capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fs;

 ,aw;ifapy; GtpNahl;by; gUkl;lhf 92 %yfq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf mwpag;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk;

mtw;Ws;

1. capu; mq;fpfspd; fl;likg;Gfis Mf;FtJk;

2. MNuhf;fpakhd tho;Tf;Fj; Njitg;gLtJk;
3. ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;F ,d;wpaikahjJkhd

 mj;jpahtrpa %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;fif mz;zsthf,

…………………20 - 25……………………………….MFk;.

 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yfq;fSs; capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; Vuhskhf 96% mlq;fpapUf;Fk;

ehd;F %yfq;fshtd,

………………O > C > H > N ……………… ….MFk;.

 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yfq;fSs; capu;g; gjhu;j;jj;jpy; vQ;rpa %yfq;fs;

4% mlq;fpapUf;Fk; . ,tw;Ws; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F %yfq;fshtd,

………………Ca , P , K , S ……………… ….MFk;.

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
kh%yfk; ( macro element )

 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; 0.01% my;yJ mjpYk; cau;thf mlq;fpAs;s mj;jpahtrpa

%yfq;fs; MFk;

Rtl;L %yfk; ( trace element )

 mq;fpapd; cyu; epiwapy; 0.01% ,Yk; Fiwthf mlq;fpAs;s mj;jpahtrpa %yfq;fs;

 Rtl;L %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if khwf;$baJ
 vy;yh mq;fpfspYk; rpy %yfq;fs; Rtl;L %yfkhf mikAk;

eg: ………………………………………………Fe………………………………..

 rpy mq;fpfspy; khj;jpuk; rpy %yfq;fs; Rtl;L %yfkhf mikAk;

eg: maBd; ( I ) Ks;se;jz;Lspfspy; Thyroxine ,dJ Kf;fpa $whf cs;sJ

 Rtl;L %yfq;fshf mikAk; nghJthd %yfq;fs;

B, Mo, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe , Al, Si, V, Cr, Co, I……etc.

[ Cl cau; jhtuq;fspy; Rtl;L %yfk; MFk; ]

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 1

kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fs;

 kdpj clypy; mj;jpahtrpa %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 25……………………………………….MFk;.

 ,tw;Ws; kdpj clypy; kh%yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 11……………………………………….MFk;.

%yfk; cly; epiwf;Nfw;g rjtPjk; %

O 65.0%

C 18.5%

H 9.5%

N 3.3%

Ca 1.5%

P 1.0%

K 0.4%

S 0.3%
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
Na 0.2%

Cl 0.2%

Mg 0.1%

 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yfq;fSs; kdpj clypy; Vwhskhf ( 96.3% )

mlq;fpapUf;Fk; ehd;F %yfq;fshtd,

………………O > C > H > N ……………… ….MFk;.

 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yfq;fSs; kdpj clypy 3.7% mlq;fpapUf;Fk;

%yfq;fshtd,

………………Ca > P > K > S > Na > Cl > Mg ….MFk;.

 kdpj clypy; Rtl;L %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 14……………………………………….MFk;.

 kdpj clypy; Rtl;L %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fs;

…………… B, Cr, Co , Cu, F , I , Fe , Mn , Mo , Se, Si, Sn , V , Zn ………..MFk.;

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 2

jhtu clypy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fs;

 jhtu clypy; mj;jpahtrpa %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 17……………………………………….MFk;.

 ,tw;Ws; jhtu clypy; kh%yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 09……………………………………….MFk;.

 jhtu clypy; kh%yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fshtd

…………… C, O, H , N, K , Ca , Mg , P , S ………..MFk.;

 jhtu clypy; Rtl;L %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

…………… 08……………………………………….MFk;.

 jhtu clypy; Rtl;L %yfkhf mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fs;

…………… Cl, Fe, Mn , B, Zn, Cu , Ni , Mo ………..MFk.;

%yfk; jhtu clypd; cyu;

epiwf;Nfw;g rjtPjk; %

C 45.0%
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
O 45.0%

H 6%

N 1.5%

K 1.0%

Ca 0.5%

Mg 0.2%

P 0.2%

S 0.1%

 rpy %yfq;fs; mq;fpfSf;F er;Rj;jd;ik cilait. ,it nehjpa epNuhjpfshf nraw;gl;L

xOq;fd
P q;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. eg: Mrdpf; ( As )

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 3

 ePUk; capUk; / water and life

 ePuhdJ capUf;F ,d;wpaikah (vital) mNrjd Nru;itahFk;. ahnjdpy; G+kpapy; ePu; ,d;wp
capu;fs; tho KbahJ.

 capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; $ba mstpyhd mNrjdr; Nru;itahFk;.

 ePupd; capUf;F ,d;wpaikahik (vital) ,w;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; ,uz;L Mtd

1. capu; fyq;fspd; capUf;F ,d;wpaikahikah $W

2. ePu; tho; mq;fpfSf;F kpfr;rpwe;j thoplj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ

ePupd; capUf;F ,d;wpaikahik (vital) ,w;Ff; fhuzkhd ePu; %yf;$wpd; ,urhad

ngsjPf ,ay;Gfs;

1. ePu; %yf;$W Nfhz tbtk; ( 104.50 ) MdJ

2. ,UKidTs;s rpwpa %yf;$W
3. mjhtJ rkkw;w Vw;wq;fis jhq;Fk; tifapy; Kidthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. xU rpwpa NeNuw;wk; cila H mZf;fs; ,uz;ilAk; , xU rpwpa vjpNuw;wk; cila O mZ
xd;iwAk; cilaJ.
5. ,t; KidTj;jd;ik fhuzkhf ePu; %yf;$Wfs; xd;iw xd;W typik Fiwe;j tpjj;jpy;
ftug;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;ftu;rp Ijurd; gpizg;Gfs; vzg;gLk;.

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 4

 capu; tho;f;iff;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. flj;Jk; Clfkhfr; nraw;gLk;

2. ntg;gr; rPuhf;fpahfr; nraw;gLk;
3. cau; Nkw;gug;gpOtpiiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
4. ntg;gepiyf;Nfw;g mlu;j;jp NtWgly;
5. rpwe;j fiug;ghdhfr; nraw;gLk;
6. jhf;fpahfr; nraw;gLk;

flj;Jk; Clfkhfr; nraw;gly;

 ePu; %yf;$WfSf;fpilapyhd gpizT tpirahdJ fydpioaq;fspy; ePiuAk; fiue;j

fiuaq;fisAk; fdpAg;Gf;fisAk; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fisAk; fhopD}lhfTk;
cupaj;jpD}lhfTk; GtpaPu;g;Gf;F vjpuhff; flj;Jtjpy; cjTfpd;wJ.

 ePu; %yf;$WfSf;Fk; fyr;RtUf;Fkpilapyhd xl;lw;gz;G tpirAk; ePiuAk; mjpy;

fiue;Js;s gjhu;j;jq;fisAk; flj;jypy; JizGupfpd;wJ.

ntg;gr; rPuhf;fpahfr; nraw;gly;

 ePupd; cau; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT fhuzkhf ePuhdJ, Gtp kPJ ntg;gj; jyk;gy;fs; Vw;gLk;
gl;rj;jpy; , capu;j; njhFjpfspYk; . ePu;j; njhFjpfspYk; xU ntg;gj; jhq;F fUtpahf
( thermal buffer ) nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
 ePupd; cau; Mtpahjypd; kiw ntg;gk; fhuzkhf , rpwpasT ePu; Mtpahjypd; NghJ mjpfsT
ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLtjdhy; capu; mq;fpfSf;F ePupog;gpid ,opTgLj;jpf; nfhz;l epiyapy;
jdJ cly; Nkw;gug;igf; Fspuhfg; Ngzf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

eg: 1. kdpjdpd; ( KiyA+l;bfspd; ) Njhypy; tpau;it Mtpahjypd; NghJ kpif ntg;gkhjy;

jLf;fg;gl;L cly; ntg;gepiy khwhJ Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. jiuj; jhtuq;fspy; MtpA+apu;g;gpdhy; ePu; ,of;fg;gLk; NghJ cly; #upa xspapdhy;

kpifahf ntg;gkilahky; Fspuhfg; Ngz cjTk;.

cau; Nkw;gug;gpOtpiriaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

 rpwpa xU gug;gpy; mjpfk; ,Oglf;$ba jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

 ePu; %yf;$Wfspd; gpizT tpir fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w xU epiyahFk;.

 ePu; Njf;fq;fspy; Nkw;gug;gpw;Fupa ePu; %yf;$Wfs; mjw;F fPo; gug;Gf;Fupa ePu;

%yf;$Wfshy; ftug;gLtjdhy; , ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpy; nky;ypa ePu; glyk; xd;W
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

 ePu; rWf;fpfs; ( water skaters) vdg;gLk; G+r;rpfSf;F Fsj;J ePupd; kPJ /

,g;glyj;jpd; kPJ , elf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 5

ntg;gepiyf;Nfw;g mlu;j;jp NtWgly;

 ePu; jtpu;e;j Vida gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mlu;j;jpahdJ ntg;gepiy $Lk; NghJ

FiwtNjhL FiwAk; NghJ $Lk;.

 Mdhy;; vjpu;khwhf ntg;gepiy 40C ,id jhz;b tPo;rr

; pailAk; NghJ ePu;
%yf;$Wfspd; mlu;j;jp Fiwfpd;wJ.

 ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ahnjdpy; , ePu; ciwAk; gl;rj;jpy; gdpf;fl;b vd miof;fg;gLk;

xU gspq;FUthd rhyfk; ( crystalline lattice) xd;iw cUthf;fp rpy ePu;
%yf;$Wfspd; gq;fPl;L tOg;gpizg;ig ( valency bond ) khw;wp fdtsit
mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjhFk;

 ePupd; kpf cau;thd mlu;j;jp 40C ,y; fhzg;gLtNjhL , Njhd;Wk; gdpf;fl;b Njf;f
ePupy; kpjf;fpd;wJ.

 ,e;epiy mjp Fspu; gpuNjrq;fshd JUtq;fspy; thOk; tpyq;FfSf;F Fspu;

fhyj;jpy; ( winter) jho; ntg;gepiyapypUe;J gpioj;J tho cjTk;.

eg: JUtf;fubfs; , ngd;Fapd; gwitfs;

rpwe;j fiug;ghdhfr; nraw;gly;

 ePu; %yf;$Wfspd; Kidthf;fk; fhuzkhfNt ePUf;F ,t;tpay;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.


http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
Kidthf;fg;gl;l ePu; %yf;$Wfs; xt;nthU fiua %yf;$WfisAk; #o;e;Jnfhz;L,
mtw;Wld; H gpizg;Gfis cUthf;fpd;wd.

 ,jd; tpisthfNt ve;jnthU Kidthf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$WfSk; ePupy; fiufpd;wd.

 xU fiuaj;jpd; fiujpwd; MdJ fiua %yf;$wpd; Kidthf;fj;jpy; jq;fpAs;s

mNj Ntis mf;fiuak; mad; Nru;it xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

jhf;fpahfr; nraw;gLk;

 rpy capupurhad nrad;Kiwfspd; NghJ ePuhdJ Clfkhf kl;Lkpd;wp xU

jhf;fpahfr; nraw;gl;L tpisTfis cUthf;fpd;wJ.

 ,f;fl;lq;fspy; ePuhdJ nghJthf xU jho;j;jpahf nraw;gl;L Ijurid; / ,yj;jpuid

toq;Ffpd;wJ. mjhtJ xU Ijurid; / ,yj;jpud; toq;fpahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

eg: 1. xspj;njhFg;G / CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

2. ePu;g;gFg;G jhf;fq;fs; / khg;nghUs; + H2O Nkhw;NwhR

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 6

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 7

 mq;fpfspd; gpujhd Nrjd Nru;itfspd; ,urhadj; jd;ikAk;
njhopw;ghLfSk;

fhNghIjNul;Lf;fs; / Carbohydrates
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fspy; Vuhskhff; fhzg;gLk; Nrjd Nru;itfshFk;.

2. nty;yq;fisAk; nrYNyhR Nghd;w cjhuzq;fis cs;slf;Fk;. capu;f;Nfhsj;jpy; Vuhskhf
cs;s Nrjd Nru;it nrYNyhR MFk;. ( cyfpy; xU tUlj;jpy; capu;j;jpzpTld; 100
kpy;ypad; njhd; nrYNyhR Nru;f;fg;gLk; )
3. gpujhd %yfr;Nru;f;if C,H,O MFk;
4. ePNuw;wg;gl;l fhgd; Nru;itfs; vd;wtifapy; H,O tpfpjk; 2 : 1 Fk;.
5. vdNt nghJr;#j;jpuk; C x (H2O) y MFk;
6. gpujhdkhf 3 tifg;gLk;.
a. xUrf;fiul;L
b. ,Urf;fiul;L
c. gy;rf;fiul;L

;xUrf;fiul;L / Monosaccharides

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot


fhNghIjNul;Lf;fspd; kpf vspa tbtk; MFk;.
ahTk; ePupy; fiutNjhL gspq;F tbtpYk; fhzg;gLk;
 ahTk; jho;j;Jk; nty;yq;fs;
 nfhz;Ls;s C vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; gy tifg;gLk;.

3C - Triose eg: fpspruy;bifl;L - Glyceraldehyde ( PGAL - phosphoglyceraldehyde ,jd;

ngWjp MFk; )

4C - Tetrose ( ,aw;ifapy; mupJ ) eg: vupj;jpNuh]; ( Erythrose )

5C - Pentose

eg: 1. ,iwNgh]; ( Ribose )

2. bnahl;rpiwNgh]; ( Deoxyribose )
3. wpgpANyh]; ( Ribulose - RuBP ,jd; ngWjp MFk; )

6C - Hexose

eg: 1. FSNfh]; ( Glucose )

2. gpuf;Nlh]; ( Fructose )
3. fyf;Nlh]; ( Galactose )

 . nfhz;Ls;s carbonyle ( Aldo / keto ) $l;lj;jpd; tiff;Nfw;g gpujhd ,U tifg;gLk;

1. Aldoses - eg : mNef nty;yq;fs; 1. Glucose 2. Ribose 3. Glyceraldhyde

2. ketoses - eg : rpy nty;yq;fs; 1. Fructose 2. Ribulose 3. Dihydroxyaceton

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 8

 vy;yh tif xUrf;fiul;Lf;fSk; jpz;k epiyapy; Neu;Nfhl;L tbtpy; fhzg;gLtNjhL rpy
xUrf;fiul;Lf;fs; fiury;fspy; rf;futbtpy; fhzg;gLk; eg: 5C , 6C nty;yq;fs;

jpd;kepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Neu;Nfhl;L tbtq;fs;

fiury;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rf;futbtq;fs;

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

,Urf;fiul;Lf;fs;

 xUrf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfs; ,uz;L fpisNfhrpbf; gpizg;G xd;wpdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;L cUthFk;

nty;yq;fs;
 %d;W tifg;gLk;

1. Nkhw;NwhR – FSf;NfhR + FSf;NfhR

2. Rf;FNuhR – FSf;NfhR + gpuw;NuhR
3. ,yw;NwhR – FSf;NfhR + fyw;NwhR

 ,tw;Ws; Rf;NuhR khj;jpuk; xU jho;j;jh nty;ykhFk;.

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 9

 Rf;FNuhR %yf;$W xd;W Njhd;Wk; tpjk;

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
 Nkhw;NwhR %yf;$W xd;W Njhd;Wk; tpjk;

fpisNfhrpbf; gpizg;G

 xUrf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfs; ,uz;bdJ Ijnuhl;rpy; $l;lq;fspuz;bypUe;J ePu; %yf;$W xd;W

ntspNaw;wg;gl;L xLf;fkiltjdhy; cUthFk; gpizg;G

gy;rf;fiul;L

 xUrf;fiul;L cg myFfs; / xUgFjpaq;fs; gy;ghj;Jr;Nru;f;if miltjdhy; Njhd;Wk; capu;g;

gy;gFjpaq;fs;
 ,it ngUk;ghYk; ePupy; fiuahj, gspq;fhf;f Kbahj fhNghIjNul;Lf;fs;.
 ahTk; , jho;j;jh fhNghIjNul;Lf;fs;.

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 10

 gpujhd ,U tifg;gLk;

1. Neu;Nfhl;Lr; Nru;itfs - nrYNyhR , VikNyhR

2. fpisj;j Nru;itfs – fpisNfh[d; , miur;nrYNyhR , VikNyhngf;bd;

khg;nghUs; = VikNyhR + VikNyhngf;bd;

miur;nrYNyhR

gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fSk; mtw;wpd; xUgFjpaq;fSk; , guk;gYk;

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
gy;rf;fiul;L XUgFjpak; guk;gy;

nrYNyhR FSf;NfhR jhtuf; fyr;Rtu;

khg;nghUs; FSf;NfhR jhtuq;fspy; Nrkpg;gpioak;

fpisNfhrd; FSf;NfhR tpyq;Ffspy; Nrkpg;gpioak;

,dpAypd; gpwf;NuhR Nlypah / Dhelia Kfpo;

ngf;bd; fyf;ba+Nuhdpf; mkpyk; jhtuf;fyr;Rtupd; eLnkd;wl;L

gq;fRf; fyr;Rtu; , Mj;jpuNghlh /

ifw;wpd; FSNfhrikd;
Arthropods ntsptd;$L

miur;nrYNyhR nge;NjhR myF jhtuf; fyr;Rtu;

 Galacturonic acid

 Glucosamine

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 11

a) njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fupa fhNghIjNul;Lf;fs;
xUrf;fiul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. rf;jp %ykhfr; nraw;gLk; - Glucose mfpy uPjpahd Rthrf; fPo;g;gil

2. ,Urf;fiul;;Lf;fs; , gy;rf;fiul;Lfs; njhFf;fg;gLtjw;F fl;likg;G myfhfr; nraw;gLk;

a) Rf;NuhRj; njhFg;G b) Nkhw;NwhR njhFg;G

c) khg;nghUs; njhFg;G d) fpisNfh[d; njhFg;G

3. epA+f;fpspNahiul;Lf;fspd; $whf DNA ,RNA njhFg;gpy;

,Urf;fiul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. cupaf; nfhz;L nry;yspy; - Rf;FNuhR

2. Nrkpg;G nty;ykhf fWk;gpy; - Rf;FNuhR

3. Nrkpg;G nty;ykhf jha;ghypy; - ,yw;NwhR

gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fspd; njhopy;fs;

1. khg;nghUs; FSf;NfhRit rf;jpf; fsQ;rpakhf Nrkpf;Fk; - jhtuq;fSk; FNshNuh

gPw;whf;fSk; / Chlorophytes

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
2. fpisNfh[d; FSf;NfhRit rf;jpf; fsQ;rpakhf Nrkpf;Fk; - tpyq;FfspYk; gq;fRf;fspYk;

3. ,dpAyPd; gpwf;NuhRit rf;jpf; fsQ;rpakhf Nrkpf;Fk; - Nlypah jhtu Kfpo;fspy;

b) fl;likg;Gf;Fupa fhNghIjNul;Lf;fs;
1. nrYNyhR - jhtuq;fspYk; FNshNuhgPw;whf;fYk; / Chlorophytes fyr;Rtupd; fl;likg;gpy;
fhzg;gLk;

2. ngf;bd; - jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; eLnkd;wl;bd; fl;likg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;

3. miur;nrYNyhR – jhtuf;fyr;Rtupd; fl;likg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;

4. ngg;bNlhfpisf;fd; - GNuhfupNahl;lhf;fspd; fyr;Rtupy; fhzg;gLk;

5. ifw;wpd; - gq;fRf;fspd; fyr;RtupYk; Mj;jpuNghlhf;fspd; / Arthropods ntsptd;$l;bYk;

fhzg;gLk;

CTC – Kandy S.H.A. Moulana. BSc. Page 12