Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction

IT WILL OCCUR

Quarter 1 Week 7 Module 16

Learning Competency:
Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption

0
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the
concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what
learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module.

1
LESSON 16: SIGNS OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS

EXPECTATIONS

This module will let you grasp the idea of what a volcano hazard is. Specifically, you
will be able to accomplish the following:
a. identify the different parameters used to monitor volcanoes.
b. explain the common signs of an impending volcanic eruption

How about checking what you know first before you start learning new? I believe
you can answer the set of questions given below. God bless!

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
_____ 1. It is move rapidly down the valleys like rivers of concrete.
A. Ashfall B. Lahar C. Lava Flows
_____ 2. Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulvorized rock, minerals and volcanic
gases.
A. Ashfall B. Lahar C. Lava flows
_____ 3. The speed at which the lava moves across the ground.
A. Ashfall B. Lahar C. Lava flows
_____ 4. It is the collapse of the eruption column.
A. Lava Flows B. Pyroclastic flows C Lahar
____ 5. It is the force of impact of falling fragments.
A. Lahar B. Ballistic Projectiles C. Ashfall

2
LESSON

VOLCANIC ERUPTION: ARE

YOU PREPARED?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Volcano's behavior is watched by researchers to undertake to decide when it'll emit. It
is imperative that a person moreover examining caution signs to assist avoid potential human
misfortune. By evaluating clues, researchers can create a technique and clearing arrange for
people that live inside the region of a drawing nearer volcanic emission.

ACTIVITY 1: Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

BEFORE THE LESSON

1. Research on :
I. Ground deformation (geodetic measurements- ) as used in monitoring volcanoes
II. Geochemistry: Gas emissions from volcanoes (what types of gases are
measured/monitored? What kinds of instruments are used? - getting samples from
vents, fumaroles and analyzing in the laboratory, remote and direct measurement)
III. Seismic activity (a seismometer is installed on the volcano to detect volcanic
earthquakes,
IV. Monitoring signs of impending eruption by remote sensing (what are some tools
used? Advantages and disadvantages of using remote sensing)
V. Sensory observations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile). Expect - will some
learners mention unusual animal behavior?
2. Prepare a poster presentation on the topic
I. Size: oslo paper
II. Content of poster: Include brief explanation of different monitoring parameters and
equipment/ instrument; include pictures or illustrations

3
3. Bring the poster on assigned date.

Gallery Walk!
1. Present your work to the whole virtual classroom class
2. You explain and discuss your poster.
3. Reiterate important points within the topic

ACTIVITY 2: R&R (Read and Record)

Most volcanoes provide various types of warnings before eruptions begin. Some
volcanoes, especially those that have not erupted for a long time (hundreds of years) might
display obvious precursors of reactivation months to weeks before a major eruption (ex.
Pinatubo in 1991).
Some volcanoes might explode without warning if the type of eruption is what is known
as phreatic. Also known as steam-blast eruptions, these events could occur with little or no
warning as superheated water flashes to steam similar to what happened at Mayon volcano in
2013 and Ontake Volcano, Japan (2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQtkoLxqUNQ
and https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ObsOj9Q2Do
It is important to be able to observe warning signs of volcanic unrest so that people can
evacuate in time, to minimize injuries and casualties. It is therefore important to be able to
monitor a volcano’s activity, and this is normally done with the aid of different tools or
instruments to monitor the different parameters.
The assessment of a volcano’s status (if it is quiet or in normal state, in state of unrest, expected
to erupt, erupting) is based on the different parameters that can be observed. Volcanologists
often use a combination of as many data available from the different parameters used for
evaluation. For example, the number of earthquakes as recorded by the seismograph may
increase from background levels of 0-5 per week and may escalate into 100s in a day.
This is further confirmed and supported by increasing number of earthquakes felt by the local
people. In addition, other parameters such as gas measurements and water acidity may also
show signs of increasing trend.

4
5
Direction: Fill in the table with the needed information based on presented data

TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT PARAMETERS WHAT TO OBSERVE

Ground Deformation
Geochemistry
Seismic Activity
Visual Observation
Auditory Observation

REMEMBER
Ground deformation - Ground deformation refers to surface changes on a volcano, such as
subsidence (sinking), tilting, or bulge formation, due to the movement of magma below the
surface. Deformation changes at a volcano, such as those related to magnitude or location, may
indicate that an eruption is about to occur.
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/monvoc/monvoc2.php)
Use of remote sensing technology or techniques as applied to volcano monitoring.
Monitoring surface changes on a volcano from afar- using available tools such as satellite
images; advantage: less exposure on the ground for volcanologists, safer; but sometimes
interpretation needs field verification.

Seismic activity - from earthquakes to swarms of earthquakes. Most unrest in

volcanoes start with volcanic earthquakes. Volcanoes and earthquakes go hand in hand. The
challenge is to determine which patterns of seismic waves precede an eruption. When magma
makes its way up to the surface it breaks the rocks along the way, and in so doing, earthquakes
are generated. Gases - types and rate of emission. Gases rise through vents called fumaroles

6
(from the Latin for “smoke”) and other cracks. Sometimes the concentrations are high enough
to create acid rain that kills vegetation—the trees at the Long Valley, California, caldera, for
example. That’s one very visible sign of activity, but scientists have several ways to measure
the rate of emissions more precisely. They can collect samples from vents directly, but it is
safer to use remote sensing instruments. Scientists mount/ install infrared and correlation
spectrometers from airplanes, for example, and fly through a plume of gas. These instruments
read energy signatures—thermal output or electromagnetic frequencies—to identify and
quantify the gases.
(source: http://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/major-warningsigns)

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Below are impending signs of volcanic eruption check the following item/s that
can be easily observe by an individual without tools or equipment just by simply using his
senses.
_____ 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds, occurrence of
volcanic tremors.
_____ 2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to entrained ash.
_____ 3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
_____ 4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma
intrusion.
_____ 5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not
attributable to heavy rains.
_____ 6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano’s
upper slopes.
_____ 7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells crater lake near the volcano.
_____ 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano.
_____ 9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano.
_____ 10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfatara.

Critical Thinking
Explain why you consider the checked item/s can be observed by just simply using owns
senses
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

7
In your own words, “Why it is important to monitor a volcano’s status?”?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Care and Concern for others:

Vlogging: Demonstrate What to do before, during and after a volcanic eruption.
(Encourage family members to join you in your Vlog)

POSTTEST
Directions: True or False. Write true if the statement is true and write false if the statement is
not true
_____ 1. Aside from instrumental monitoring, people living near volcanoes on their own, may
observe premonitory events before an eruption such as intensified steaming activity.
_____ 2. As the volcano unrest progresses into an eruption, volcanic earthquakes not only
increase in number but the number of earthquakes felt by many people become more
and more frequent.
____ 3. Measuring the amount of gases being emitted by volcanoes is also an important aspect
of volcano monitoring.
_____ 4. The development and use of remote sensing technology in monitoring volcanoes has
greatly contributed to the safety of scientists.
_____ 5. In visual observation, it is not only the increase in volume of steam that is observed
but the color of steam, which might drastically change from “white” to “dark gray”.

8
Reference:
(1) Earth Observatory. (n.d.). Sensing remote volcanoes: Feature articles. Retrieved from
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/monvoc/ monvoc2.php
(2) Lastog561. (2007, June 9). Mt. Pinatubo explosion at clark air base, philippines part 1
[Video file]. Retrieved from https:// www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SMe0VPQftsc&list=PLvK95S7LA5_LGKDQQDZJ3EorompbMWhOO
(3) Oregon State University. (n.d.). What are the signs that a volcano is about to erupt?
Retrieved from http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/whatare-signs-volcano-about-erupt
(4) Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. (2008). Phivolcs volcano
monitoring. Retrieved from http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=86 (5) Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology. (2010). Ang mga sensyales kon maglupok ang bulkan kanla-
on [Poster]. Retrieved from
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph//images/attachments/article/757/
EULogo_Poster_KANLAON_TRANSLATED_Precursor_ilonggo.jpg
(5) Teaching Guide for Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction 2014
file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/DRRR%20MODULE/Teaching_Guide_for_Senior_High_School_DI.pdf

Acknowledgements
Development Team of the Module
Authors: ANTONIO A. MONTELLANO JR.
Editor / Reviewer: REBECCA M. ROXAS
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional in Charge of LRMS and
Regional ADM Coordinator
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

ANSWER SHEETS

ACTIVITY 1: Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

9
 I. Ground deformation
II. Geochemistry
III. Seismic Activity
IV. Monitoring signs of impending eruption by remote sensing
V. Sensory observations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile)

ACTIVITY 2: R&R (Read and Record)

I. Ground deformation
II. Geochemistry
III. Seismic Activity
IV. Monitoring signs of impending eruption by remote sensing
V. Sensory observations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile)

TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT PARAMETERS WHAT TO OBSERVE

Trucks and Load Ground Deformation Movement of surface
Seismograph Geochemistry Smoke coming from
beneath the ground
Seismic Activity Seismograph reading
Eyes Visual Observation Using five senses observation

Ears Auditory Observation Sound Producing signs

PRETEST POSTTEST
1. B 1. True
2. A 2. True
3. C 3. True
4. B 4. True
5. B 5. True

10