ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF BUSSINES AND ECONOMICS

PROGRAM OF CONTINUING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION

ASSIGNMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION

BY ;- AZEB TAMIRAT

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

ID:- AM/DACF/A/004/14

Julay, 2022

Ethiopia
1. What are the goals of learning, civic and ethics?

 The Gole of of delivering the course Civic and Ethics, emanates from:

 To instill citizens about their rights and duties becouse Rights and duties co-exist with
each other so that the four issues which is important to look into the interplay between
rights and duties which is one's right implies the other's duty. Second, one's right implies
one's duty to recognize rights of others. Third, one should exercise his rights for the
promotion of social good. Fourth, the State has an obligation to ensure social and legal
interests of citizens so to make citizen to have a Balanced understanding about one ‘s
rights and duty benefits all

 For developing Participant Political Culture: political culture: set of norms of conduct,
attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments which gives order and meaning to a political process in
in the political system and to a bullied political culture that will play a role in engaging an
individual to play in the political process.

 The endorse Relevant Knowledge, Skills and Positive Attitudes; - A State will do better
in its bid for development if most of its citizens are knowledgeable, skillful and
demonstrate positive attitudes at the work place.
 To fostering intercultural societies: - inculcating the notion of inter-culturalism, which
explicitly asserts the need for relationship, dialogue, reciprocity and interdependence is
essential
 To promoting inclusiveness:- Teaching to nurture new and inclusive relations and
practices in both public and private spaces is crucial for development
 The issue of nurturing peace-building:- Teaching to nurture new and inclusive relations
and practices in both public and private spaces is crucial for development

 Creating active, well-informed, effective and responsible citizens

 Endorsing rational and critical thinking upon citizens

 Produce responsible professionals

Generaly , Moral and Civics Education seeks to promote the core moral, ethical, democratic, and
educational values, such as:

 Respect for life

 Respect for reasoning

 Fairness

 Concern for the welfare of anothers

 Respect for diversity

 Peaceful resolution of conflict

2. . What kinds of action do you consider as good/bad, right /wrong, moral or immoral in your society?

Just for as an example :- Three actions that I believe would always be morally right:

 Not pocket the money picked up

 Treat your parents with honor
 Donate goods to those people who need

Three actions that I believe would always be morally wrong:

 Steal other people’s belongings.

 Kill or torture animals for fun
 Plagiarize homework and assignments

I believe that not pocket the money you picked up would always be morally right. While you see
someone falls a hundred dollar on the floor, you face a moral issue that will you notice the man in front
of you or will you pick it up and run away? I believe I should not pick up the money which not belongs
to me. My moral principle tells me that I will never get something from nothing, so that I am always
willing to notice the one who loses the money. Fealty is the foundation of my moral values. My parents
gave birth to me and raised me for over twenty years, so that I ought to respect them and repay them
with loves. To me, it is not only a moral belief, but also a duty to treat my parents with honor. The third
thing that I believe would always be morally right is donating goods to those who really needs. I morally
believe that we should help people in need as far as possible. One of my underlying values is that virtue
is always rewarded. If I do my best to help the society, the society will reward me in his way.

3. Do the diverse groups in Ethiopia have common cultural and ethical values? If yes, mention some of
them.

4. What are the professional and public service ethics? Describe the types of responsibility in
professional service delivery.

5. Explaine the meaning, role, purpose of state and government and compare and contrast the
difference and similarity between the state and government?

The term ‘state’ has been used to refer to a bewildering range of things: a collection of institutions, a
territorial unit, a philosophical idea, an instrument of coercion or oppression state has been understood in
four quite different ways;

 Idealist perspective: state is an ethical community underpinned by mutual sympathy- universal

altruism
 Functionalist perspective:-Define state in terms of its role/purpose: upholding social order is its
main function
 Organizational perspective :-State is a set of institutions (public) responsible for the collective
social existence and there is a clear distinction between public and civil society (private
 International perspective:-State is the primary actor of world politics and basic unit of int’l
politics

The meaning, the role and purpose of Government

To govern means to rule or control others. It is a Formal institution that operates at the national
level/regional. It is a body that administers a country as whole and it can be defined as an administrative
wing of the state it is a political organization authorized to formulate public policies and conduct affairs
of state. For government to be stable and effective: it has to have Authority which the ability to compel
obedience and needs to Have ‘legitimate power.’ Legitimacy which prompts the governed to comply
willingly with its authority, popular acceptance of a governing regime as an authority

Purposes and Functions of Government :- major purposes and functions of government include, among
other things, the following:

 Self-Preservation: prevail order, predictability, internal security and external defense

 Distribution and Regulation of Resources
 Management of Conflicts: supervision and resolution of conflicts
 Fulfillment of Social or Group Aspirations: strive to fulfill the goals and interests of the society as
a whole
 Protection of Rights of Citizens
 Protection of Property:
 Implementations of Moral Conditions: shape citizens character in accordance with standard of
morality
 Provision of Goods and Services

Compare and contrast the difference and similarity between the state and government?

Some of the main differences between state and government are as follows:

 Government is only an element of the state:

 A State has four essential elements—Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.
Government is only one element of the State. It is just one part of the State which acts for the
state.
 Government is an Agency or Agent of the State:
 Government is an agency of the State. It acts for the state. It is that agency of the State which
formulates the will of the state into laws, implements the laws of the state and ensures conformity
to the laws of the state. Government exercises power and authority on behalf of the state.
 State is Abstract, Government is Concrete:
 State is a concept, an idea or a name used to denote a community of persons living on a definite
territory and organized for the exercise of sovereignty. State cannot be seen. Government is made
by the people of the State. It is formed by the representatives of the people. It has a definite and
defined organization and form. It can be seen as a team of people exercising the power of the
State.
 Government is organized only by a portion of the population of State:
 The whole population is a part of the State. All the people are citizens of the State. However,
government is made by the representatives of the people. Only some people, who get elected act
as representatives of the people, form the government of the State. Their number is limited to few
hundred only. In India around 5500 MPs and MLAs represent the total population of around 110
crores and exercise the political power at the centre and in all states of India.
 Membership of a State is compulsory but not of Government:
 All people are citizens of the State. They together constitute the population of the State. Each one
normally gets the membership (citizenship) of a state automatically right at the time of one’s birth
 and continues to live life as such. However, membership of the government is not automatic. No
one can be forced to become its part. Anyone can voluntarily seek an election, get elected as a
representative of the people and become a part of the government. Only some persons form the
government.
 Sovereignty belongs to State and not to Government:
 Sovereignty is the hallmark of the State. It belongs to the State. The government exercises power
on behalf of the State. It acts on the basis of the sovereignty of the State. Sovereignty is
comprehensive, absolute, unlimited and all inclusive supreme power of the State. The
government exercises only well defined and limited powers.
 Territory belongs to the State:
 The State has sovereign ownership and jurisdiction over its territory. State is a territorial entity
and territory belongs to it. The government has the responsibility to preserve, protect and defend
the territory of the State. The laws made by the government are applicable to all parts of the
territory of State but territory belongs to the State and not to the government.
 Every State has uniformly four essential elements, however the forms and features of
Government differ from State to State:
 Each State has a uniform personality with its four essential elements Population, Territory,
Government and Sovereignty. However, governments can be of different forms— Parliamentary
or Presidential, Unitary or Federal or a mixture of these. A government can be monarchical or
aristocratic or democratic or a dictatorship. The people can by choice change the form of their
government. But the State exists independently and has a uniform character.
 State is Permanent, Government is Temporary:

Governments come and go regularly. After every general election the government changes. It can also
undergo a total change through an election or even through a revolution. State is permanent. It
continuously lives so long as it continues to enjoy sovereignty. Independent India continues to live as a
sovereign independent state since 1947. However, she has witnessed the rise and fall of several
governments at the national and state levels.

6. Describe the origin and development of state and government in Ethiopia.

One of the oldest countries in Africa, the Ethiopian civilization emergence dates back over
thousands of years. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other
primarily Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including Amhara, Oromos, Somalis, Tigray,
Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw and Harari, among others.Obelisk of Axum, a pre-Christian stele
of Kingdom of Aksum dated in the 4th-century

Dʿmt kingdom (980 BCE – 400 BCE) at its height

One of the early kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th
century BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom
rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the
Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana,
Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first
identified themselves as "Ethiopians", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign
author to call the Aksumites Ethiopians.The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of
Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum.It
eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the
region ended. The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at
Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early
Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it
to dominate the Horn of Africa. Portuguese missionaries arrived at this time.

In 1529, the Adal Sultanate attempted to conquer Abyssinia and met initial success; the Adal
were supplied by the Ottomans while Abyssinia received Portuguese reinforcements. By 1543,
Abyssinia had recaptured lost territory but the war had weakened both sides. The Oromo people
were able to expand into the highlands, conquering both the Adal Sultanate and Abyssinia. The
Portuguese presence also increased, while the Ottomans began to push into what is now Eritrea,
creating the Habesh Eyalet. The Portuguese brought modern weapons and baroque architecture
to Ethiopia, and in 1622 converted the emperor Susenyos I to Catholicism, sparking a civil war
which ended in his abdication and expulsion of all Catholics from Ethiopia. A new capital was
established at Gondar in 1632, and a period of peace and prosperity ensued until the country was
split apart by warlords in the 18th century during the Zemene Mesafint.

Ethiopia was reunified in 1855 under Tewodros II, beginning its modern history and his reign
was followed by Yohannes IV who was killed in action in 1889. Under Menelik II Ethiopia
started its transformation to well organized technological advancement and the structure that the
country has now. Ethiopia also expanded to the south and east, through the conquest of the
western Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups, resulting in the borders of modern
Ethiopia. Ethiopia defeated an Egyptian invasion in 1876 and an Italian invasion in 1896 which
killed 17,000 Ethiopians, and came to be recognized as a legitimate state by European powers. A
more rapid modernisation took place under Menelik II and Haile Selassie. Italy launched a
second invasion in 1935. From 1935 to 1941, Ethiopia was under Italian occupation as part of
Italian East Africa. The Allies managed to drive the Italians out of the country in 1941, and Haile
Selassie was returned to the throne from his 5 years exiled in Britain. Ethiopia and Eritrea united
in a federation, but when Haile Selassie ended the federation in 1961 and made Eritrea a
province of Ethiopia, the 30-year Eritrean War of Independence broke out. Eritrea regained its
independence after a referendum in 1993.

Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974 and the militaristic Derg regime came to power. In 1977
Somalia invaded, trying to annex the Ogaden region, but were pushed back by Ethiopian, Soviet,
and Cuban forces. In 1977 and 1978 the government tortured or killed hundreds of thousands of
suspected enemies in the Red Terror. Ethiopia experienced famine in 1984 that killed one million
people and civil war that resulted in the fall of the Derg in 1991. This resulted in the
establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic under Meles Zenawi. Ethiopia remains highly
impoverished, although its economy has become one of the world's fastest-growing. Civil
conflict in the country, including the Metekel conflict and the Tigray War, are still ongoing. And
know Dr. Aby himed.

7. Compare and contrast the structure of Ethiopian state and government before and after 1991.

The Tigrayan/Amharan polities situated on the northern side of the Ethiopean plateau form the historical
core of present-day Ethiopia. Traditionally, these polities were run in authoritarian fashion, their rulers
infused by religious legitimacy through the Christian Orthodox church and their wealth derived from the
extraction of surplus from agricultural produce. Their societies were stratified and hierarchical, featuring
both social inequality and opportunities for social mobility through successful military performance.‍Since
land was the most valuable resource in these densely populated societies, its acquisition became the key
driver of the process of imperial expansion from c. 1889 to 1913.‍ And after 1991 Contemporary Ethiopia
emerged from the rebellion-cum-liberation struggle that toppled the military junta in 1991. This event
heralded a period of 25 years of unbroken EPRDF rule. It will be argued that three aspects of the nature
and style of EPRDF governance have shaped the evolution of Ethiopia’s political settlement over this
period in particular. These contemporary factors provide a more recent understanding of the country’s
present political situation and its implications for how security in Ethiopia is organized. Given the TPLF’s
historical role in shaping the EPRDF, and the number of respondents who commented on the continued
influence of the TPLF within the EPRDF, the section that follows focuses primarily on the TPLF.‍

8. Define citizenship (meaning, aspects, perspectives, and ways of acquiring and losing
membership) in general and of Ethiopia in particular. Understanding Citizenship :- Citizenship as
network of relationships between the State and the citizen. Citizenship refers to rules regulating formal
relations between the State and the individual about: acquisition and loss of a given country’s nationality.

Citizenship as a Status : hase Three rights: civil, political, social rights

It also has four components of rights: liberty rights (privilege), claim rights, power rights, immunity rights
citizenship as Membership and Identity belongingness to shared territory, common culture, ethnic
characteristics, history, etc. citizenship as Participation: minimalists (passive) and maximalists (active
participants).

 Citizenship as Inclusion and Exclusion: All individuals living in a state do not necessary mean
that all are citizens. The aliens have rights just like the Ethiopian citizens such as the right to life,
movement, and protection of the law. Additionally, there are also responsibilities shared by both
the non-citizens and citizens in respecting the laws of the country. However, citizens are
fundamentally different from aliens in enjoying privileges and shouldering responsibilities.
Citizenship status is not restricted to persons: Organizations and [endemic] animals has also
citizenship as well.
 Two ways of acquiring citizenship
A. Citizenship by birth,

B. citizenship by Naturalization

1. Citizenship by Birth :-A majority people acquire citizenship through this way individuals can get
citizenship status of a particular State either by jus soli or jus sanguinis

Jus Soli (right of the soil)

 if born in the territorial administration of the state

 Birth with in sovereign territory grant citizenship
 Birth in areas were the flag of a country is raised
 Birth place is sufficient to acquire citizenship (irrespective of parent’s’ allegiance)

However, jus soli could not apply to children born from diplomats because of international diplomatic
immunities:

Inviolability : diplomatic person or agents & the areas where they work and live are considered
Inviolable, so attacking these is considered like attacking the country of the diplomats

Extraterritoriality:-Any diplomat’s properties , Living area, Working place is considered like outside of
the receiving state’s territory . This includes any children born to the diplomat , when the diplomat and
his spouse are in transit

ii. Jus Sanguinis (law/right of blood:

 if born from mother and/or father who are citizens of the State:
 Citizenship based on nationality of parent.
 Depends on right blood of father or right blood of mother
 Children take their parent’s nationality irrespective of birth place
 Citizenship by Naturalization/Law
 legal process by which foreigners become citizens of another country
 Citizenship is given to foreigners based law of countries
 citizenship can be acquired by naturalization through
 Political case (secession, merger and subjugation)
 grant on application,
 marriage,
 legitimatization/adoption, and
 reintegration/restoration
 But they should fulfill certain requirements like:
 Length of residence
 Age of the applicant
 Health status
 Criminal records
 Moral character
 lawful entry for residence
 ability of national language
  Nationality origin
 educational qualification etc.

Ways of Losing Citizenship (General)

Renunciation: voluntary way of losing citizenship

Deprivation: forceful way of losing citizenship
If he/she is guilty of committing crimes Such as:
uncover national secrets
Serving army of other country
Trying to overthrow the government by force
Promising loyalty to another country
Becoming naturalized in another country etc.
Substitution : replacing original by other new citizenship
Lapse: if the person stays outside of his/her country for a long and continuous period

Modes of Acquiring Ethiopian Citizenship

Before the 1930, there was no officially inscribed legal document But in 1930 Ethiopia adopted a legal
document named as “Ethiopian Nationality Law and Recently it was replaced with Ethiopian Nationality
Proclamation NO. 378/2003. There is Two ways of acquiring citizenship

A. Birth (Decent)

B. Naturalization

A. Acquisition by Descent: any person born in Ethiopia or abroad, whose father or mother is Ethiopian,
is an Ethiopian subject (1930). FDRE ,Art.6/1: any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian national if
both or either parent is Ethiopian. EPL, article 3(1):any person shall be an Ethiopian national by descent
where both or either of his parents is Ethiopian , irrespective of where he/she is born. EPL, article 3(1):
An infant who is found abandoned in Ethiopia shall, unless proved to have a foreign nationality, be
deemed to have been born to an Ethiopian parent and shall acquire Ethiopian nationality Birth place of a
child is not a requirement to acquire Ethiopian nationality

B. By Law (Naturalization): A person can acquire Ethiopia citizenship by law through:

 Marriage
 Legitimating (Cases of Adoption):
 Grant on Application:.
 Reintegration (Restoration):
 Citizenship by special case/Outstanding contribution

Ways of losing citizenship (the Ethiopian case)

Ethiopian nationality may be lost for the following grounds:

  Renunciation:
 voluntary way of loosing citizenship
 But renunciation may not be accepted if the person
 Has not yet discharged his outstanding national obligations
 has convicted for a crime and not yet served
 Acquisition: up on acquiring citizenship of other country

9. What is constitution and constitutionalism? What are the features, principle, functions and
types of constitution? The concepts of constitution and constitutionalism refer to the legal framework of
a country. While constitution is often defined as the “supreme law of a country,” constitutionalism is a
system of governance under which the power of the government is limited by the rule of law.
Constitutionalism recognizes the need of limiting concentration of power in order to protect the rights of
groups and individuals. In such system, the power of the government can be limited by the constitution –
and by the provisions and regulations contained in it – but also by other measures and norms. The
concept of constitutionalism is a mechanism that provides legitimacy to a democratic
government. It cannot and should not be confused with the legality of the acts of the officials in a
government set up. Constitutionalism is far more important than having a written Constitution.
With some exceptions, most of the countries have Constitutions, but it in no way means that they
practice constitutionalism. Some of the basic principles developed over time that embody the
concept of constitutionalism are separation of powers, judicial control and accountable
government.

 Separation of Powers :-Separation of powers divides the mechanism of governance into

three branches i.e., Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary. This not only prevents the
monopolization of power, but also creates a system of checks and balances. As this
division of powers is in the Constitution itself, this becomes an effective tool for ensuring
Constitutionalism.

 Responsible and Accountable Government :-In a democratic setup, the government is

elected so that it can serve the people who help elect it. It is in this sense that the electors
have a right to demand accountability and answers from their government. Therefore,
when the government fails the expectations of the electorate, the authorization to govern
is revoked by voting them out.
 Popular Sovereignty:-The concept of popular sovereignty lays down that the government
derives its legitimacy from the people. No corporate body, no individual may exercise
any authority that does not expressly emanate from it. Even though there is a certain
sovereign entity that is empowered to govern, ultimate sovereignty resides in the nation.
The power of such a sovereign entity emanates from the public.
 Rule of Law:-The presence of rule of law means that the government does not belong to
men but to the laws. Dicey lays down three essential components of Rule of Law:
 Nobody is to be punished except for a specific breach of law that is established in an
ordinary legal manner before ordinary courts of law.
  No one is above the law.
 Courts play a vital role in protecting the rights and freedoms of an individual.
 Independent Judiciary:-The independence of the Judiciary is the essence of any liberal
democracy and the foundation of a free society. The Judiciary is the upholder of Rule of
law and if its independence is taken away, it puts the entire rule of law in jeopardy. The
Constitution also envisages the separation of the judiciary from the Executive.
 Individual Rights:-The rights of the individual shall be at the highest pedestal for
constitutionalism to thrive. The constitutional setup in India gives these rights the
importance that they deserve by engraving them in Part III of the Constitution. These
individual rights have not only been protected by the courts but have also been
interpreted in a manner where their effect and implementation has broadened.  The
enforcement of these rights is ensured by the Constitutional Courts i.e. the Supreme
Court and the High Courts.
 Civilian control of the military:-Apart from these features, constitutionalism envisages
that the control of the military should be in the hands of a civilian government so that the
military does not interfere in the democratic decision making or attempt a military coup.
 Police Accountability :-Constitutionalism also envisages that police while performing its
duties shall uphold the rights, freedoms and dignity of the individuals, the same can be
ensured by bringing the police under the control of laws and courts.

Features of the Constitution

There are various features of the constitution. Some of them are:

 Judicial Review:
 The Parliamentary form of Government:
 Written & Detailed Constitution:.
 Fundamental Rights & Fundamental Duties:
 Directive Principles of State Policy:.
 Preamble of the Constitution:
 Republic and Secular:
 Adult Suffrage: Single Citizenship:
 Independent Judiciary:
 Emergency Provisions:

10. Describe democracy and democratization process. (Meaning, ways of exercising, Principles,
actors in democratization process) in general and of Ethiopia in particular.

11. What are the elements of good governance? Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It
is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient,
equitable and inclusive, and follows the rule of law. Good governance is responsive to the
present and future needs of the organization, exercises prudence in policy-setting and decision-
making, and that the best interests of all stakeholders are taken into account.

1. Rule of Law:- Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced by an
impartial regulatory body, for the full protection of stakeholders.
2. Transparency:- Transparency means that information should be provided in easily
understandable forms and media; that it should be freely available and directly accessible
to those who will be affected by governance policies and practices, as well as the
outcomes resulting therefrom; and that any decisions taken and their enforcement are in
compliance with established rules and regulations.
3. Responsiveness:-Good governance requires that organizations and their processes are
designed to serve the best interests of stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.
4. Consensus Oriented:- Good governance requires consultation to understand the
different interests of stakeholders in order to reach a broad consensus of what is in the
best interest of the entire stakeholder group and how this can be achieved in a sustainable
and prudent manner.
5. Equity and Inclusiveness:-The organization that provides the opportunity for its
stakeholders to maintain, enhance, or generally improve their well-being provides the
most compelling message regarding its reason for existence and value to society.
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency-Good governance means that the processes implemented
by the organization to produce favorable results meet the needs of its stakeholders, while
making the best use of resources – human, technological, financial, natural and
environmental – at its disposal.
7. Accountability:- Accountability is a key tenet of good governance. Who is
accountable for what should be documented in policy statements. In general, an
organization is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions as
well as the applicable rules of law.
8. Participation:- Participation by both men and women, either directly or through
legitimate representatives, is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation needs
to be informed and organized, including freedom of expression and assiduous concern for
the best interests of the organization and society in general.
12. What are human rights? Its principles, classifications, state obligations and limitations
imposed on the enjoyment of human rights?

Haman Rights are derived from the principle of Natural Law. They are neither derived from the
social order nor conferred upon the individual by the society. They reside inherently in the
Individual human being independent of, and even prior to his participation in the society.
Consequently, they are the result of recognition by the State, but they are logically independent
of the legal system for their existence. Their origin may be sought in the natural law and not in
the positive law. They are based on their intrinsic justification and not their enactment or
recognition by certain individuals. They do not depend on any formulation or accepted
authority. 

Classification of Human Rights

 Civil and Political Rights

 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 Solidarity Rights
1) Civil and Political Rights :

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948 has provided for Civil and
Political Rights under Article 2 to 21. It includes the Right to life, Right to Security, Protection
against Slavery, The Right to due and fair process of Law, Right to Privacy, the Right to Liberty
of Thought and Expression, the Right to Religious Freedom, Right to Association and the Right
to Property.

2) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), 1948 Article 22 to Article 27 provide for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which
Include the Right to Work, the Right to Social Security, the Right to Protection Against
Unemployment, the Right against slavery and exploitation, the Right to Good Living, the Right
to Education and the Right to health services.

3) Solidarity Rights- Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 says that
Every person is entitled to such social and international system in which all the rights and
freedoms are made available to him fully. In this category are included the rights to Power, a
Right to Just Distribution of wealth, the Right to Economic and Social Development, the Right to
participate in the process of Development, the Right to peace,

13. Describe the status of the development of democracy and human rights in Ethiopia since the
1931 first written constitution.

According to the U.S. Department of State's human rights report for 2004 and similar sources, the
Ethiopian government's human rights "remained poor; although there were improvements, serious
problems remained".The report listed numerous cases where police and security forces are said to have
harassed, illegally detained, tortured, and/or killed individuals, who were members of opposition groups
or accused of being insurgents.Thousands of suspects remained in detention without charge, and lengthy
pretrial detention continued to be a problem.Prison conditions were poor. The government often ignores
citizens' privacy rights and laws regarding search warrants. Freedom House agrees; the site gave Ethiopia
a six out of seven, which means that it is not free.

Although fewer journalists have been arrested, detained, or punished than in previous years, the
government nevertheless continues to restrict freedom of the press. The government limits freedom of
assembly, particularly for members of opposition groups, and security forces have used excessive force to
break up demonstrations. Violence and discrimination against women continue to be problems. The
economic and sexual exploitation of children continues, as does human trafficking. Forced labor,
particularly among children, is a persistent problem. Low-level government interference with labor
unions continues. Although the government generally respected the free exercise of religion, local
authorities at times interfere with religious practice. According to a report from Amnesty international
2016/2017 prolonged protests over political, economic, social and cultural grievances were met with
excessive and lethal force by police. The report added that the crackdown on the political opposition saw
mass arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill-treatment, unfair trials and violations of the rights to freedom
of expression and association. On 9 October, the government announced a state of emergency, which led
to further human rights violations. In September 2018, more than 20 have died in ethnic based attacks.
Protestors outside the capital have been calling for the prime minister to issue a state of emergency to
prevent further killings.and the same is true nowedays.

14. What is globalization? (the dimensions and impacts?

The world globalization is a global village. This is a phrase you must have had thrown around during
business discussions. Those who say this is most likely referring to how small the world has become due
to globalization which has removed boundaries to trade and communication between people in different
countries. Globalization a process where people, companies, and governments from different nations
interact and integrate through international trade and investments has effects on the environment, culture,
political systems, economic development, and human physical well-being in societies around the world.
Through the Internet, media, planes, international business, and embassies we are now more connected to
each other than ever before.

Globalization in Busines, today allows for goods to be made and sold all over the world.

Impact of Globalization:- Globalization is not only about trade there is also the cultural aspect to it.
Through it, different cultures meet and people get to know and understand the various ways of life and
accept them. Now that you know what globalization is let’s get into its impact

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Gives Access to a Larger Market:-Through globalization countries and companies have access to a
bigger consumer base. Instead of only selling products in their country a business can expand to other
regions boosting sales and in the process making more money.

2. Provides Cheaper Goods for Consumers:- Because of globalization a lot of companies are moving to
areas where their cost of production is low they, in turn, offer cheaper products because they are not
expensive to make hence lower prices for consumers.

3. Globalization Wets Countries do what They do Best:- For example, a country can buy cheap steel from
another country instead of making its own steel. They can then focus their efforts on making other things
they are good at like computers and export them to the countries they import cheap steal from.

4. Leads to Better Economies :-With many multi nations heading to Africa to tap the consumer base in
this part of the world more jobs are being created helping people in these countries get better wages and
improve their stands of living.These investments by these multinationals or foreign countries also help
strengthen the economies of these countries with the foreign exchange they bring in. With an increased
number of investors looking for investment opportunities around the globe, country economies will
benefit wherever they invest. Through globalization economies of different countries are becoming more
connected to one another since they depend on each other for trade.

5. Promotes World Peace and Unity- Globalization brings governments together so that they can tackle
common goals together. For example, due to globalization world leaders have seen the impact of
pollution and have resolved to tackle climate change together. Also, it is unlikely that a country trading a
lot of products and services with another will attack it or want to go to war with it.

6. Innovation:- The desire to make a profit has always been a spur to expanded trade, innovation, and the
communication of ideas. The great ideas from leaders spread more easily.

7. Better Quality and Variety:- Competition from different countries drives firms to improve their
products. Consumers have better quality products and more variety as a result.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Causes Environmental Damage:- Globalization has led to increased production for businesses in order
to meet global demand. Increased production means more natural resources are used and this can be used
up before they are regenerated leading to a negative impact on the environment.

Also in developing countries rules and regulations on environmental protection are not as strict as in
developed countries. This has seen some multinationals leave their countries to set up in developing
countries to take advantage of this lax regulation in the process they manufacture products that are
harmful to the environment.

2. Causes Fluctuation of Prices: - Increased competition means that business with the best prices win. Due
to competitive prices are always fluctuating

3. Job Insecurity:- Globalization provides a double-edged sword when it comes to jobs. It creates jobs for
people in developing countries who provide cheaper manufacturing jobs. For example, many companies
are setting up in India and China because wages and manufacturing jobs are cheaper there which means
fewer opportunities in developed worlds.

In short, globalization takes jobs from one country and provides them to another. This can be negative or
positive depending on what part of the world you are in.

15. How do you describe the status of Ethiopia in the current globalized world?

It looks like Ethiopia is under the attention of every world government in every aspect and globalization
is going head of its development and affected and the same time has a positive impact and the country
trays to respond for the coming globalization impact