TASK IMPLEMENTATION REPORT

LEARNING ANIMAL SYSTEMS COURSE 1 BASED ON PROJECT

TOPIC :

SAMPLING METHODS AND ANIMAL COLLECTION OF TAXONOMIC

SPECIMENS FROM BEHIND CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF
BIOLOGY UNSOED

Arranged By
Group D-3

NUR MULITA SARI B1B021004

AFINA ZAHRA B1B021005
KENEZIA PAULINA ALFONS B1B021012
EMIRA HANIN B1B021015
PATUAN LINEKER SINURAT B1B021017
ARIE SATRIA B1B021029
ASMA NADHIFA ZAHRAINI B1B021032
ZANUBA ULYA` HAURA CELLIN B1B021038

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2022-2023
 APPROVAL REPORT

TASK IMPLEMENTATION REPORT

LEARNING ANIMAL SYSTEMS COURSE 1 BASED ON PROJECT

TOPIK:
SAMPLING METHODS AND COLLECTION OF TAXONOMIC
SPECIMENS FROM THE BACK CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT, UNSOED
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

Approved Date………….

Lecturer-1 Lecturer-2 Practitioner Lecturer

Dr.Pi. Dian Bhagawati., M.Si Dra. A.E.Pulungsari Ir. Ristiyanti M. Marwoto., M.Si
 PREFACE

Peace be upon you, and God mercy and blessings. Praise and gratitude for the grace
of God Almighty, for His mercy and grace so that the paper genetics entitled "SAMPLING
METHODS AND COLLECTION OF TAXONOMIC SPECIMENS FROM BEHIND
CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF BIOLOGY UNSOED " can be completed.

As for the paper genetics on SAMPLING METHODS AND COLLECTION OF

TAXONOMIC SPECIMENS FROM BEHIND CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY UNSOED , we have tried as much as possible and of course
with the help of various parties so as to facilitate the making of this paper. For that, we do
not forget to express our gratitude to all those who have helped us in the preparation of this
paper.
The author realizes that in the preparation and writing there are still many mistakes.
Therefore, the author apologizes for the errors and imperfections that readers find in this
paper. The author also hopes for criticism and suggestions from readers if they find errors in
this paper.
Finally, the authors hope that from the discussion of the paper regarding
SAMPLING METHODS AND COLLECTION OF TAXONOMIC SPECIMENS
FROM THE BACK CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF BIOLOGY UNSOED
topics, the benefits can be drawn so that it can provide inspiration to readers.

Purwokerto, 24 September 2022

The Writer
LIST OF TABLES
PICTURE
ATTACHMENT
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. 1 BACKGROUND
Taxonomy is a name taken from the Greek, namely tassein and nomos. Tassein
means grouping and nomos means rules. Taxonomy is the study of grouping or
classifying something based on its level or hierarchy. In biology, taxonomy is the
study of the classification or systematics of living things. This taxonomy has a big
role in biology to determine the classification of a living thing. In addition, taxonomy
also plays a role in determining the principles used to classify living things.
Sampling method is the activity of taking a portion of the population that will
be examined in a certain way so that some of the taken can represent its population.
There are two types of sampling, which gives the same possibilities for every element
of the population to be selected that is called probability sampling and which does not
give the same possibilities for each element of the population to be selected that is
called non probability sampling (Nasution, 2012).
Specimen collection is an important scientific asset as research material for
fauna diversity, both at national and international levels. Management activities that
can be carried out are preservation, equipment, data recording, and supervision of the
use of scientific specimens. There are about 2,700,000 specimens of animals or
animals as a zoological scientific collection consisting of 25,500 mammalian
specimens, 30,500 bird specimens, 2,280,000 insect specimens, 11,000 amphibian
specimens, 8,000 reptile specimens, 140,000 fish specimens, 180,000 mollusc
specimens and about 25,000 other invertebrate specimens. ,2010). Simple media in
the form of specimen objects have advantages including providing direct experience,
presenting concretely and avoiding verbalism, being able to clearly show objects
(Susilo, 2015).
Specimen collection is useful as a specimen preservation is needed for
practical specimen observation purposes without having to look for new fresh
material. The collection of specimens is also useful as a collection of animals needed
in the context of a research, to be used as a reference, or for communication between
experts or between institutions. In general, the collection of specimens includes the
 collection of various types of animals, storage in preservative media, identification
and recording of information related to collection and labeling (Hayati, 2011).
In animal taxonomy, a taxonomist usually collects a variety of animal
specimens for research. These specimens are usually preserved and preserved. The
specimen collection is useful for describing the diversity of animals from all over the
world. In addition, the collection of specimens can also describe the changes in the
evolution of the animal.
The process from taking specimens to labeling and cataloging specimens
consists of several steps. Caution and care are required when carrying out these steps.
For example in the storage process, specimen collections require special treatment and
handling. If the treatment and handling of specimen collections is not appropriate,
damage can occur. The damage that often occurs is the growth of fungi in the
specimen collection.

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Based on our group discussion in the Background section above, our group
formulates or provides problems, namely :
1. What is the scientific name of the specimen and the classification of the
specimen?
2. How to preserve and store the specimen?
3. Can physical characteristics identify and differentiate the morphology of one
specimen from another?

1.3 PURPOSE
The objectives of this Sampling Method and Animal Specimen Collection
activity are:
1) To find out various research methods, sampling techniques, and taxonomic
specimen collection.
2) To find out how the process of preservation in invertebrate animal specimens
3) To make a data collection of preserved specimens in catalogue.
1.4 BENEFIT
Based on our group discussion on the benefits of this section, our group shared
the many benefits of this activity, namely :
1) Know more about the taxonomy of a species and the key to identifying the
species so that it is easier and becomes the basis for recognizing the grouping
and relationships between living things with one another.
2) Know more about more accurate data, especially data regarding the
distribution of specimens at the location.
3) It is hoped that by carrying out this activity, it is hoped that we can know more
about more diverse species of organisms.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Taxonomy is a foundation of biology that entails the classification,

nomenclature, and identification of biological objects (Cowan 1965). The purpose of
classification is to make it easier to study and show kinship relationships, taxonomy
comes from the Greek, namely taxis = arrangement and nomos = rule or law.
Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classification in animal discovery, naming and
arrangement in classification the main ones, namely: Kingdom, Order, Family, Genus,
Species. According to Linnaeus, there are four principles of classification that he
discovered in the field, namely Latin, the Binomial System, Paired Characteristics,
and Structural Relations (Nurhadi, 2018).
Taxon species is most often applied as the foundation of evaluating and
analizing organism distribution. In this case the higher lecvel of taxon like genus and
family is required. The methods of measuring biodiversity that have now been
developed also considerssome genetic differences of species at its relative position vis
a vis other taxa within the classification hierarchy (Vane, Wright, 1992). Bibby et al.
(1992) applied a simple method of recognizing taxonomic uniqueness to endemic
species based on diversirty of genus and family, in addition to species diversity. The
importance of taxonomic status in an evaluation process of species scarcity or ecology
studies has long been addressed and conducted by Foster and Hubbell (1986).
Biodiversity conservation and development requires a clear measurement
database. IUNC/UNC/WWF notes that in various extinction cases the measurement of
losing genetics potentials is related to the hierarchy of taxonomy, because the
differences in terms of position within the hierarchy reflects the size of genetical
differences (Groombridge, 1992). Specimen preparation and identification
procedures. Collected specimens were subjected to the method of mounting insects
known as “critical point” (modified from Gordh and Hall, 1979), which consists in:
Immersing the specimens in ethyl acetate, mounting them with an entomological pin,
and exposing them to the light of an incandescent lamp in order to accelerate the
process of dehydration and prevent their bodies from collapsing. The organisms that
could not be identified to a specific level, due to a lack of taxonomic information,
were classified as morphospecies (Krell, 2004).
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIALS
The materials used are various kinds of invertebrates, ether (chloroform),
cotton, tracing paper, insects, silica gel, cornstarch, wire, tissue, and 70% alcohol.
The tools used in the Specimen Collection for this project are preparation tubs,
syringes, killing bottles, fixation boxes, scalpels, tweezers, surgical scissors, specimen
storage devices, glue, cardboard, stationery, cameras, nets, needles, glass bottles,
gloves, collecting bottles (also known as vials), plastic bags, pencil, data sheet/field
book, field guide book, plastic minigrip (Ziplock), and label paper.

3.2 METHODS
We are using the direct collection sampling method. Direct collection is the
sort of procedure that is used to conduct an insect inventory. Direct collection
involves gathering insects by hand and using catching gear that comes in the shape of
nets. The results of the collection of insects obtained were directly taken to a plastic
bag filled with 75% alcohol, while the butterflies were put on parchment paper to
prevent damage to the wings and the molluscs were placed in the collection bottle.
The methods used in this Sampling Method and Animal Specimen Collection activity
are:
A. For Wet Collection
1. Specimens are killed by nasogastric intubation using alcohol in a
killing bottle for small animals or direct anesthesia.
2. The formalin is positioned and fixation with formalin is done so that
the animal does not rot.
3. Spraying 70% alcohol on external fixation, then wrapped with tissue so
that the cell and tissue components are preserved and not stiff. Fixation
takes a maximum of 2x24 hours.
4. Animals are put into specimen bottles containing 70% alcohol and 4%
formalin.
5. Labeling.
 6. Performed maintenance.

B. For dry collections

In addition, there are several steps involved in the process of handling insect
specimens, such as the preservation of the specimen, the opset, the labeling,
and the collection storage.

1. The preservation of the specimen: Small-medium insects were placed into

a killing bottle with cotton that had been anesthetized with a drop of
chloroform (CHCl3), and alcohol was injected into large insects in a
specific quantity.
2. Opset (which means to stick a needle into the body of the insect): "The
specimen is needled in Styrofoam with the needle positioned perpendicular
to the body of the insect." The placement of the needle to the right of the
body's longitudinal centerline.
3. Labelling: The information on the specimen number, collector, collection
date, and collection site was written in pencil on a label that was created
using a piece of paper measuring 7 by 18 centimeters and written in pencil.
When handling dry collections, the label will either be placed on the
underside of the specimen.

C. For Insecta
1. Insects are caught using nets.
2. Insects are placed in a killing bottle containing chloroform and placed
in a cardboard/carton with holes.
3. Dead insects are removed before their bodies stiffen, and if they have
large abdomen, they are injected with alcohol so they don't rot.
4. The left wing of the insect is clamped using tracing paper, if the insect
has a covering wing, the cover wing is opened.
5. Insects are placed on Styrofoam by sticking a needle into the left
thorax and side of the insect's body, making sure no other body parts
are clamped other than the thorax.
 6. After the insect is preserved, remove all needles until the thorax
remains.
7. Insects are labeled according to the provisions of the data.
8. Stored in a dry and airtight place.

C. For Mollusca

1. On the label paper for the specimens that were gathered, the latitude
and longitude coordinates, the day that the inventory or collection took
place, and the name of the collector (collector) were noted.
2. The specimen's label is affixed to the plastic it is stored in at the same
time as the specimen.
3. The depth of information about the environment in which the specimen
was discovered was described in the field book.
4. There were also photographs made of mollusk in their natural
environments, as well as images of the environment from which the
mollusk specimens were acquired.
5. After the living circumstances have been recorded, then the mollusks
are placed into a calico bag with leaves or litter to retain moisture in the
calico bag.
6. To preserve the specimen, first place it in a bottle, then fill it with
alcohol at a concentration of 70 percent, making sure that all of the
alcohol is covered by the specimen.
7. After that, the quantity of the alcohol that was used for soaking is cut
down, and it is stored in a bottle made from plastic.
8. Following the conclusion of the process of identifying each specimen,
the specimens will then be given labels.
9. It provides all of the geographical information, as well as the date of
collection, the name of the collector, and the name of the type that was
determined while identifying the specimen.
10. The label is written with a pencil on a piece of tracing paper. After that,
the specimens were re-labeled and placed in glass bottles that contained
70 percent alcohol.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 LOCATION DESCRIPTION.

Before conducting research, the first step that must be done is to determine the
location of the research implementation. The orientation of the research location was
carried out to determine the location and research area. The research was conducted at
the Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Sudirman University, which is located on Jalan Raya
DR. Soeparno No.63, Karang Bawang, Grendeng, Kec. North Purwokerto, Banyumas
Regency, Central Java. Based on the sampling area that has been determined, namely
the back of the Unsoed Biology campus, more precisely the location where we found
the specimens there are 4 areas, namely the Botanical Gardens behind the Unsoed
Faculty of Biology, Near the Unsoed Rice Plantation, Behind the Unsoed Biology
Faculty, and the Biology Faculty Parking Area.

4.2 COLLECTION RESULTS

The number of sample collections that were successfully obtained were 8

types. These types include animals. The animal species are as follows:

1. Glass Snail (Draparnaud).

Classification

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Gastropoda
Ordo : Stylommatophora
Family : Oxychilidae
Genus : Oxychilus
Species : O. Draparnaudi
2. Kupu-Kupu Gagak Biru (Euploea midamus)

Classification

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum :Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Family : Nymphalidae
Genus : Euploea
Species : E, midamus

3. Bekicot (Achatina fulica).

Classification

Kingdom : animalia
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Gastropoda
Ordo : Stylommatophora
Family : Achatinidae
Genus : Achatina
Species : Achatina fulica

4. Brush-footed butterfly (Cupha erymanthis).

Classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Family : Nymphalidae
Genus : Cupha
Species : C. erymanthis
5. Lipan (Scolopendra subspinipes)

Classification

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Chilopoda
Order :Scolopendromorpha
Family : Scolopendridae
Genus : Scolopendra

6. Siput Murbai/Keong Emas (Pomacea canaliculata)

Classification

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Gastropoda
Ordo : Mesogastopoda
Family : Ampillariidae
Genus : Pomacea
Species : Pomacea
canaliculata

7. Ngengat Harimau/Costate Merah (Aloa lactinea)

Classification

Phylum : Arthropoda
Classs : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Familia : Erebidae
Subfamilia : Arctiinae
Tribus : Arctiini
Subtribus : Spilosomina
Genus : Aloa
Species : Aloa lactinea
 8. Tawon (Vespa affinis)

Classification

Kingdom : Anamalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hymenoptera
Family : Vespidae
Genus : Vespa
Species : Vespa affinis

4.3 DISCUSSION
 Gambar 4.1 Specimen Glass Snail (Oxychilus draparnaudi)

After that, I looked for a section of the specimen section on the application
and also various official sources. After that, I have learned various information about
the Dreparnaudi Glass Snail. First of all I will explain the scientific name on the
Dreparnaudi Glass Snail Specimen, The scientific name on the Drepanaudi Glass
Snail specimen is Oxychilus Draparnaudi. Oxychilus Draparnaudi is large for a
zonitid glass snail, also called the dark bodied glass snail with a shell of about 14 mm
in maximum dimension.
The shell is glossy and is a translucent yellowish-brown in color, somewhat
whiter underneath. The visible soft parts of the animal are a very unusual strong dark
blue, mixed with grey. Oxychilus Draparnaudi has a flattened, heliciform,
brownish-yellow shell with fine radial growth lines (Kerney & Cameron, 1979).
These snails belong to land snails that breathe with lungs. Draparnaudi glass snails are
carnivorous animals that feed on small snails, juvenile snails and earthworms, but also
sometimes eat fresh plant material.
These snails inhabit moist places, under leaves and under rocks in open and
semi-open areas such as gardens, greenhouses, landfills and compost piles. These
snails can be found throughout the year with peak breeding activity that occurs in the
fall. These snails reproduce between May and September by laying eggs up to 70 eggs
with a diameter of about 1.5 millimeters of white eggs and hatch after two weeks and
reach maturity up to 9 months. The maximum age of this snail is about two years,
after the maximum size of the shell is met. The distribution area of this snail species
covers South-West and Southern Europe to West Germany, in most of the
Mediterranean, the British Isles and on other continents including Indonesia.
Physical Features in this Species have a height of about 3.4 to 4 millimeters,
and a width of 5 to 8 millimeters, with a shell diameter of 4-4.5 millimeters. It has a
smooth, shiny shell, and has a wide navel. The draparnaudi glass snail has a
reddish-brown shell color with a blue- black body color. and also Its uniqueness is
Able to emit the smell of garlic if you feel disturbed.
 Gambar 4.2 Specimen Brush-footed butterfly (Cupha erymanthis)

In Cupha erymanthis there was no significant difference between males and

females. The upperside of the rustic is ochraceous light brown. Its forewing displays
some loop-like, slender, dark cellular markings with a broad, somewhat curved,
transverse yellow discal band from costa to vein. The band does not reach the
termen but broadens posteriorly. The underside of the wing is much paler. The discal
band on the forewing is pale, and the black lunules on the apical area are replaced by
pale brownish ochre. There are some obscure markings in the cells of both the
forewings and hindwings. A lighter median band can be distinguished on the upper
side of the forewing in this variously orange-tinged butterfly. The forewing apex and
outer margin are dark brown in colour. Both wings are marked in various patterns of
dark brown, which are more numerous on the hindwing. The colour and pattern of
its underside vary to a great extent. The under surface is always lighter in colour
than the upper surface. The numbers of white markings varies, and are sometimes
entirely absent on the forewing. These markings form an irregular band. Its eyes
have a pale greenish yellow tinge.
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Family : Nymphalidae
Genus : Cupha
Species : C. erymanthis
The Cupha erymanthis prefers to bask with its wings partially open in sun
beams which filter down through the canopy to the shrubbery of forest. Males suck
on minerals from sand beds in streams but are not fond of mud patches. It is a
migratory species.
The Cupha erymanthis is a forest-loving species and appears regularly, but
not in great numbers, in those habitats in the wet and intermediate zones. It also
appears in verdant gardens in the vicinity of forests. It is rarely seen in the hill
country.

Gambar 4.2 Specimen Brush-footed butterfly (Cupha erymanthis)

Achantina fulica are one of the animals of the mollusk group. This slimy
animal is generally found in rice fields and rocks with humid conditions. The body is
shelled (concha), rotates primarily to the right (dextral), and has rotating portions
(sinistral). The whorl and aperture are where the rotation travels after leaving the
apex. the area at the center that is Collumella refers to the rotational axis. From the
outside, ollumella is invisible. Acantina fulica consumes plants that are cut into
pieces by the jaws of horny substance (mandible), then chewed by the radula.
Nutrients are absorbed in the intestin. The digestive tract is composed of the oral
cavity-pharynx-oesophagus-cavity-stomach-intestin-rectum-anus. Digestive glands
are arranged from the salivary glands of the liver and pancreas. Due to muscular
activity in the walls, the active surface at the bottom begins to wave with a small
amplitude. The nervous system is what propels these motion waves. The pedal gland
secretes mucus through a duct that exits into the ventral surface beneath the mouth.
The scientific classification of this Achatina fulica are :

Kingdom : animalia
 Phylum : Mollusca

Class : Gastropoda

Ordo : Stylommatophora

Family : Achatinidae

Genus : Achatina

Species : Achatina fulica

Euploea midamus or usually called crow-butterfly, based on the literature that showed
Spotted Blue Crow, Euploea midamus rogenhoferi. It was only abundantly found at NDWS
in month of May & June 2012. It is also an uncommon at NRF(Evans, 1932)

It is rare species and is distributed from Nepal Assam-Karens. This species is protected under
Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and also there are alot of types of Euploea
such as them and where the blue color spotted. The basic characteristic of this butterfly is
having some white dots around its wings, but in the female type it has blue-night color on its
wings. Because there is not any blue color on its wing, it concludes that Euploea is male
based on the specimen that has been found. Besides the morphological structure, the habit
and use of this butterfly really means that it was truly helping the flower to do the pollination.

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda

Classis : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Famili : Nymphalidae

Genus : Euploea

Species : E. midamus

Gambar 4.7 Specimen Ngengat Harimau/Costate Merah (Aloa lactinea)

Aloa lactinae belongs to the category of insecta that have general characteristics,
namely the body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen; there is an antenna;
modified mouthparts for chewing, sucking, or licking; three pairs of legs and usually
two pairs of wings; mostly terrestrial. Aloa lactinae belongs to the order Lepidoptera.
Lepidoptera have the general characteristics of two pairs of wings covered with tiny
scales. To eat lepidoptera will stick out a proboscis or long sucking mouth. Most feed
on nectar, but some species feed on other substances including animal blood or tears.

Phylum : Arthropoda
Classs : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Familia : Erebidae
Subfamilia : Arctiinae
Tribus : Arctiini
Subtribus : Spilosomina
Genus : Aloa
Species : Aloa lactine
The Vespa wasp (Vespa af inis) belongs to the Vespidae family of the order
Hymenoptera, including predatory insects. The distinctive characteristic of this
insect is a
yellowish-red pattern found on the abdominal segments numbers 1 and 2, while
the 3-4
segments behind it are black. This insect has a body length of 2.7 cm and a
diameter of
4.5 cm. The head is brownish red to near black and has a number of red
markings on the
front, black temples, compound eyes, dark brown antennae, a black clypeus, the
posterior
side of the clypeus with broadly rounded lobes, and black teeth. Thorax is black
with
multiple cuts and some erect hairs. Legs are a dark brown wings dark brown

Kingdom : Anamalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hymenoptera
Family : Vespidae
Genus : Vespa
Species : Vespa affinis
 V. CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion
Based on the findings of around 3 weeks of observations, it was discovered that
numerous types of animal species belonging to the invertebrate class have been classified
based on the features that exist in these creatures, obtaining several phylums :

1. Arthropoda, the most common thing in this phylum when the sample method is used,
except from the traits of Arthropoda, that often have another class such as insecta. Has
distinct bodily sections consisting of three segments: cephal, abdomen, and thorax. As
in the example you provided :
a. Euploea midamus
b. Cupha erymanthis
c. Aloa lactinea
d. Vespa affinis.

2. Mollusca, several species belonging to this phylum have been found based on
sampling, and this phylum has significantly different features than other invertebrates.
because the creatures in this phylum have a chitin (lime) shell and the inside of their
bodies are soft Several specimens were collected, including:
a. Oxychilus draparnaudi
b. Achatina fulica
c. Pomacea canaliculata

3. Myriapod, animals with multiple legs are frequently referred to as. And it was
discovered throughout the sample procedure that there is one specimen that belongs to
the phylum Myriapoda, one of which is :
a. Scolopendra subspinipes

After collecting the specimen, the method of preservation is separated into two
categories: moist preservation and dry preservation. And, before the preservation can begin,
the specimen must be anesthetized with a monochromatic liquid before being injected with
70% alcohol to ensure that the interior of the specimen does not decompose fast.

After drying, wet preserved specimens can be placed in a jar filled with alcohol liquid,
and for dry preservation, such as butterflies or other insects with wings, the wings will be
spread and then clamped using a needle and attached to Styrofoam to create an insectarium
easier to construct.
 Invertebrates have many phyla which are further divided into more specific classes
and taxa, taxon classification can be seen from the morphological characters that are
physically visible to both eyes. Usually the difference can be seen in terms of color, pattern,
spots, eggs and habits of an animal. Therefore the classification can still be easily identified,
however, it is better to use reliable literature as well as key determinants.

5.2 SOLUTION
In this section, we can convey that when handling specimens, as students and
practitioners who will test samples, we must pay attention to cleanliness and
thoroughly examine the results of our sampling method so that the information that
will be disseminated can lead to many people while remaining under the control of bio
ethica in treatment.
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Groombridge B. 1992. Global Diversity, Status of Earth’s Living Resoureces. Chapman and
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Krell, F. T. 2004. Parataxonomy vs. Taxonomy in Biodiversity Studies – Pitfalls and

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