Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction

My type of V!

Quarter 1 Week 7 Module 15

Learning Competency:
Explain various volcano-related hazards

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.

2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing

enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the
concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what
learnings and skills did you understand from the previous
lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module.

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LESSON : DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS

EXPECTATIONS
This module will let you grasp the idea of what a volcano hazard is. Specifically, you
will be able to accomplish the following:
a. Identify the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines
b. Explain the differences of the various volcano-related hazards.

How about checking what you know first before you start learning new? I believe
you can answer the set of questions given below. God bless!

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
_____1. A rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases.
A. Earthquake B. Volcano C. Thunderstorm
_____2. It involve the rise of magma toward the surface.
A. Stream-blast Eruptions B. Magmatic Eruptions C. Volcano Eruptions
_____3. It could occur with little or no warning.
A. Stream-blast Eruptions B. Magmatic Eruptions C. Volcano Eruptions
_____4. It is any potentially dangerous volcanic phenomenon or process that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and
economic disruption or environmental degradation.
A. Volcanic Hazard B. Earthquake Hazard C. Vulnerability
_____5. It occurs before, during and after volcanic eruptions.
A. Volcanic Hazard B. Earthquake Hazard C. Vulnerability

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LESSON

NAME THAT VOLCANO

Direction: Identify the different volcano based from the photo and its location.
NAME PICTURE LOCATION
1.

Zambales Luzon,
Philippines
2.

Batangas Luzon,
Philippines
3.

Albay Bicol Region

Luzon, Philippines

4.

Sorsogon Bicol
Region Luzon,
Philippines

5.
Negros, Visayas
Philippines

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION

VOLCANO HAZARDS These words, recommended in a tune by Jimmy Buffet in his

1979 Volcano Album collection, likely reflect the concerns of numerous individuals living
close dynamic volcanoes. Volcanoes are useful to people living on or close them. They deliver
prolific soil, and give profitable minerals, water stores, geothermal assets, and beautiful
excellence. But volcanoes can be exceptionally perilous. Where can a individual go to be secure
from an ejecting well of lava? What sorts of volcanic dangers might they confront? These
questions are troublesome to reply since there are numerous sorts of volcanic ejections which
create diverse sorts of volcanic dangers.

ACTIVITY 1: Different Types of Volcanic Hazards

BEFORE THE LESSON

For Learners
1. Learners to research about the following volcanoes: Pinatubo, Taal, Mayon, Bulusan,
Kanlaon, and Hibok-hibok
2. Learners to research on the following topics: Location, provinces around the volcano,
history of eruptions, last recorded eruption, and kinds of hazards present.
3. Bring researched materials to study.
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines
2. Explain the differences of the various volcano-related hazards
Review
1. Learner to name several volcanoes they know of (aside from the assigned list)
2. What do you know about major volcanic eruptions in the Philippines?
3. What are the negative impacts during an eruption?
Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat to
persons or property in a given area within a given period of time. Below is a list of volcanic
hazards common in Philippine active volcanoes.
VOLCANIC PHENOMENA NEGATIVE IMPACT
Lava Flows are stream-like flows of Lava flows rarely threaten human life
incandescent molten rock erupted from a because lava usually moves slowly -- a few
crater or fissure. When lava is degassed centimeters per hour for silicic flows to

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and/or very viscous, it tends to extrude several km/hour for basaltic flows. Most
extremely slowly, forming lava domes. characterize this as quiet effusion of lava.
Major hazards of lava flows -- burying,
crushing, covering, burning everything in
their path.
Lavas can burn. The intense heat of lavas Lavas can bury. Lavas can bury homes and
melt and burn. As lava flows are hot and agricultural areas under meters of hardened
incandescent, areas it covers are burned rock. Areas affected by lava flows once
(forest, built up areas, houses). solidified are also rendered useless and will
not be useful anymore (for agriculture, etc)
for years due to the solid nature of the lava
deposit. Lavas can also block bridges and
highways, affecting mobility and
accessibility of people and communities.
Collapsing viscous lava domes can trigger
dangerous pyroclastic flows.
Ashfall or Tephra Fall Ash suspended in air is also dangerous for
aircrafts as the abrasive ash can cause the
engines to fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane
Carrying of harmful (even poisonous,
unpleasant) gases, acids, salts, and, close to
the vent, heat.
Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of
buildings, break power and communication
lines and damage or kill vegetation. Even
thin (<2 cm) falls of ash can damage such
critical facilities as hospitals, electric-
generating plants, pumping stations, storm
sewers and surface-drainage systems and
sewage treatment plants, and short circuit
electric-transmission facilities, telephone
lines, radio and television transmitters.
Pyroclastic flows and surges (Pyroclastic Deadly effects include asphyxiation
density current) are turbulent mass of ejected (inhalation of hot ash and gases), burial,
fragmented volcanic materials (ash and incineration (burns) and crushing from
rocks), mixed with hot gases (200oC to impacts.
700oC to as hot as 900oC) that flow The only effective method of risk mitigation
downslope at very high speeds (>60kph). is evacuation prior to such eruptions from
Surges are the more dilute, more mobile areas likely to be affected by pyroclastic
derivatives or pyroclastic flows. density currents
Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of Lahars have destroyed many villages and
volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic lives living on Pinatubo and Mayon Volcano
materials) and water, usually triggered by because most people live in valleys where
intense rainfall during typhoons, monsoons lahars flow.
and thunderstorms. Lahar can occur Lahars can destroy by direct impact (bridges,
immediately after an eruption or can become roads, houses)
long-term problem if there is voluminous Lahars can block tributary stream and form a
pyroclastic materials erupted such as the case lake. This can submerged villages within the
of 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Lahars can also valley of the tributary that was blocked, there

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 occur long after an eruption has taken place is also the danger of the dammed lake
such as the lahars at Mayon Volcano after the breaching or lake breakout and if this
1984 eruption . happens, this puts to danger the lives of
people in communities downstream
Lahars can bury valleys and communities
with debris
Lahars can lead to increased deposition of
sediments along affected rivers and result to
long-term flooding problems in the low-lying
downstream communities.
Volcanic gases- gases and aerosols released Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ),
into the atmosphere, which include water and hydrogen flouride (HF) are some
vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, volcanic gases that pose hazard to people,
carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, animals, agriculture and property. SO2 can
hydrogen fluoride lead to acid rain. High concentrations of CO 2
which is colorless and odorless can be lethal
to people, animals and vegetation. Fluorine
compounds can deform and kill animals that
grazed on vegetation covered with volcanic
ash.
Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide- When a huge portion of the side of a volcano
massive collapse of a volcano, usually collapses due to slope failure. This results to
triggered by an earthquake or volcanic massive destruction similar to what
eruption. An example of recent debris happened in Mt. St. Helens in the USA in
avalanche event occurred during the 1980 1980. The huge volcanic debris avalanche
eruption of Mt. St Helens. Based on present typically leaves an amphitheater-like feature
morphology of volcanoes, Iriga Volcano in and at the base of volcanoes with debris
Camarines Sur, Banahaw Volcano and avalanche event, a hummocky topography
Quezon Province and Kanlaon Volcano had (small hills all over).
pre-historic debris avalanche events.
Ballistic projectiles are Volcanic materials Ballistic projectiles endanger life and
directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with property by the force of impact of falling
force and trajectory fragments, but this occurs only close to an
. eruption vent
Tsunami- sea waves or wave trains that are An eruption that occurs near a body of water
generated by sudden displacement of water may generate tsunamis if the pyroclastic
(could be generated during undersea materials enter the body of water and cause it
eruptions or debris avalanches) to be disturbed and displaced, forming huge
waves.
PART 2.
1. Attributing impacts to specific hazards as discussed.
2. Based on the researched materials you gather, identify which type of volcanic hazards are
present in the 6 most active volcanoes of the Philippines
3. Learners have time to explain and discuss the answers. (Via Virtual Classroom)
4. Prepare this template on short bond paper

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 Volcano Described Impacts Based Volcanic Hazards
on materials researched
1. Pinatubo

2. Taal

3. Mayon

4. Kanlaon

5. Bulusan

6. Hibok hibok

ACTIVITY 2: WHICH IS WHICH?

Direction: Based on the list of phenomena/situations in activity 1, identify them according to

the following table format. Write the negative impact according to appropriate row in the table.

(What is the general term for the phenomena listed in Activity 1?)
_______________________________
VOLCANIC PHENOMENA NEGATIVE IMPACT / WHY IT IS
HAZARDOUS
1.

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 2.

3.

4
.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

REMEMBER
Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat to
persons or property in a given area within a given period of time.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Check the item/s that is part of the list of Volcanic Hazard
_____ 1. Pyroclastic Density Currents (pyroclastic flows and surges)
_____ 2. Lahars
_____ 3. Structural Collapse: Debris flow-Avalanches
_____ 4. Dome Collapse and the formation of pyroclastic flows and surges
_____ 5. Lava flows
_____ 6. Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles

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 _____ 7. Volcanic gas
_____ 8. Tsunamis
_____ 9. Volcanic Lightning
_____ 10. Climate Change

Critical Thinking
Explain why you consider the checked item/s part of the list for volcanic hazards.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

In your own words, how would you define volcano hazards?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Care and Concern for others:
Learners to download news articles photographs of impacts. The purpose is for learners to be
able to relate the impact with type of hazard

PHOTOGRAPHS
RELATE THE IMPACT WITH TYPE OF HAZARD
OF IMPACTS

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POSTTEST
Directions: True or False. Write true if the statement is true and write false if the
statement is not true
_____ 1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to their mass,
high temperature, high velocity and great mobility.
_____ 2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic
materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons, monsoons
and thunderstorms. Lahars can occur immediately after an eruption or can become
long-term problem for as long as there are excess sediments on the volcano’s slope
and water to remobilize these.
_____ 3. Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a volcano and is
always a big threat to human lives.
_____ 4. During eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor or low
visibility.
_____ 5. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in air is also
dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane.

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Reference:
(1) Fisher, R. V. (1997). Hazardous volcanic events. Retrieved
from http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm
(2) Geography Video 4 the UC. (2010, December 31). Dome collapse and pyroclastic flow at
unzen volcano [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Cvjwt9nnwXY
(3) GNS Science, Te Pü Ao. (2010). Volcanic hazards. Retrieved
from http://gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/ScienceTopics/Volcanoes/Volcanic-Hazards
(4) Teaching Guide for Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction 2014
file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/DRRR%20MODULE/Teaching_Guide_for_Senior_High_School_DI.pdf

Acknowledgements
Development Team of the Module
Authors: ANTONIO A. MONTELLANO JR.
Editor / Reviewer: REBECCA M. ROXAS
Illustrator: Name
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional in Charge of LRMS and
Regional ADM Coordinator
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio,Division EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

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ANSWER SHEETS

ACTIVITY 1: Different Types of Volcanic Hazards

Volcano Described Impacts Based Volcanic Hazards
on materials researched
1. Pinatubo Lahar Lahars have destroyed many
villages
2. Taal Ashfall or tephra fall Ash suspended in air is also
dangerous for aircrafts
3. Mayon Lava Flows Lavas can burn.
4. Kanlaon Pyroclastic flows and surges Burn sites with hot rocks
(Pyroclastic density current debris
5.Bulusan Volcanic gases (SO 2 ), (CO 2 ), and (HF) are
some volcanic gases that
pose hazard to people
6.Hibok hibok Ballistic projectiles force of impact of falling
fragments
*Validate students gathered data and clippings for every volcano

ACTIVITY 2: WHICH IS WHICH?

(What is the general term for the phenomena listed in Activity 1?)
VOLCANO HAZARDS
VOLCANIC PHENOMENA NEGATIVE IMPACT / WHY IT IS
HAZARDOUS
1.Pyroclastic Density Currents
2. Lahars
3.Structural Collapse: Debris flow-

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 Avalanches
4. Dome Collapse and the formation of
pyroclastic flows and surges
5. Lava flows
6. Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles
7.Volcanic gas
8.Tsunamis
9.Volcanic Ligthing
10. Climate Change
*STUDENTS WILL GIVE VARIOUS ANSWERS BASED ON THEIR ON EXPERIENCE

PRETEST POSTTEST
1. B 1. True
2. B 2. True
3. A 3. False
4. A 4. True
5. A 5. True

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