Beams

Governing Forces: Shear Force, Bending Moment,

Torsion are the governing Forces, but Axial Force is
negligible.
 Definition of Beam

 Generally horizontal member of a structure, Carries

transverse loads
 Beam is a structural member that supports the transverse
load which usually rest on supports at its end. Girder –
is the term applied to a beam that supports one or more
smaller beam.
 A beam is a structural element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending.
The bending force induced into the material of
the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight,
span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment.
 Types of Beam

Based on the placement of reinforcement:

1. Singly reinforced Beam
2. Doubly reinforced Beam
Practically all RC beam are doubly reinforced.

Based on Shape:
Rectangular Beam
T – Beam
L – Beam
I - Beam
 Types of Beam

According to design:
According to equilibrium:
I. Balanced Beam I. Statically Determinate Beam
II. Under Reinforced Beam II. Statically Indeterminate Beam
III. Over Reinforced Beam
 Types of Beam
Based on Support Condition:
a) Simple Supported Beam
b) Continuous Beam
c) Semi-Continuous Beam
d) Cantilever Beam

A propped cantilever beam is a beam which is

fixed at one end and simply supported at the
other end. A propped simply supported beam is
a beam which is simply supported at both ends
and simply supported at some other point such
as at the center, to reduce deflection under load.
Propped beams are statically indeterminate.
 Types of Beam

Spandrel Beam
 Size of Beams
 The width shall not be less than 10″ (250 mm) and
b/h ≥ 0.3 and more then the width of the supporting
member(BNBC-8.3.4)
 Clear span shall not be less than 4 times of effective
depth.
 Beam thickness not less than 3h
Depth of the beam considering serviceability (Deflection) condition:
BNBC:6.2.10
Supporting Both Ends One End h
Condition Simply Continuous continuous Cantilever

Depth
l/16 l/21 l/18.5 l/8
 Deflection of Cantilever and simple beam greater than others so thickness is high
Reinforcement in Beams
 Types of the Reinforcement in Beam

1. Longitudinal Reinforcement
 To resist flexural stress
 To resist shear stress
 To resist torsional stress

2. Transverse Reinforcement (Stirrup)

 Mainly used for resist shear and diagonal tension.
 Hold longitudinal bar in proper position.
 Reduce shear cracking propagation
 Reinforcement in Beam

 Minimum reinforcement:
3 𝑓′𝑐 200
⍴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ (psi)
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
 Maximum reinforcement:
⍴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ⍴𝑏 but not more than 0.025 (BNBC: 8.3.4.2)
where ⍴𝑏 = balanced steel ratio
 At least two bars shall be provided continuously at top and
bottom
 For Bick Aggregate concrete ⍴ shall be increased 50%
 Reinforcement in Beam
Size of Stirrups should be
 # 3 (10mm) bar if longitudinal bar ≤ # 10 (32mm) bar # 4 bar
if longitudinal bar ≥ # 11 (36 mm) bar (ACI Code 7.10.5 )
 If main bar is <30mm, then 10mmф bar use as Stirrups, If main bar
≥32mm, then 12mmф bar use as Stirrup.(BNBC 8.1.11.1)
 The stirrup’s hooks should be bend to 135 degree. Hook extension
is 6db or 75mm
 Reinforcement in Beam

SPACING: (BNBC 8.3.10.4 )

Maximum spacing ( Mid Span)
 d/2
 16 X Minimum Dia of Main Bar
 48 X Dia of Stirrup
 The first stirrup shall be located not more than
50 mm from the supporting face.

Maximum spacing ( For Hoops ) :

 d/4
 8 X Minimum dia of Main bar
 24 X dia of stirrup
 300 mm

 Stirrup shall not be placed at more than d/2

throughout the length of the member
 Reinforcement in Beam

Hook should be provided in compression zone

 Reinforcement in Beam

Stirrup Spacing: BNBC:8.3.4.3, 8.3.10.4

The first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm

from the face of the supporting member. Maximum
spacing of the hoops shall not exceed (i) d/4, (ii)
eight times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
bars, (iii) 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars, and
(iv) 300 mm.
where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be spaced
not more than d/2 throughout the length of the
member
 Minimum Spacing for Reinforcement

Lapping: BNBC 8.3.4.2

Maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement

enclosing the lapped bars shall not exceed d/4 nor 100
mm. Lap splices shall not be used (i) within the joints, (ii)
within a distance of twice the member depth from the
face of the joint, and (iii) at locations where analysis
indicates flexural yielding caused by inelastic lateral
displacements of the frame
Placement of Stirrups
Placement of Reinforcements
Beam
Anchorage and Development Length
 Anchorage and Development Length

Development Length shall not

be less than 300 mm and
Anchorage not less than 150
mm
 Minimum Covering for Reinforcement

According to ACI Code:

 Minimum Covering for Reinforcement

Minimum Clear Spacing between

longitudinal bars in Column:
Larger of 1.5 bar diameter or 1.3
times of coarse aggregate or 1 inch

Beam

Column Beam Beam

Covering below earth:
(Cast against earth): 3 in.
(With Shuttering): 2.5 in.
Lapping for Earthquake
Joint of Beams & Columns
Typical Detailing of Beams
Typical Detailing of Beams
Typical Detailing of Beam
Provision for Reinforcement at End
THANKS TO ALL