RELAY BASED ELECTRO-

PNEUMATICS
ENGR. RICARDO C. CLEOFE
PROFESSIONAL LECTURER
PNEUMATICS

• PNEUMA - Greek root term means “breath”

• It is the industrial implementation and application of air

powered actuators (cylinders and motors) and their control
devices (valves) needed in their operation.

• Branch of science which deals with the study of gases

especially air, its properties and application at pressure higher
(compressed) or lower (vacuum) than atmospheric.
ADVANTAGES

• Air is available everywhere

• Compressed air is easily conveyed in pipelines over large distances
• Compressed air is insensitive to temperature fluctuations
• Compressed air is storable
• Compressed air is explosion and fire proof
• Compressed air is clean
• Compressed air can operate in high working speeds
• Compressed air is overload safe
DISADVANTAGES

• Pneumatic equipment's requires good conditioning

• It is only economical up to a certain force expenditure of
20,000 – 30,000 N
• Air is compressible
• Exhaust air is loud (reduced by using silencers)
• The oil mist mixed with air for lubricating purposes
exhaust or escapes to the atmosphere
 PRINCIPLES OF GASES >>

AVOGADRO’S IDEAL GAS

BOYLE’S LAW CHARLES’ LAW
LAW EQUATION
DESCRIBES RELATIONSHIP
DESCRIBES RELATIONSHIP mathematically relates
BETWEEN DESCRIBES RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN PRESSURE(P) the pressure, volume,
TEMPERATURE(T) AND BETWEEN VOLUME(V) AND
AND VOLUME(V) amount and
VOLUME(V) THE AMOUNT OF GAS(n)
temperature of a gas
ELECTROPNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM

• In an electro-pneumatic control the signal control

section is made up of a electrical components,
for example with electrical input buttons,
proximity switches, relays, or a programmable
logic controller.
• An electropneumatic control system works with
two forms of energy:
▪ Electrical energy in the signal control section
▪ Compressed air in the power section
Signal flow and
components of an
electropneumatic
control system
PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS
 COMPRESSORS
• Compressor  RECIPROCATING PISTON COMPRESSORS
Is a device that converts Piston Compressors
power into potential Diaphragm Compressors
energy by forcing air into
smaller volume and thus
Increasing its pressure  ROTARY PISTON COMPRESSORS
Sliding Vane Rotary Compressor
Two-axle Screw Compressor

 FLOW COMPRESSORS
Radial Flow Compressor
Axial Flow Compressor
PISTON COMPRESSOR >>
The crankshaft rotates
clockwise. Piston moves
downwards and draws air from
the atmosphere. Valves open
due to differential pressure
and not mechanically.

After passing through the lower dead center,

the inlet port closes and the exit port opens.
The air is being pushed against the prevailing
pressure. The point of valve opening depends
on valve design.
SCREW COMPRESSOR

Screw compressors consist of two

screw type profiles which rotate
against each other. Both screws are
driven to rotate in opposite
directions. Air is being compressed
continuously between the screws and
the side walls of the housing.
DIAPHRAGM COMPRESSOR

Piston is separated from the

suction chamber by a
diaphragm. Thus, air does not
come into contact with the
reciprocating parts. The air is
always kept free of oil.
SLIDING VANE ROTARY COMPRESSOR >>
It has an eccentrically mounted rotor
which rotates in a cylindrical housing
having inlet and outlet slots. Its
advantages include compact
dimensions, quiet operation and
smooth steady air delivery.
When rotating, the centrifugal energy
forces the vanes against the wall, and
owing to the shape of the housing, the
chamber are increased or reduced in
size.
FLOW COMPRESSOR >>

The shaft is driven at high

revolutions. Turbine
sections on the shaft
accelerate the air to a high
speed. These work on the
air-flow principle and are
especially suitable for
large delivery volumes.
 AIR SERVICE UNIT
Consists of an air filter, pressure regulating
valve with pressure gauge and a compressed
air lubricator.
Air Filter - filters the compressed air of all
impurities and any condensate it contains.
Pressure Regulator - a reducing valve is
assigned the duty of maintaining a relatively
constant operating pressure regardless of
fluctuation and consumption rate.
Compressed Air Lubricator - used to provide
the pneumatic components with sufficient
lubrication. These lubricants inhibit the
wearing of all moving parts, keep frictional
forces to a low level, and protect the equipment
from corrosion.
PNEUMATIC COMPONETS
(POWER COMPONENTS)
PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS

• Mechanical devices which produce force, often in combination

with movement, and are powered by compressed gas.
• To perform their function, pneumatic cylinders impart a force by
converting the potential energy of compressed gas into kinetic
energy. This is achieved by the compressed gas being able to
expand, without external energy input, which itself occurs due to
the pressure gradient established by the compressed gas being at
a greater pressure than the atmospheric pressure. This air
expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction.
SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
If compressed air is supplied, air hits
the piston surface and the piston
rod moves out. When air is released,
the return spring moves the piston
to its initial position.
Single acting cylinders do work in
one way, therefore they are ideal
for tensioning, ejecting,
compressing etc.
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER >>

The force exerted by the

compressed air move the piston
in a double acting cylinder in to
two directions. A definite force is
applied on both advance and
return movements
RODLESS CYLINDER
Actuators that use a mechanical or
magnetic coupling to impart force,
typically to a table or other body
that moves along the length of the
cylinder body, but does not extend
beyond it.

Mechanically coupled Magnetically coupled

ROTARY CYLINDER
Functions the same way
as a double acting
cylinder in the sense that
it has fixed stops at both
ends of the stroke and
that it performs work in
both directions. On the
contrary, instead of
performing linear motion
as with the case of a
linear cylinder, the rotary
vane cylinder performs
Pneumatic Motor rotary motion.

Rotary Vane Cylinder

PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS

(FINAL CONTROL ELEMENTS)

SOLENOID VALVES

• An electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas

controlled by running or stopping an electric current
through a solenoid, which is a coil of wire, thus
changing the state of the valve. The operation of a
solenoid valve is similar to that of a light switch, but
typically controls the flow of air or water, whereas a
light switch typically controls the flow of electricity.
Directional Control Valve
2/2-way 3/2-way 4/2-way
valve valve valve
Directional Control Valve
5/2-way 4/3-way 5/3-way
valve valve valve
TYPES OF ACTUATORS

General Pedal

Roller Roller with

Lever

Pushbutton Spring
Return
TYPES OF ACTUATORS

Plunger Electrical

Pneumatic
CHECK VALVE

A check valve, a one-way valve which normally

allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in
only one direction. Check valves are two-port
valves, meaning they have two openings in the
body, one for fluid to enter and the other for
fluid to leave.
SHUTTLE VALVE

The shuttle valve is a two way inlet valve. It allows

the air to flow on both direction going to the
outlet. It doesn’t allow the flow of air from one
inlet to the other and vice versa.
 TWO WAY PRESSURE VALVE

The two way pressure valve is a two way inlet valve,

that doesn’t allow the air to flow only in one direction.
It requires both air to be supplied on both inlet in order
for the air to flow going to the outlet.
 Reading
Pneumatic Symbols
Reading
Valve
Reading Air
Service Unit
Reading Ways
and Port
Actuation
Method
Non Return
Valves
Pressure
Valves
 Linear
Actuators
 Rotary
Actuators
 Linear
Actuators
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
COMPONENTS
(INPUT ELEMENTS)
PUSH BUTTON AND CONTROL SWITCHES

Switches are installed in circuits to apply a current to a load or to

interrupt the circuit. These switches are divided into pushbuttons
and control switches.
▪ Control switches are mechanically detented in the selected
position. The position remains unchanged until a new switch
position is selected
▪ Push button switches only maintain the selected position as long
as the switch is actuated (pressed).
 TYPES OF CONTACTS
MOMENTARY PB

S – refers to manual/mechanical LOCKING

switch

B – refers to proximity/
reed/pressure switch
RELAY CONTACT
K – refers to relay/relay contact

Y – refers to solenoid
OUTPUT

H – refers to buzzer/lamp
 Normally Open
Contact (Make)
The circuit is open if the
switch is in its initial
position (not actuated). The
circuit is closed by pressing
the push button – current
flows to the load. When the
plunger is released, the
spring returns the switch to
its initial position,
interrupting the circuit.
Normally Closed
Contact (Break)
The circuit is closed when
the switch is in its initial
position. The circuit is
interrupted by pressing the
pushbutton.
Changeover Contact
The changeover contact
combines the functions of
the normally open and
normally closed contacts in
one device. Used to close
one circuit and open
another in one switching
operation.
 Limit Switch
A limit switch is actuated when
a machine part or workpiece is
in a certain position. Normally,
actuation is effected by the
cam. Limit switches are
normally changeover contacts.
They can then be connected –
as required – as a normally open
contact, normally closed
contact or changeover contact.
Proximity Sensor
Proximity switches operated contactlessly (non-contact
switching) and without an external mechanical actuating
force.

As a result, proximity switches have a long service life and

high switching reliability. The following types of proximity
switch are differentiated:
▪ Reed Switch
▪ Inductive proximity switch
▪ Capacitive proximity switch
▪ Optical proximity switch
 Reed Switch
Reed switches are magnetically actuated
proximity switches. They consist of two
contact reeds in a glass tube filled with
inert gas. The field of a magnet causes
the two reeds to close, allowing current
flow.
SOURCING
SINKING
 Inductive Capacitive Photoelectric Sensor
Proximity Sensor Proximity Sensor
Electronic sensor that Used modulated beam either
Electronic sensor that
used electro static reflected or broken by the
produce magnetic field
field traget
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
COMPONENTS
(PROCESSING ELEMENTS)
MAGNETIC RELAY

• A relay is an electromagnetic switch

operated by a relatively small electric
current that can turn on or off a much
larger electric current. The heart of a
relay is an electromagnet (a coil of
wire that becomes a temporary
magnet when electricity flows through
it).
MAGNETIC RELAY
FUNCTION OF RELAY

MULTIPLE
CONTACT
FUNCTION OF RELAY

INVERSION
FUNCTION OF RELAY

HOLDING
CONTACT
 FUNCTION OF RELAY

AMPLIFICATION
LOGIC CONTROL CIRCUITS

BUFFER LOGIC -
a basic logic gate
that passes its
input,unchanged,
to its output
• INVERTER LOGIC -
a logic gate which
implements logical
negation.
• An AND gate is a
digital logic gate
with two or more
inputs and one
output that
performs logical
conjunction.
• An OR gate is a
digital logic gate
with two or more
inputs and one
output that
performs logical
disjunction.
• A NAND gate (NOT-
AND) is a logic gate
which produces an
output which is false
only if all its inputs
are true; thus its
output is
complement to that
of an AND gate.
• A NOR gate is a
digital logic gate
that gives an
output of 0 when
any of its inputs
are 1, otherwise 1.
• XOR gate (sometimes
referred to by its
extended name,
Exclusive OR gate) is
a digital logic gate
with two or more
inputs and one
output that performs
exclusive
disjunction.
• An XNOR gate
(sometimes referred to
by its extended name,
Exclusive NOR gate) is a
digital logic gate with
two or more inputs and
one output that
performs logical
equality.
• An inhibitor is
constituted by a
NOT circuit
preceding one
terminal, of an
AND gate.
• Implication, in logic,
a relationship
between two
propositions in which
the second is a
logical consequence
of the first.
PNEUMATIC CONTROL
MANUAL CONTROL (DIRECT CONTROL)

(MONOSTABLE)
BIDIRECTIONAL
(BISTABLE)
MANUAL CONTROL (INDIRECT CONTROL)

(MONOSTABLE)
 MANUAL CONTROL (INDIRECT CONTROL)

(BIDIRECTIONAL)
AUTOMATIC RETURN OF CYLINDERS

DIRECT
(BISTABLE)
 INDIRECT
• (MONOSTABLE)
 INDIRECT
• (BISTABLE)
Thank You!