to combat urban water stress. Waterbodies are essential, as they cater to
drinking water needs, act as retention basins for groundwater recharge, protect during floods, and help to maintain
biodiversity. Having local sources of fresh water decreases the dependence on energy used for pumping purposes.
Open spaces play a critical role in climate mitigation and adaptation aspects by improving the microclimate and
enabling groundwater recharge.

AMRUT
• INR 176.8 billion has been allocated by MoHUA for development and restoration of green spaces and parks.
• 1,770 parks have been developed at a cost of INR 9.9 billion, and creation of another 650 green spaces and
parks worth INR 5.2 billion is under progress. The development of green space and parks with special provision
for child-friendly components has ensured access to amenities, reduction in carbon footprints, increase in
groundwater level, and improvement in quality of life of citizens.
• Local Area Plans/Town Planning Schemes (LAP/TPS) worth INR 0.5 billion has been launched as a pilot
scheme in 25 cities @ INR 0.02 billion per city to catalyse planned and sustainable urban growth. The scheme
will enhance the public realm (public spaces, areas under roads, etc.) by enabling the redevelopment of the
existing built environment, preparing a new layout with enhanced infrastructure provision, and providing for
planned urban expansion.
• Formulation of GIS-based Master Plans for 500 cities is one of the crucial reforms under AMRUT. It is a
100% centrally-funded sub-scheme with a total outlay of INR 5.15 billion, having three components, i.e., geo-
database creation, GIS-based master plan formulation, and capacity building.

URDPFI Guidelines, 2014

• The URDPFI guidelines provides detailed methodology and framework for preparing various types of spatial
plans, such as Metropolitan Regional Plan, Regional Plan, Master Plan, Zonal Development Plan, and Local
Area Plan.
• It advocates for the development of compact cities, ensuring the use of public transport, and facilitating non-mo-
torised transport (NMT). Norms for charging infrastructure in DCRs with a vision to implement ‘electric mobility’
and emphasis on Transport Oriented Development (TOD) for a span of the next 30 years have also been
incorporated.Guidelines.

Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

• A key feature of SCM is preservation and development of open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational
facilities.

Park for citizens in Diu, UT of Daman and Diu

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  19

20 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Mobility and Air Quality
6.1 Key Priorities
U
rban India has experienced unprecedented
growth of private motor vehicles during the
last decade, resulting in traffic congestion and
increase in air pollution levels. The average
growth of vehicle registration in the country during 2001-
16 was 9.4%. Five metro cities have a vehicle registration
rate of over 500 per 1,000 people, and account for over
54% of the total vehicles in the metropolitan cities as of
2011 (Source: Indian Institute for Human Settlements,
2015). The public bus services are also limited to
large cities, and most cities lack road safety measures
for pedestrians and cyclists. It is estimated that the
transport sector alone contributes to almost 13%
(Source: International Transport Forum - Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2019)
of carbon dioxide emissions in India, more than three
times compared to what it emitted in 1990. Therefore,
cities need to formulate and implement strategies
focusing on inclusive and multi-modal mobility options
that will not only address the problems related to the
high consumption of non-renewable energies, but also
promote health and user safety, and equal mobility
options for all.
The development of urban transport is guided by the
National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006, which
emphasises planning for people rather than vehicles
by providing sustainable mobility and accessibility to all
citizens to place of work, education, social services, and
Traffic Management at Sursadan Junction,
Agra, Uttar Pradesh
6
recreation at affordable cost and within a reasonable
time. This articulates the importance of incorporating
urban transport as an integral component of land use
plans under the Urban Planning component. Further,
SCM, AMRUT, Automotive Mission Plan 2026, and
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric/Hybrid
(FAME) India are playing a key role in promoting
sustainable mobility. Studies show that bus systems
supported by quality pedestrian and cycling networks
for first and last-mile connectivity form the most cost-
effective public transport solution. The Metro Rail
Policy, 2017 has also supported the construction of
metro networks across various cities to reduce private
vehicle ownership. The missions have enabled several
cities to improve their bus systems, footpaths, and
cycling networks.
6.2 Key Strategies
The folllowing strategies are recommended to address
the issues related to urban mobility and air quality to
facilitate the development of sustainable habitat:
1. Municipal Corporations should prepare action
plans to promote the use of clean technology-
based shared vehicles. Adoption of cleaner
and environment-friendly technologies, such as
Electric Vehicles (EV), Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG), bio-fuels, etc., and provision of necessary
infrastructure. Cities should also encourage the
shift of goods vehicles to cleaner fuels to reduce
air pollution.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  21
2. Incentives should be provided to attract and
enable PPP to set up charging infrastructure,
shared mobility, first and last-mile connectivity,
and the use of renewable energy sources.
3. Mixed use of walking, cycling within the city should
be promoted in line with the National TOD Policy
2017. NMT plans should be developed to include
no-car zones, docking stations, public bicycle
sharing networks, etc. These facilities should be
designed with safety aspects for pedestrians and
cyclists for better uptake.
4. In order to decongest cities and discourage the
use of private vehicles, Municipal Corporations,
in collaboration with the Traffic Department,
should introduce and monitor strategies, like
higher parking charges, congestion charging,
charges on low occupancy vehicles, and higher
registration charges on the purchase of a second
vehicle, mandatory parking requirement
certification for private vehicle ownership,
mandating private parking spaces for registering
new cars, etc. They should encourage usage of
public transport by providing an affordable, safe,
comfortable, quick, reliable, and environment-
friendly mode of public transport. Cities should
establish quality-focused multi-modal public
transport systems that are well-integrated,
providing seamless travel across modes and
encourage greater use of public transport and
non-motorised modes.
5. ULBs should promote NMT by improving
pedestrian safety, comfort, and convenience on
Public Transport System in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
22 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
all streets. All cities shall implement the Ministry’s
guidelines on NMT (2016) in coordination with
UDAs, and shall design and implement green
cover and open spaces along the walking and
cycling paths. Cool pavements with good water
absorption pavement technologies should be
used in all walking and cycling paths.
6. Cities should complement the Pollution Control
Board’s existing monitoring system to collect and
analyse data on localised pollution hot-spots.
To implement the same, Municipal Corporations
should adopt affordable technologies by
introducing low- cost air quality sensors and
linking the latter to the Integrated Command and
Control Centres (ICCCs).
7. All million-plus cities should develop city-level
clean air action plans, which should also include
detailed monitoring of air pollution and its impact
based on the CPCB guidelines.
8. The choice of public transport should be
assessed according to the corridor demand,
terrain, financial capacity, and affordability
level. Typically, Metro Rail Systems form the
high-capacity systems and are suited for high
demand corridors. Buses, Light Metro Rail
Systems (Metro Lite and Metro Neo), and Bus
Rapid Transit System (BRTS), etc. typically
constitute the medium and low-capacity public
transport systems. Additionally, other modes
such as cable cars, trolley buses, and water
transport etc., may be explored as per
requirements.
6.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes
Initiatives of MoHUA
An increase in the availability of public transport can promote the modal shift from private to public transport. This, in
turn, helps tremendously to reduce carbon emissions by the transport sector.

• National Urban Transport Policy, 2006

• Metro Rail Policy, 2017
• National Common Mobility Card (NCMC)
• Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC)
• Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policy, 2017
• Guidance documents UMTA & UTF Operations, Urban Bus Specification, Operation of City Bus
Service, Non-Motorised Transport (NMT), Public Bicycle System (PBS), Value Capture Finance
(VCF) Framework, CMP Toolkit, etc.

Metro Rail
• A total of about 721 km of the metro rail line is operational in 18 cities, and approximately 1,000 km of metro
rail, including 82 km of Regional Rapid Transport System (RRTS) is under construction in 27 cities.
• Standards for Light Urban Rail Transit System named “Metrolite” has been issued by the Ministry in July 2019.
This system is suitable for cities with a lower projection of ridership. It can also be used as a feeder system to
the metro system.
• 42 MW of Rooftop Solar PV system in metro depots and station buildings has led to reduction of CO2 emissions
of 67,500 tonnes during 2019-20.

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)

Presently, 400 km of BRTS is operational across the country, and 180 km of the same are under construction.

National Common Mobility Card (NCMC)

NCMC is an inter-operable transport card that runs on a RuPay card, and will enable people to pay multiple kinds
of transport charges, including metro services, bus travel, toll taxes, parking charges, retail shopping, and even
withdraw money across the country.

AMRUT
Central Government has allocated INR 14.36 billion for NMT in urban areas, of which 149 projects worth INR 2.37
billion to develop footpaths/walkways/skywalks, sidewalks, foot over-bridges, facilities for NMT, and multi-level
parking have been completed. 184 projects worth INR 7.87 billion are under progress. These projects will enhance
the zero-carbon public mobility for all. In order to facilitate the availability of charging infrastructure for EVs, MBBL
2016 and URDPFI guidelines 2014 have been amended in February 2019 to facilitate states/cities to make provisions
in their bye-laws for providing EV charging infrastructure.

SCM
ICCC projects under SCM includes some of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) components, like camera- based
city surveillance, smartstreet lights, smart parking, traffic management, environmental sensors, Bus Intelligent
Transport System, common mobile apps, etc., to strengthen the urban transport system. More than 60 cities across
India are in the process of establishing ICCCs. Ministry’s support to ‘Streets for People and Cycle for Change’
initiatives further help in promoting NMT.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  23

24 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Water Management
7.1 Key Priorities
T
he increase in urbanisation and the resultant
economic activities have increased the
demand for water by many folds in cities. NITI
Aayog estimates (2019) suggest that India
will become water-stressed by 2025. More than 20%
of India’s groundwater has dried up or is in a critical
state, emphasisng the need to augment existing
water resources through recharge, rejuvenation, and
storage, including RWH. With climate change expected
to cause variation in precipitation patterns and affect
water availability, there is an urgent need for cities to
adopt integrated water and waste water management
systems.
Cities are currently managing different water cycle
components, including surface water, rainwater,
groundwater, storm water, and wastewater. However,
the ability of these isolated management systems to
deliver services is increasingly jeopardised due to rapid
population growth, spatial expansion of cities/towns, as
well as climate variability.
As per Census 2011, 70.6% of the urban households
(HHs) have access to piped water sources, whereas
26.9 % HHs depend upon non-piped sources, such as
wells, hand pumps, tube wells/bore wells. The remaining
2.5% depend on unimproved sources, such as springs,
rivers/canals, tanks/ponds/lakes, etc. Poor availability
of water (i.e., 0.5 - 5 hrs a day) and inefficiency in water
supply (i.e. unaccounted-for-water up to 50%) are the
major shortcomings in the urban water supply. Besides,
large inequities exist in both the quality and quantity of
water supplied.
Urban water supply service, at present, is fraught with
myriad challenges. On one hand, local water resources
(surface and groundwater) are getting exhausted/
polluted, and cities are reaching much beyond their
catchment area to source surface water. On the other
hand, due to operational and management challenges,
the water distribution systems are suffering from
substantial physical losses. The existing challenges
faced today by the water sector include inefficient
supply and demand management, absence of equity in
water distribution, financial and institutional issues and
leakage management, limited metering, and archaic
billing and collection systems.
7
Urban water management is now on the verge of a
revolution in response to rapidly escalating urban
demand for water and the need to make urban
water systems resilient to climate change. Growing
competition, conflicts, shortages, waste, and
degradation of water resources make it imperative to
rethink conventional concepts - to shift from an
approach that attempts to manage different aspects
of the urban water cycle in isolation to an integrated
approach supported by all stakeholders.
The recently launched Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)
intends to promote the circular economy of water by
developing CWBPs, focusing on recycle/reuse of
treated sewage, rejuvenation of waterbodies, and water
conservation. Further, 20% of the water demand is to be
met by reused water with the development of institutional
mechanisms.
MoHUA published the ‘Manual on Water Supply and
Treatment’ in May 1999 to assist ULBs in managing
urban water supply. It has also published a ‘Manual
on O&M of Water Supply Systems’ in January 2005
to assist ULBs in execution and O&M of urban water
supply. The manual provides detailed guidelines
and methodology for planning, designing, execution,
and O&M of water supply systems. It also provides
information on the recent technical advances and
trends in developing protected water supply systems.
In order to address the problem of urban sanitation,
SBM-Urban was implemented to cover all cities and
make the country ‘Open Defecation Free’ (ODF).
Besides, the mission aims to provide universal
coverage of sewerage system, including faecal septage
management in 500 Mission cities.
The Ministry has released the ‘Manual on Sewerage
and Sewage Treatment Systems, 2013’ in three
parts: Part A: Engineering, Part B: O&M, and Part C:
Management. The manual provides information on the
recent technical advances and trends in the planning,
designing, execution, O&M, and asset management,
which all the ULBs refer to in urban areas. It also
provides the technological interventions to prevent
untreated discharge of sewage to avoid groundwater
contamination.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  25
Providing safe, reliable, and affordable water supply
through efficiently managed arrangements is a crucial
goal for the water supply sector. MoHUA has issued
a Guidance Note for Continuous Water Supply (24/7
supply) in 2009. These guidelines intends to sensitise
state governments, ULBs, and service providers to the
policy and operational issues that need to be addressed.
The guidelines are under the process of revision. A
paradigm shift is required to consider stormwater as
a resource instead of waste, and leverage stormwater
Water Management System in Dehradun, Uttarakhand
26 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
to address the problem of water crisis. Within the
existing urban development framework, particularly
AMRUT, initiatives are taken up for implementation
and monitoring of existing Stormwater Drainage (SWD)
systems. MoHUA has prepared a ‘Manual on SWD
Systems, 2019’ to provide necessary guidance to all the
stakeholders towards aspects of sustainable design,
planning, and management of SWD systems across
towns and cities.
7.2 Key Strategies
In alignment with India’s vision and ongoing programmes,
the following water management strategies are
recommended to ensure sustainable habitats:
1. City administrations should implement supply
side management for efficient distribution of piped
water supply. Water supply departments and Jal
Nigams should adopt 100% water metering, and
develop an appropriate water tariff structure,
considering the water usage and income levels of
the consumers. This could be achieved through
practising escalating tariff, i.e., the consumption
level of 20 lpcd (as per WHO and UNICEF) should
be subsidised, and at 135 lpcd, full cost recovery
should be built into the tariff. The tariff should be
increased for consumption levels above the set
benchmarks, which will not only help in sustainable
consumption of water, but also augment revenues.
2. Full recovery of O&M charges should be
encouraged by Jal Nigams and Water supply
departments/authorities through rationalising user
charges and improving the efficiency of water
tax collection. For conventional underground
sewerage systems, the user charges could be
linked to the water consumption of the relevant
property. O&M subsidies should be phased out in
the short term for moving towards 100% O&M cost
recovery. Capital Expenditure (CapEx) recovery
should be aimed for in the long run. Energy-efficient
equipments for wastewater pumping should
be promoted, as it leads to a reduction in GHG
emissions (CO2 emissions) per kWh of electricity
consumed, thereby reducing O&M costs.
3. ULBs should map the significant ground and
surface water sources (catering to 5% or more
of a city’s water needs), and prepare a plan for
augmenting existing water resources through
recharge, rejuvenation, and storage. ULBs should
make GIS-enabled urban plans for water supply
and sewerage systems. RWH should be made
mandatory within all buildings to replenish and
recharge the groundwater.
4. Continuous (24x7) water supply should be adopted
by relevant authorities, which will prevent the
contamination of drinking water and optimise the
use of fresh and treated water. Reduction of the
non-revenue water (NRW) should be ensured by
identifying illegal water connections through water
audits and community involvement.
5. Municipal Corporations should develop Integrated
Urban Water Resource Plans, which includes
strategies for prevention of encroachments and
rejuvenation of waterbodies. All ULBs should
protect and prevent the construction of roads
and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood
zones to maintain existing channels for surface
water runoff.
6. City administrations should mandate treatment,
recycle and reuse of at least 20% of the wastewater
in alignment with the guidelines of JJM(U), and
promote circular economy of water through the
development of CWBPs. Decentralised wastewater
management approach should be promoted for
areas where there is a possibility for localised
reuse of treated wastewater (as compared to all
sewage being treated in one far corner), which
will reduce the usage of fresh water. Building and
construction projects, having an area of more than
20,000 sq. m (or as per latest norms) should install
treatment plants within their premises to treat
100% of the generated wastewater. Building and
construction projects with an area of more than
5,000 sqm. (or as per latest norms) should install
treatment plants within their premises in case of
unavailability of municipal sewage network.
7. All Municipal Corporations should conduct water
and energy audits for water supply systems and
wastewater management, especially treatment
plants and pumping stations. All ULBs should
undertake NRW assessments and put in place
Reduction Strategy and Action Plan, incorporating
options for active leakage control (at distribution
mains, storage tanks, and service connection
points). Cities should aim to achieve the target of
NRW below 20%.
8. While strategising (planning) the wastewater
management approach for an urban area,
administrative authorities should shift their focus
(end objective) from the conventional ‘disposal-
oriented’ approach to the ‘recycle and reuse-
oriented’ approach. Relevant authorities should
develop advisories/standards for safe use of
wastewater, greywater, and sludge in various
activities, with special focus on managing
associated health risks. This includes, but not
limited to, the following: (a) Integration of stormwater
management systems with wastewater recycling
systems shall be made, wherever possible, (b)
Reuse of greywater, after primary treatment, in
flush toilets should be encouraged, ensuring no
human contact, (c) Authorities are encouraged to
develop regulations for new development to reuse
greywater, minimising impacts on freshwater,
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  27
 (d) Develop plans/agreements with industries 10. Rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies
situated within/nearby to use the treated should be promoted, as they act as essential
wastewater in their manufacturing process, reservoirs for drinking water, retention basins for
based on the quality of the treated wastewater, groundwater recharge and risk prevention in case
(e) Mandate use of recycled wastewater in cooling of floods.
towers of commercial and institutional buildings,
11. Recycling and reuse of wastewater should be
and (f) Develop plans/agreements to utilise the
promoted, as it reduces the stress on the existing
treated wastewater from STPs in thermal power
water resources, which are adversely affected by
plants.
climate change.
9. All ULBs should publish a rapid flood risk
assessment report to analyse the reasons for
flooding/water stagnation, the hotspots, level,
and frequency. All Municipal Corporations should
implement an end-to-end urban flood early
warning systems and link the same with ICCC,
where possible.

7.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes

Initiatives of MoHUA
Considering that climate change is expected to create additional pressure on the existing water resources, reducing
NRW is considered a robust climate smart solution. Further, it can also be used as a demand management instrument
to decrease additional stress on existing water resources. NRW reduction will cater to the reduction in energy
consumption required for pumping water, thereby reducing GHG emissions.

AMRUT
• The Mission focuses on sustainable water management, comprising universal water supply coverage, reducing
NRW (universal water supply, water meters, and leakage detection technologies), double piping systems in
group housing societies, and water conservation interventions.

• The central government has allocated INR 390 billion (50% of the total budget) to the water supply sector. 553
water supply projects worth INR 76.83 billion have been completed, and 759 projects worth INR 338.6 billion
are under progress.

• Water tap connections have been provided for 9.5 million HHs, and additional 4.42 million water tap connections
will be provided under the Mission to achieve universal coverage.

• Energy audit of water pumps and replacement of inefficient pumps is another essential milestone. MoUs have
been signed with 474 cities (30 states/UTs) , and field survey for energy audit has been completed in 420 cities
(29 states/UTs), out of which energy audit has been completed in 396 cities (27 states/UTs) and 13,051 pumps
(26 states/UTs) have been identified for replacement.

• In order to address water scarcity, Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) was launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 754
water-stressed ULBs on 01 July 2019. MoHUA under AMRUT has participated actively in the Mission and
issued guidelines for urban water conservation to undertake conservation, restoration, recharge, and reuse
of water. It aims to create ‘Jan Andolan’ through asset creation and communication campaigns to ensure
interventions in the four major thrust areas for urban water conservation, namely: RWH, reuse of treated
wastewater, rejuvenation of waterbodies, and plantation. During JSA, 239,847 RWH structures have been
installed till date; 420 MLD wastewater have been treated, 1,480 water bodies covering 6,082 acres of land
have been rejuvenated; 7.5 million saplings have been planted, providing green cover to 893.15 sq.km area,
and 3.4 million citizens have registered their participation.

• In order to ensure sewerage and septage management, besides laying underground sewerage systems and
installing septic tanks, the Mission promotes recycle and reuse of wastewater to improve water use efficiency
and reduce dependence on drinking water for non-potable uses. The target of the Mission is to provide 14.5
million sewer connections to enhance substantial sewerage network coverage. INR 324.56 billion (42% of the
Mission budget) has been allocated for sewerage and septage projects.

28 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

• Under the Mission, 257 projects on networked underground sewerage systems, augmentation and rehabilitation
of old sewerage systems, STPs, Tertiary Treatment Reverse Osmosis (TTRO) plants, Faecal Sludge Treatment
Plants (FSTPs), and mechanical and biological cleaning of sewers/septic tanks worth INR 52.64 billion have
been completed. Another 548 projects worth INR 265.7 billion are under progress.

• So far, about 6 million sewer connections have been provided, leading to treatment of wastewater and its
reuse in industries, thermal power plants, horticulture, etc. It has led to improved hygiene conditions, cleaner
environment, and better quality of life.

• Ministry has brought out the ‘Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy (FSSM), 2017’, wherein detailed
guidance/approach to roll out FSSM policy is provided which, inter alia, emphasises on the objectives, septage
collection, and transportation, treatment and disposal, specific milestones, and leveraging FSSM to achieve
100% access to safe sanitation.

• Construction and improvement of stormwater drains while adhering to guidelines contained in ‘Manual on
Stormwater Drainage Systems (2019)’ has been taken up in order to reduce flooding. INR 29.6 billion has
been allocated towards drainage projects. So far, 475 projects worth INR 7.0 billion have been completed, and
another 297 projects worth INR 21.4 billion are under progress.

• SOP on urban floods was issued in 2017 to mitigate and manage floods in cities.

• AMRUT 2.0 is a step towards ‘AatmaNirbharBharat’ with aim of making the cities ‘water-secure’ and providing
functional water connections to all HHs.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  29

30 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Waste Management
8.1 Key Priorities
U
rban India generates about 55 million tonnes
of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually
(Source: Planning Commission Report, 2014).
As per a 2009 report of the Department of
Economic Affairs (DEA), per capita waste generation
is increasing by about 1.3% annually. It is estimated
that 10-25% of the total MSW generated in Indian
cities is Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste,
of which only 5% is recycled and reused. The total
quantum of waste from the construction industry was
estimated to be around 100 million tonnes per annum
in 2018 (NITI Aayog, 2019). According to MoEF&CC,
MSW generation is expcted to reach 0.45 million
tonnes per day (TPD) by 2031, and 1.19 million TPD
by 2050. The relationship between solid waste and
GHG emissions is well established. GHGs can
be avoided through scientific management of waste.
The first principle of the integrated waste management
hierarchy is reduction of waste generation at source.
Therefore, it is essential for cities to prioritise actions
for waste reduction and accordingly plan their future
waste management operations and infrastructure
requirements.
On 2nd October 2014, SBM-U was launched by MoHUA,
with the objectives of making the country Open
Defecation Free (ODF) and promoting scientific SWM.
With this vision, India has embarked on the journey of
cleanliness, duly advocating compliance with the SWM
Rules 2016, C&D Waste Rules 2016, and the Plastic
Waste Management Rules 2016, among others. At the
time of the launch of SBM-U, 26,000 TPD of waste was
being treated, which has been enhanced substantially in
the last 6 years of the Mission to approximately 96,000
TPD (as reported by the states/UTs in November 2020).
The total waste generated is about 0.15 million TPD.
About 98% of the total municipal wards have door-to-
door collection, 68% of the total waste generated is
processed, and 77% of the total wards practice source
segregation. In order to enhance the progress and
sustain the achievements, the proposal to continue the
Mission under SBM 2.0 is under examination by the
government.
8
Since 2016, in order to create healthy competitiveness
and to evaluate the performance of ULBs, the Annual
Swachh Survekshan (cleanliness survey) is carried out,
under which the ULBs are ranked based on various
parameters of cleanliness. In the first round of Swach
Survekshan, 73 million-plus cities were evaluated.
Similarly in 2017, the survey was conducted among 434
cities. Swachh Survekshan 2018 and 2019 covered
4,203 and 4,237 ULBs respectively. The Swachh
Survekshan 2020 covered 4,242 cities, and introduced
the concept of ‘Continuous Survekshan’ to ensure
that the Mission outcomes are sustained through a
continuous quarterly monitoring and verification.
SWM Rules 2016 emphasises on source segregation
of waste into three streams (i.e., bio-degradable, non-
bio-degradable, and domestic hazardous waste) and
proper transportation and treatment of solid waste.
The Rules insist that all industrial units, located
within 100 km from the refused-derived fuel (RDF)
and waste-to- energy plants based on solid waste,
shall make arrangements within six months from the
date of notification of these Rules to replace at least
5% of their fuel requirement by refused derived fuel
so produced. As per the latest amendment to the
Electricity Tariff Policy 2006 by the Ministry of Power,
it is mandatory for the state electricity distribution
companies (Discoms) to purchase all power generated
from MSW at the rate determined by the appropriate
authority. Further, as per the Policy on Promotion of
City Compost, the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers
will provide a fixed market development assistance
of INR 1,500/metric tonne of city compost for scaling
up and consumption of the product. Initially, the
marketing and promotion of city compost will be done
through the existing fertiliser companies.
As a part of capacity building, MoHUA has conducted
130 workshops on various components of SBM-U,
including municipal SWM, covering more than 2,400
ULBs and 5,000 officials across the country. Additionally,
MoHUA has brought more than 20 advisories on various
components of the SBM.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  31
8.2 Key Strategies
Cities are advised to follow the suggested strategies for 5. City administration should plan and implement
developing sustainable habitat: strategies for onsite processing of wet waste and
segregation of dry waste, and provide incentives
1. Segregation of waste and 4R principles for efficient
to reduce waste generation at the source.
waste management should be implemented.
They should promote technology integration
State/city authorities should establish targets
for efficient collection and processing of waste.
and promote replacement of virgin materials with
Residents and RWAs should be incentivised to
recycled materials (linear to circular economy).
collect wet waste and process them into compost
2. Resource efficiency of cities with more than on-site, as far as possible.
0.5 million population should be maximised by
6. City administration should prepare a remediation
facilitating set-ups for Material Recovery Facility
plan for legacy dumpsites in the city to avoid/
(MRF), with provision for sorting recyclables
mitigate GHG emissions. Cities need to
and facility for sorting segregated combustible
scientifically operate and manage their landfills
fractions (SCF)/RDF as per the SWM Rules 2016.
as per the SWM Rules 2016.
3. State governments should promote the use
7. City administration should maintain the drains
of RDF in cement factories to reduce coal
and prevent clogging due to waste disposal in
consumption and control GHG emissions.
order to reduce the risk of flooding and other
4. All major cities with a population of more than 0.5 associated health hazards.
million should develop a mechanism to collect
and process/reuse C&D waste as per the C&D
Waste Management Rule 2016.

Sewage collection in Devanahalli, Karnataka

32 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

8.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes
Initiatives of MoHUA
The relationship between solid waste and GHG emissions is well established. Generation of GHGs can be avoided
through scientific waste management of waste. The first principle of the integrated waste management hierarchy is
the reduction of waste generation at the source. C&D waste is a significant component of city waste. To reduce the
pressure on the exploitation of natural resources, cities need to focus on finding greener ways to produce concrete,
encouraging reuse of recycled materials to replace virgin materials.

SBM-U
• Waste to Compost
• The assessed capacity of compost that can be generated in India from MSW is about 5.5 million TPA.
• Current production is around 1.75 million TPA from 635 operational centralised compost plants.
• Another 206 plants of 0.68 million TPA capacity are under construction.

• Waste to Energy
• The assessed capacity of power that can be generated from MSW is around 511 MW.
• 7 plants are currently in operation, with a combined capacity of 88.4 MW.
• Another 56 plants are coming up with the capacity of 415 MW

SCM
Waste management projects under the mission include distribution of bins, development of IT solutions for monitoring
of trucks, among others.

CPWD Guidelines for Sustainable Habitat, 2014

• The amount of C&D waste in India is estimated to be around 10-12 million tonnes annually, and the proportion of
concrete is estimated to be about 23-35% of the total waste.
• The total available recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in India is about 1.8 million tonnes annually.
• A plan for systematic approach towards demolition of a building shall be developed to minimise the generated
waste and maximise its use.
• Various agencies/sub-contractors shall be involved and linked up with the steps for C&D waste reuse and
recycling.
• All C&D waste information shall be collected by contractors/waste management companies to ensure effective
and efficient reuse of C&D waste (e.g. use of recycled aggregates).

Segregated waste collection by battery-operated

vehicle, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  33

34 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Cross-Cutting Strategies for
enabling Climate Actions
T
he enabling climate actions intend to address
the overarching framework to facilitate the
adoption and implementation of the sector-
wise climate action strategies discussed in this
Guidelines. These include strategies pertaining to the
following: urban governance; capacity building; data,
technology and innovation; and financing mechanism
for the mission.
9.1 Urban Governance
Urban governance in climate change context refers to
the ability and capacity of local/municipal governments
to make decisions and implement plans/programmes
and strategies across a range of responsibilities and
services for achieving a better quality of life, especially
for the vulnerable citizens’ group irrespective of the
changes in the environment, climate, or weather
patterns. Overall, it requires adequate legal and policy
frameworks, efficient institutional and administrative
processes to enable the government response to the
needs of citizens in the context of climate change. At
the city level, ULBs play a vital role in providing access
to basic services, grievance/concern redressal, etc. It
is to be noted that most of the urban missions in India
are being implemented and converged at the ULB level.
Therefore, it is vital to address the issues and challenges
of urban governance in a meaningful way. Some of the
recommended strategies are listed below:
1. The centre will constitute a National Mission
Management Unit (NMMU) to take up regular
activities and handhold states/cities in
implementing the Mission. NMMU also has to take
up capacity building (for ULB and state officials
on climate change related aspects) activities,
along with developing Information, Education
and Communication (IEC) materials, which will
play an important role towards mass awareness
generation and behaviourial change aspects.
9
2. Cities shall promote principles of sustainable
neighbourhood planning and climate resilience to
address climate mitigation and adaptation in the
ongoing and proposed activities, such mixed and
specialised land use, TOD, risk-informed land
use, and infrastructure planning.
3. City administration should analyse the local
climate risks and consider the same within all
policies, plans, and projects. Cities need to
develop CCAPs in line with the NMSH guidelines
and CSCAF. CCAPs will also have to indicate
proposed actions and budgetary requirements to
carry out various activities under each thematic
area till 2030.
4. Municipal Corporations will institutionalise
monitoring and implementation of climate actions
by establishing ‘Environment & Climate Change
Cell’. The Cell will closely coordinate with the
city-level multi-stakeholder committee on climate
change as instituted under CSCAF. This
committee should include participants from
various stakeholders at the city/state level, such
as industry, civil society, sector experts, academia,
and scientific institutions.
5. ULBs will conduct regular monitoring of critical
climate and environment parameters to
mainstream and improve the existing situation.
This mechanism includes and addresses CSCAF
indicators.
6. States/Cities shall implement existing institutional
and policy guidelines towards low-carbon and
climate-resilient cities. For instance, setting up
of the Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority
(UMTA) and Urban Transport Fund (UTF) while
enabling coordinated and integrated urban
transport planning and management.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  35
9.2 City Level Monitoring
Mechanism
At the city level, ULB will be responsible for the The terms of reference for the city-level monitoring
implementation of the Mission. The District Magistrate/ committee are mentioned below:
Municipal Commissioner will chair the city-level 1. The ULBs are responsible for the implementation
monitoring committee with the following members: of the Mission in the city.
2. Monitoring day-to-day activities related to the
District Magistrate/Municipal
Mission.
Chair/Member-Secretary 3. Undertake and review capacity building activities
Commissioner
at local levels under various missions/ schemes/
CMO Member
programmes of the Ministry.
Chief Engineer (CE) (Water 4. Submit quarterly progress reports on the
Member
supply and sanitation) implementation of mission to State Level
CE (Buildings) Member Committee.
CE (Roads) Member 5. The ULB will also be responsible for building
CE (Electrical) Member coordination and collaboration among
stakeholders.
Commissioner - Transport Member
6. The City level committee should meet every three
Town Planner, UDA Member
months.

Mitigation strategy Adaptation strategy

• City inventory on GHG emissions, identification of
sources, and opportunities for reduction of emissions
under various thematic areas
• Analysis of collected data, estimatation of future
emissions based on the socio-economic profile of a city,
and setting of targets and proposed actions
• Assessment of the local capacity to converge with
existing policies/missions/schemes, etc.
• Setting of goals to reduce emissions (short/mid/long
term) and consensus building on CCAPs.
• Prioritisation of activities proposed as part of CCAP
under each thematic area and its institutionalisation.
• Implementation plan with clear roles, responsibilities,
and timeline.
• Climate change vulnerability assessment with present
and future risks to community and environment, with
respect to physical and socio-economic aspects,
including identification of vulnerable segments.
• Analysis of different scenarios of climate impact and
risk levels (low/mid/high) on people, infrastructure, and
investments.
• Assessment of the local capacity to address climate
change with an inventory of existing resources, local
knowledge, policies, schemes, missions, etc., which
will complement the actions proposed under CCAPs.
• Planning and implementation to enhance resilience
towards physical, environmental, economic, and social
impacts of climate change.

Cycle-for-Change,
Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

36 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)
MoHUA launched CSCAF under SCM in February 2019. This first-of-its-kind city level framework on climate-relevant
parameters, including those of the National Clean Air Programme, is intended to drive climate-resilient and low car-
bon development across urban India, in alignment with SDGs and India’s NDCs towards addressing global climate
change.

With 28 progressive indicators across five thematic areas (refer to figure below), CSCAF provides an overarching
monitoring framework for assessing the progress made in alignment of the NMSH guidelines. CSCAF serves as a
tool for cities to assess their performance on an annual basis, and provides an incremental roadmap to adopt and
implement relevant climate actions. Results from CSCAF is used to monitor the progress, and inform NMSH. In addi-
tion, the framework also facilitates the dissemination of context-specific best practices adopted by Indian cities, and
assess the required skills and resources for scaling the same through its Secretariat at the Climate Centre for Cities
(C-Cube) at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).

Climate Centre for Cities

MoHUA, under SCM, has established the ‘C-Cube’ at NIUA to anchor climate actions across urban India. The Cen-
tre ensures continuity of ongoing initiatives under CSCAF, including building capacity and knowledge retention for
mainstreaming climate change action in all 500 Class-I cities. This includes, but not be limited to, municipal services,
such as water supply, SWM, infrastructure, urban planning, land development, transportation, air quality, and ener-
gy. Through climate smart development, cities will be able to respond to the changing climatic conditions and foster
sustainable actions, thereby increasing the ease of living of citizens. At present, 126 cities, including the 100 Smart
Cities, housing more than 140 million people, are reporting on climate actions. C-Cube is facilitating access to the
required knowledge, training, project development, and financial support to achieve sustainable climate actions on
the ground.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  37

9.3 Capacity Building
Capacity building - for strengthening both individual and
institutional capacities at the city level - is an integral
component of all the urban missions of the Ministry.
Implementing NMSH will require applying a climate
change lens and addressing local priorities towards
climate mitigation and adaptation in the capacity building
programmes. It is intended that the individual training
will enhance functional knowledge, improve job-related
skills, and focus on bringing an attitudinal change in
state and municipal functionaries. Institutional capacity
building will enable institutional outcomes and bring
about more significant sustainable and transformative
change.
Capacity building initiatives should be targeted towards
college students, professional architects, engineers,
planners, ULBs, and government organisations. These
initiatives should specifically help the stakeholders
understand various technologies, methods, and
processes to develop sustainable cooling, waste
and water management/recycling, use of sustainable
materials, etc. to develop green infrastructure and its
potential cost benefits.
Recommended strategies for individual and institutional
capacity building are as follows:
1. Strategic training plans for ULB officials should
be carried out based on the Training Needs
Assessment (TNA) on various issues, particularly
climate change related aspects. Nodal officers
from the Environment and Climate Change
Cell and other relevant departments are to be
identified for participation, including training
programmes implemented under CSCAF. This
may also include exposure visits.
2. Nodal officers should be encouraged to enroll in
both online and offline training programmes with
various recognised institutions and the National
Urban Learning Platform (NULP) of MoHUA. This
will aim at building a dedicated team of climate
practitioners within the ULBs.
3. Suitable staff should be encouraged to participate
in various workshops, seminars, etc. on regular
basis.
4. Individual capacity building shall focus on
coaching and task-related assistance from peers
and mentors.
38 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
Institutional capacity building
1. Relevant authorities should develop advisories/
standards for safe use of wastewater, greywater
and sludge in agriculture and aquaculture,
focusing on managing health risks associated
with such use. Authorities should also develop
advisories on reuse of wastewater for farm
forestry, urban forests, horticulture, watering
public parks, public gardens, road medians,
green belts, industrial use, road washing, dust
control, building construction, and other uses as
deemed appropriate without compromising on the
health risks associated with such uses.
2. Capacity building programmes and modules are
being developed and implemented by MoHUA
under CSCAF to train ULB officials, city level
experts and practitioners. ULBs, relevant city level
departments, and state line departments are to be
trained to refer the various tools and guidelines
while implementing various Missions. Periodic
review of the progress of capacity building and
training activities shall be mandatory at national
and state/UT level. Each state/UT shall submit
an annual action plan on capacity building to the
Ministry at the beginning of the financial year.
3. Annual IEC plans and materials should be
prepared and disseminated through various
events (offline/online) to increase public
awareness and participation on issues related
to climate change, sanitation, public health, and
environment, among others.
4. Research and development on climate change
and related aspects should be encouraged
with support from various research and
training organisations, NGOs, civil society,
and international agencies. To that end, cities
can leverage the ClimateSmart Cities Alliance
instituted by MoHUA in partnership with C-Cube
at NIUA.
9.4 Data, Technology
and Innovation
The cities must use the transformational force of
data and emerging technologies for holistic urban
development. Urban managers and administrators
require tools and early warning indicators that can
provide them with objective insights on routine civic
activities using advanced predictive capabilities to plan
for future challenges. The significance of urban data to
capture the growing and changing needs of the public
is well documented. The advantage of interconnected
technology and platforms sourcing data from all
civic services and functions is possible in real-time,
and the possibilities for urban impact are significant
(Richard Barkham, 2018). The significance of data
to track and implement climate action measures has
gained attention in recent times. Alongside the above
possibilities, utilising the urban data ecosystem can put
the cities’ thinking and agenda on climate change on the
national and global policymaking platforms. With data
insights giving a more accurate picture of resources,
capabilities, and aspirations, Indian cities can effectively
position themselves to strategise and negotiate policies
and support provided by national governments and
global organisations. In essence, with data-backed
decision-making, cities will not just be able to tackle the
effects of climate action, but also identify and anticipate
the root causes, for advocating climate-responsive
policies. Recommended strategies are as listed below:
1. ULBs should start using spatial/non-spatial
decision support tools, such as big data analytics,
including visual representations of results using
GIS technologies.
2. Collection and management of data on various
urban development and climate parameters at the
city level is key to informed planning and decision-
making for urban climate actions. The data
collection should be standardised to enable easy
comparison across cities over time. For example,
the lack of urban transport statistics has severely
constrained the ability to formulate sound urban
transport plans and reliably assess the impact
of the different initiatives that have been taken.
Therefore, cities should collect regular data on
public and private transport patterns to formulate
sound urban transport plans. The use of Intelligent
Transportation System (ITS) to enable real time
tracking and information of public transport should
be encouraged. Developing digital platform/apps
to ensure end to end route planning, booking,
electronic ticketing, and easy payment methods
to make public transport attractive and enable
safety measures to improve ridership, universal
design for better access to public transport.
9.5 Financing
The implementation of NMSH will begin from 2021 till
2030 in alignment with the SDGs and India’s NDCs.
The goals of NMSH are envisaged to be achieved
through various Missions and programmes of MoHUA.
Therefore, no separate financing is sought for
implementing NMSH. However, the following financing
strategies are recommended:
1. In view of investment required to take up various
activities, states/UTs need to mobilise resources
(technical/financial) from other sources, such
as own revenue sources (user fees, beneficiary
charges, impact fees, etc.), municipal bond
markets, private sector investments, pool finance,
PPP, Viability Gap Funding (VGF), Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, bilateral and
multi-lateral agencies (such as World Bank, Asian
Development Bank, KfW, etc.), concessional
loans, carbon markets, Green Bonds, among
others. An incentive mechanism is to be devised
by the states/UTs to encourage ULBs to adopt
climate-friendly measures.
2. ULBs should find appropriate financing options,
including innovative mechanisms that tap land as
a resource for investments in urban infrastructure.
VCF policy framework will assist states/cities in
assessing the scope of resource mobilisation,
identifying the area of influence of proposed
projects, and optimising resource mobilisation.

3. In case of Smart Cities, where ICCCs have been

established, the same should be integrated with
end-to-end early warning systems to predict and
manage extreme events and risks due to climate
change.

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  39

40 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

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44 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Case studies on various thematic areas
Chandigarh: Construction and
Demolition (C&D) waste plant
Background
The Goverment of India has notified the C&D Waste
Management Rule, 2016, which is applicable to
everyone who generates construction and demolition
waste (building materials, debris, rubble waste
resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair
and demolition of any civil structure of individual or
organisation or authority). The Rules address the
scientific disposal of C&D waste to enable reuse and
recycling. All local government institutions are
responsible for proper management of C&D waste within
its jurisdiction, including placing appropriate containers
for collection of waste, removal at regular intervals,
transportation to appropriate sites for processing and
disposal. Chandigarh Municipal Corporation (CMC) has
installed a C&D waste processing plant and a cement
concrete products factory to use recycled aggregates.
Project objectives
• Develop a C&D waste processing unit in the
industrial area of Chandigarh.
• Comply with the waste management policy of the
city and C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016.
Project location
• Industrial Area Phase I, Chandigarh implemented
during December 2018 – May 2019.
Approach
CMC has set up the C&D waste processing plant in its
industrial area for stacking, crushing, processing, and
manufacturing of various C&D products. The plant has
the following characteristics:
1. It is set up with a capital cost of about INR 23
million and plant capacity of about 120 MT per
day (8 hr shift) for crushing construction waste.
Annexure I
2. It produces materials that can be utilised for
cement concrete works, such as washed sand,
crushed aggregates of 10, 20, and 40 mm.
3. The plant also manufactures road material (PCC
kerbs, PCC channels, PCC tiles, paver blocks,
etc.) at a relatively low cost. It reduces the in-
house cost of construction by approximately 10%.
4. Fees charged for collection and transportation
are INR 396 + GST for recycled aggregate and
sand, INR 198 + GST for silt per cu. m.
5. It provides facility for the residents of Chandigarh
to dump their construction waste in an authorised
manner.
6. CMC has also come up with a C&D waste
management policy, which has penalty provisions
of INR 1,000 for residential and INR 5,000 for
commercial buildings, in case they are involved in
indiscriminate dumping of C&D waste.
7. The policy also talks about provisions for
C&D waste management while issuing new/
reconstruction of building permits. Amounts of
INR 20/sq. m for new construction, and INR 160/
sq.m for re-construction are charged .
Achievements
1. Till date, 5,000 MT C&D waste has been
processed into recycled products from the date of
commissioning of the plant (15 May 2019), which
has resulted in natural resources savings, reduction
in the quantum of waste reaching landfills, and
reduction in carbon footprints with numerous
environmental benefits.
2. Economic benefits include reduction of
transportation costs of the construction materials,
job creation.
Limitations
The minimum land required for setting up a C&D waste
plant in Chandigarh is 3-4 acres. In future, stacking
of recycled materials will require extra land and
environmental clearance.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  45
Thane: Energy and Green Buildings
Background
Thane city, Maharashtra, is rapidly growing due
to extensive immigration and urbanisation. Thane
Municipal Corporation (TMC) is continuously undertaking
environment-oriented projects to reduce GHG
emissions. TMC, with support from ICLEI South Asia,
under the project of Urban Low Emission Development
Strategies, undertook a feasibility assessment of the
streetlight infrastructure.
Project objectives
• Establish a baseline of 8,000 plus street-lights,
performance contracting with involvement of
private participation.
• Optimise power consumption of LEDs.
Approach of LED Street Lighting
Initiative
A systematic approach for execution of LEDs was
carried out, which is as follows:
• Numerous stakeholders, including energy experts,
lighting experts, techno-commercial experts,
political and administrative heads, and local
residents, etc. were consulted to execute LED
street-lighting projects across the city.
• Sites were selected across the city based on various
parameters, like electrical infrastructure, road type,
road width, geographical location, project visibility,
etc.
• An investment grade audit was carried out at
different locations to establish the baseline and
electrical infrastructure assessment of the site.
LED lights fitting in Thane, Maharashtra
46 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
• Market assessment for best available technology
with upgradability and compatibility was conducted.
• Financial modelling was conducted to arrive at a
feasible payback mechanism, and to develop a
PPP structure around the estimated capital and
expenditure.
• Bids were invited through public competitive
bidding.
• The streetlight replacement was carried out,
demand reduction was recorded, and a new
baseline established.
• TMC has appointed a third-party expert to verify the
energy saving and ensure transparent transactions
to the technology provider.
Financial structure of the initiative
The project was based on a PPP arrangement with
multiple stakeholders. Benefits and co-benefits of energy
savings LED ESCO project has achieved maximum
energy savings, i.e., 5.33 million kWh per year, and
energy consumption for street lighting reduced by more
than 60%, which helped in mitigating GHG emissions of
4,385 tonnes CO2 eq. annually. On the operational level,
the share of GHG emissions from municipal services
in Thane has reduced from 35% in 2012-13 to 11.7%
in 2017-18. Connected load of streetlight infrastructure
has reduced by 70%.
The citizens have reported that white light provides
better visibility and a heightened sense of safety.
Conventional technology was high maintenance prone,
whereas higher life of lamps (50,000 hrs against 15,000
hrs) implies lesser downtime and higher reliability. The
lighting optics as designed resulted in optimum lux
levels with uniform spread across the roads and hence
ensuring improved visibility.
Thanjavur: Rejuvenation and • Development of a comprehensive plan of action
incorporating all the aspects identified through pre-
conservation of urban environment assessment as well as residents’ consultations.

Background • The total project cost was INR 13 million, and the
proposed plan was implemented through active
Rejuvenation of a park (area 1,282 sq.m), situated on
participation of the city Municipal Corporation
the west side of ADB area of Thanjavur city in Tamil
and residents. This park is service-oriented, and
Nadu was completed. The park is one of the prominent
revenue generation is not expected.
public spaces of the neighbourhood, with amenities,
such as children park, open spaces used for informal
parking of four wheelers, trucks, and buses, which Benefits
restrict the residents from using the park. This has led • Increased green cover leading to improvement in
to the proposal for rejuvenating other neighbourhood the overall aesthetics and quality of environment.
parks. • Installation of various play equipments for kids,
which resulted in increased attractiveness.
Project objectives
• Enhancement in the park infrastructure, i.e., park
• To improve the facilities in the park for an enhanced furniture, water fountains etc.
ease of living.
• Improvement of lighting facilities in and around the
Approach park.
An integrated approach involving pre-assessment and • Reduction in cases of garbage dumping.
redevelopment was adopted to improve the condition of • Reclamation of the encroached portion of land
the park. The key activities included:
• Assessment of the existing condition and scope of
improvement of the park.

• Extensive involvement of the local residents to

identify the facilities that need to be provided in the
park.

Rejuventaion of park in progress,

Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  47

48 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
 Annexure II
Indicative list of proposed cities under NMSH

Cities
List of proposed cities under NMSH covered
Sl. under
No.
Million-plus Coastal Hilly Other Smart
State UA/City AMRUT
cities cities cities cities cities
Andaman & Nicobar
1 Port Blair         
Island
2 Vishakhapatnam        
Andhra Pradesh
3 Vijayawada          
4 Arunachal Pradesh Pasighat          
5 Assam Guwahati         
6 Bihar Patna         
7 Chandigarh Chandigarh         
8 Raipur         
Chhattisgarh
9 Durg-Bhilainagar          
10 Dadar & Nagar Haveli Silvassa          
11 Diu          
Daman & Diu
12 Daman          
13 Goa Panaji         
14 Ahmedabad         
15 Surat        
16 Gujarat Vadodara         
17 Rajkot         
18 Porbandar          
19 Haryana Faridabad         
20 Himanchal Pradesh Dharamshala          
21 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar        
22 Jamshedpur           
23 Jharkhand Dhanbad          
24 Ranchi         
25 Bengaluru         
26 Karnataka Mangaluru         
27 Udupi          
28 Kochi        
29 Kozhikode          
30 Malappuram           
31 Thiruvananthapuram        
32 Kerala Kannur          
33 Kollam         
34 Thrissur          
35 Calicut           
36 Ernakulam           

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  49

 Cities
List of proposed cities under NMSH covered
Sl. under
No.
Million-plus Coastal Hilly Other Smart
State UA/City AMRUT
cities cities cities cities cities
37 Lakshadweep Kavaratti         
38 Bhopal         
39 Jabalpur         
Madhya Pradesh
40 Gwalior         
41 Indore         
42 Mumbai         
43 Pune         
44 Nagpur         
Maharashtra
45 Nashik         
46 Vasai Virar City          
47 Aurangabad         
48 Manipur Imphal         
49 Meghalaya Shillong         
50 Mizoram Aizawl         
51 Nagaland Kohima         
52 NCT of Delhi Delhi         
53 Puri          
Odisha
54 Paradip           
55 Puducherry         
Puducherry
56 Karaikal          
57 Ludhiana         
Punjab
58 Amritsar         
59 Jaipur         
60 Rajasthan Jodhpur          
61 Kota         
62 Sikkim Namchi          
63 Coimbatore         
64 Madurai         
65 Tiruchirappalli       
Tamil Nadu
66 Kanyakumari           
67 Chennai        
68 Tuticorin         
69 Telangana Hyderabad          
70 Tripura Agartala         
71 Kanpur         
72 Lucknow         
73 Ghaziabad          
74 Uttar Pradesh Agra         
75 Varanasi         
76 Meerut          
77 Prayagraj         
78 Uttarakhand Dehradun         
79 Kolkata         
West Bengal
80 Asansol          
Total 80 53 23 11   55 70
Sources: Million Plus Cities: Census of India
Coastal Cities: Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt
Hilly Cities: Only smart city mission cities have been selected
Other Cities: TBD

50 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

 Annexure III
Key Deliverables and Timelines (2021-2030)

Energy and Green Buildings

Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30
Undertake energy audit of all municipal
services, including water supply, sewage and
storm water management on an annual basis
Promote 100% installation of energy-efficient
streetlights and use of renewable energy-
operated streetlights
Promote installation of renewable energy
systems in buildings (premises), including all
Municipal Corporation buildings
Integrate ECBC 2017 for all new municipal In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all
buildings and Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 for capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory
residential buildings of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities
Integrate green building guidelines into
development control regulations (DCRs) and In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all
building rules/bye-laws, and made mandatory capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory
for all new constructions of more than 20,000 of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities
sq. m area
Promote roof cooling techniques within new
developments in peri-urban areas for all new
constructions of more than 20,000 sq. m. area
Rating systems notified in DCRs/GDCRs and
In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all
building rules/bye-laws to be made mandatory
capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory
for all new constructions of more than 20,000
of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities
sq. m. area
Integrate norms and standards to address
climate risks (heat, floods, extreme rainfall, In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all
cyclones and storm surges, water scarcity, capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory
etc.) in MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 for adoption of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities
by cities
All Municipal Corporations to set up a green In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all
building action cell and a high-level green capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory
building committee of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  51

 Urban Planning, Green Cover, and Biodiversity
Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30
Map all eco-sensitive zones, biodiversity hotspots,
natural assets in the city, and prepare a heat island
All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
map to inform mitigation actions to regulate micro-
climate and reduce GHG emissions locally
Protect and prevent the construction of roads and
buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood zones to All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
ensure channels for surface runoff
Promote maintaining of green cover using an ecological
approach, specifically focusing on native tree species All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
and sustaining urban biodiversity
Develop a plan of action for city preparedness to tackle
natural and man-made disasters, and check for its
alignment with the Sendai Framework for DRR, NDMA
guidelines (2010, 2014, and 2019) and MoHUA’s SOP City level plans for all
All AMRUT cities
on Urban Flooding (2017). State/city level development million-plus cities
controls/codes should address multi-hazard risks in line
with the Vulnerability Atlas of India to enable disaster
resilient urban planning
Rejuvenate and conserve urban waterbodies in line
All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
with the Jal Jeevan Mission
Enforce existing guidelines on preservation and
protection of river floodplains, river banks, river beds, All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
natural drainage canals, and open areas
Digitise city drainage network and prepare the drainage
All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
master plan
Ensure 10-12% of the total developed area under
recreation spaces, including green and blue All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
infrastructure, in line with the URDPFI guidelines
Develop green belt buffer zones around industries
All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities
situated within the ULB limit
100% Master Plans in all
Master Plans for all
million-plus cities
Prepare and implement the Climate Action Plans AMRUT cities
(mitigation and adaptation) for million-plus cities, which 100% Local Area Plans
100% Local Area Plans in
is integrated with the Master Plan, local area plans, and (25 cities)
all million-plus cities
TP schemes
CCAP for all million-plus CCAP for all AMRUT
cities cities

52 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

 Mobility and Air Quality
Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30
Municipal Corporations should prepare action plan and
promote the use of clean technology-shared vehicles
Create incentives to attract and enable PPP in setting
up charging infrastructure, shared mobility, first and
last-mile connectivity, and the use of renewable energy
sources for clean renewable energy sources
Promote mixed-use and NMT plans to facilitate walking, In all million-plus In all cities with a
cycling within the city in line with the National TOD Policy, cities and state population of more than
2017 capitals 0.5 million
In all million-plus In all cities with a
Introduce strategies to decongest cities and discourage
cities and state population of more than
the use of private vehicles
capitals 0.5 million
Promote NMT by improving infrastructure for pedestrian
In all million-plus In all cities with a
safety, comfort and convenience on all streets; all
cities and state population of more than
Municipal Corporations are to implement the NMT
capitals 0.5 million
guidelines, 2016
Complement the Pollution Control Board’s existing
monitoring system to collect and analyse data on
localised pollution hot-spots
Develop city-level clean air action plans for all million-plus
cities, which include detailed monitoring of air pollution
and its impact based on the CPCB guidelines
Enabling increase in
overall public transport
share to 30 % by
Increase share of public transport, and implement metro expanding metro network
network and rapid rail transit system (RRTS)
Metro network in 50 cities

Operationalisation of 82
km of RRTS network

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  53

 Water Management
Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30
Implement supply side management for efficient distribution
of piped water supply. Water supply departments and Jal
Nigams should adopt 100% water metering and develop 100% in all cities & towns
appropriate water tariff structure taking into consideration
the water usage and income levels of its users
100% recovery of O&M charges should be encouraged
by Jal Nigams and water supply departments/authorities
100% in all cities
through rationalising user charges and improving the
efficiency of water tax collection
ULBs should undertake mapping of major ground and
surface water sources (catering to 5% or more of city’s water
needs)and preparation of a plan for augmentation of existing
water resource through recharge, rejuvenation, and storage.
In all Class-I cities
ULBs should make GIS-enabled urban plans, including
water supply and sewerage systems. RWH should be
made mandatory, based on area of the building, to replenish
and recharge the groundwater
Continuous (24x7) water supply to the cities should be
100% in all cities & towns
adopted by water supply authorities
Municipal Corporations should develop Integrated
Urban Water Resources Plan, including rejuvenation of
urban waterbodies. All ULBs should protect and prevent In all Class-I cities
construction of roads and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies
and flood zones to ensure channels for surface runoff
City water balance plan for all the cities
and towns

Mandate treatment, recycling, and reuse of wastewater Treatment of waste water:

in line with the guidelines of JJM-U, and promote circular
economy of water through development of city water 100% in all Class-I cities and 50% in
balance plans Class-II and below towns

Reuse at least 20% of treated waste

water in all Class-I cities
Conduct water and energy audits for water supply systems
and wastewater management, especially treatment plants NRW less than 20% in all cities
and pumping stations. All ULBs should undertake NRW
assessments and put in place a NRW Reduction Strategy Audits in at least Class – I cities
and Action Plan
Relevant authorities should develop advisories/standards
for safe use of wastewater, greywater, and sludge in various
In all the cities & towns
activities with special focus on managing health risks
associated with such use
All ULBs should publish rapid flood risk assessment report
to understand the reasons of flooding/water stagnation
as well as flooding/water stagnation hotspots, level, and
In at least Class – I cities
frequency. All Municipal Corporations should implement an
end-to-end urban flood early warning system and link the
same to ICCCs

54 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

 Waste Management
Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30
Segregation of waste and 4R principles in the city to better
manage waste management. Further promote and establish 100% in all cities & towns
targets to replace virgin materials with recycled materials
Resource efficiency of cities with more than 0.5 million pop-
ulation can be maximised by facilitating setups for MRF with
provision for sorting recyclables and facility for sorting SCF/
RDF as per the SWM Rules, 2016
State governments should promote use of RDF in cement
factories to reduce the coal consumption and control GHG
emissions

Develop a mechanism to collect and process/reuse C&D

100% in all Class-I cities
waste as per C&D Waste Management Rule, 2016

City administration should plan and implement strategies

for on-site processing of wet waste and segregation of dry
100% in all cities & towns
waste, and provide incentives to reduce the waste generation
at source
Prepare a remediation plan for legacy dumpsites to avoid
GHG emissions. Cities need to scientifically operate and 100 % in all cities & towns
manage their landfills as per SWM Rules, 2016
City administration should maintain the drains and prevent
clogging of the same due to waste disposal in order to reduce 100 % in all cities & towns
the risk of flooding and other associated health hazards

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  55

56 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
 Annexure IV
Key Contributors

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India

• Shri Ashwini Kumar, IES, Additional Economic Adviser
• Shri Dhanesh P. G., Under Secretary
• Shri Puneet Bhatia, Asstt. Director
• Shri Vicky Vikash Sinha, Section Officer

National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA)

• Dr. Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar, Head-Climate Centre for Cities & Chair-Urban Resilience Unit
• Ms. Raina Singh, Senior Fellow, Climate Centre for Cities
• Mr. Punit Gandhi, Senior Associate, Climate Centre for Cities
• Mr. Anshul Abbasi, Senior Associate, Climate Centre for Cities
• Mr. Deep Pahwa, Communication Expert

Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)

• Mr. R. Srinivas, Town & Country Planner

German Development Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)) on commission by the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
• Mr. Kiran Rajashekariah, Senior Advisor, Sustainable Urban Development - Smart Cities
• Ms. Tora Saikia, Technical Expert
• Mr. Vibhor Sood, Technical Expert
• Ms. Vaishali Nandan, Project Head - Climate Smart Cities

NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT |  57

Notes

58 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Government of India