Bushing Power Factor Training PPT

3/17/2015
Doble Testing Power

Apparatus Bushings
2015 International Conference of Doble Clients
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March 22-27, 2015 | Boston, Massachusetts USA
Bob Sarni
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Doble Engineering
©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved
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Confidentiality Notice
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Doble Engineering (Doble) hereby grants the recipient (you) the right to retain this
presentation and materials included within (the Presentation) for private
reference. No other rights, title, or interest, including, but not limited to, the rights
to copy, make use of, distribute, transmit, display or perform in public (or to third
parties), edit, translate, or reformat any portion of the Presentation are hereby or
otherwise granted and shall remain expressly reserved by Doble. You
acknowledge and agree that such limited license is expressly conditioned upon
your acceptance of the terms herein. You further agree that, in the event of your
breach, Doble will suffer irreparable damage and injury for which there is no
adequate remedy at law. As such, Doble, in addition to any other rights and
remedies available, shall be entitled to seek injunction by a tribunal of competent
jurisdiction restricting you from committing or continuing any breach of these
terms.
©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved 2
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3/17/2015
Agenda
• Bushing Types
• Condenser Construction
• Tap Types & Construction
• Test Preparation
• Bushing Test Types
– Routine
– Investigative
• Test Results Analysis
• Summary
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What is a Bushing?
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©
• A device for passing an energized
conductor through a ground plane
(wall of an apparatus, tank, or
chamber)
• It also provides mechanical
support/terminals for other energized
working parts of the apparatus
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Agenda
• Bushing Types
– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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Types of Bushings
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©• Capacitor/Condenser Type
– Complex insulation system employing
a mechanism to grade voltage across
•
•
Examples
OIP
–
–
GE Ty pe U
ABB O+C,
the insulation system. – Westinghouse Ty pe O
• Oil-Impregnated Paper – Trench COTA
• Resin Bonded Paper – Lapp POC
• Resin Impregnated paper – Ohio Brass
• Non-Condenser Type • RBP
– Lapp PRC
– Simple insulation system no voltage
grading, typically employed on low • RIP (Dry Type)
voltage or gas filled bushings – Micafil
– HSP
• Solid
• Alternate Layers of Solid and Liquid • Polymer (Solid)
Insulation – ECI
• Gas-Filled • Non-Condenser
– Bulk
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Bushing Types
High Current
OIP with Composite Insulators
Epoxy Resin Impregnated
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Bushing Types
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©
GSU Transformer Bushing, Distribution Transformer
25 kV, 18,000 A Bushings, 25 kV, 800A
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Bushing Types - High Current Bushing
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Iso-phase bus connection
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Bushing Types - Draw Lead Bushing
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©
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Bushing Types - Draw Rod Bushing
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Agenda
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©• Condenser Construction
Bushing Types

– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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3/17/2015
Graded Bushing – Electrical Characteristics
CA
CB Main Insulation C1 Tap Insulation C2
CC
CD
CE Grounded
CENTER CONDUCTOR
CF Center CA = CB = CC = CD = CE = CF = CG = CH = CI = CJ CK Layer or
CG Conductor
CH Flange
CI
CJ
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 = V9 = V10
CK Tap
Electrode
Line-to-Ground System Voltage
As capacitive layers (ie. CA, CB , etc.) are
shorted out the overall capacitance, C1,
increases.
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Voltage stress is evenly distributed across the
insulation.
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Adding Capacitors in Series
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© C1 C2 C3 CN
1
CT
=
1 + 1 + 1 +… + 1
C1 C 2 C3 CN
CT
Case 1: 3 Capacitors in Series Case 2: Shorted Capacitor

CT2 > CT1
2 2 2 Shorting out 2 2
CT1 a capacitor CT2
1 1 1 1 3 results in an 1 1 1 2
= + + = increase in = + =
CT1 2 2 2 2 CT2 2 2 2
2 capacitance.
CT1 = 3 CT2 = 1
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Condenser Bushing Construction
Core Wind
Foil
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C2 Plate
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Bushing with Porcelain Removed
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©
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ABB O+C Construction
C2 Plate
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ABB O+C Teardown
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©
Conductors
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GE Type U Rescon Ink Paper
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Polymer Bushings
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©
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3/17/2015
Agenda
• Bushing Types
– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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Test Taps vs. Potential Taps
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©
Test Tap Potential Tap

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Comparison of Test Tap vs. Potential Tap

• Power Factor Test Tap • Potential Tap
– Bushing rated to <=69kV – Bushing
– C2 cap~C1cap rated>69kV
– Test Voltage=500 volts except – C2 cap~C1x10
Ohio Brass Class L taps, to which – Test
Voltage=2kV
no more than 250 volts should be
– In Service:
applied
Floating supply
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– Grounded in service voltage or
grounded.
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Bushing Test Tap Example
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©
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Bushing Potential Tap Example
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Doble BushingTap Adapters
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©
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Type O Bushing Test Adapter
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Westinghouse Type O Bushing
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Type O Bushing Tap Housing
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©
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Type O Bushing Tap Housing
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Type O Bushing Setup
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Type O Bushing (Inside Tap Housing)
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Type O+ Bushing Test Adapter
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Westinghouse Type O+ Bushing

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Westinghouse Type O+ Bushing Tap
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Type S, OS, GOS Bushing Test Adapter
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Westinghouse Type S, OS, GOS Bushing

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Type OS Bushing Test Tap
OS
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Westinghouse Type S, OS, GOS Bushing
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GOA, GOB & GOH Bushing Test Adapter
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ABB Type GOA, GOB and GOH Bushings

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GOA Bushing Test Tap
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GOA Bushing Test Setup
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©
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Agenda
• Bushing Types
– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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Bushing Cleaning
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©  Recommendations:
 Collinite
Alcohol NOT recommended
 Clean, dry rag
 Soap & Water
 Windex with Ammonia
 Apply heat to fully dry all surfaces
(Use caution)
 Polymer bushings – check mfr.
recommendations. Typically dry
rag or soap/water
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3/17/2015
Agenda
• Bushing Types
– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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Bushing Tests
©• OverallTests
Typical
– GST Ground
• C1 – Center Conductor to Tap – UST
• C2- Tap to Flange – GST Guard
• Hot-Collar Test – Externally applied collar to center Conductor – UST
Investigative Tests
• Inverted UST
• Tip-Up
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Bushing “Overall” Test

HV Cable
Test Includes
Main C1 Core Insulation
Upper Insulating
Weathershed
Test Mode: GST-Ground Sight-Glass
Lower Insulator
Portion of Liquid or
mA & W Compound Filler
Guard Ground Lead
%PF is temperature
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Bushing and the ambient
Test Stand temperature.
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Bushing “Overall” Test
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© HV Cable
Center Conductor
Test Tap C1
IC1
C2
Test Mode:
GST-Ground
CG ICG
mA & W Note: For most bushing
Guard Ground Lead
types, the C2 insulation
IC1+ICG will be shorted out (as
shown) via the tap cover.
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3/17/2015
Spare Bushing Tests

Comments on Spare Bushing Tests
• Do not test in wooden crate or on wooden stand.
• Support bushing on a grounded metal stand if possible.
• Web slings may be used for tests.
– Cleanliness of sling may affect test results.
– Sling should be kept clear of energized points.
• Connect ground lead directly to bushing flange.
• Ground bushing flange to substation/building ground.
• Clean upper and lower surfaces before testing.
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Bushing C1 Test, Routine Method - Connections
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©
HV Cable
C1 Test Includes
Core insulation
between center
Test Mode: UST conductor and
mA & W tapped layer.
Guard LV Test Lead
C1 %PF is temperature
corrected to 20°C
Ground Lead using the average of
the apparatus and
Apparatus ambient temperature.
Ground
Connection to
Parent Apparatus
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3/17/2015
Bushing C1 Test, Routine Method

HV Cable
Center Conductor
Test Tap C1
C2
Test Mode: UST
LV Test Lead
CG
Lead
Ground
mA & W
Guard CG = Capacitance from center conductor
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circuit to ground. Includes parent
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IC1 apparatus insulation and upper and low er
insulators of bushings.
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Bushing Test Connections
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© HV Cable
Short the bushings
of each winding.
LV Test Lead Only remove the
tap cover from the
bushing under test.
Ground Lead
Ground windings
not under test.
DO NOT FORGET
to replace the tap
cover after test!
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Importance of Proper Connections

• For apparatus containing windings, when the bushings are not shorted there may
be a difference in potential at each bushing (due to winding inductance). If so,
there may be a capacitive cross-coupling between phases which can result an
increase in watts and power factor.
Power Factor
Procedure: Incorrect Correct
Phase A 0.60% 0.39%

Phase B 0.65% 0.40%
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Phase C 0.56% 0.39%
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Typical C1 Test Data
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© Description Current (mA) Watts %PF
Typical Good Bushing 1.08 0.03 .28
Same Bushing
Contaminated 1.09 0.06 .55
Same Bushing Shorted
Condenser Layers 1.19 0.04 .34
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Bushing Temperature Correction Factor
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©
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3/17/2015

DTA Software – Required Fields
1. Manufacturer
2. Type
3. Ambient Temperature (Probe)
4. Apparatus Temperature
Transformer – Top Oil Temperature
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Oil Circuit Breaker – Ambient (with discretion)
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Bushing C1 Tests – Abnormal Results
© have good metal-to-metal contact (no paint or oxidation). Verify

Check connections. Ensure that all intentional connections
that there are no unintentional grounds on test leads. Avoid
using insulated wire for phase-to-phase shorts. Inspect test
leads for damage. Verify proper test mode (UST).
• Clean and dry upper (and lower) porcelain and retest using
Routine C1 method.
• Perform Inverted C1 test. This test is less sensitive to the
effects of surface contamination.
• Perform Tip-Up test using Routine C1 method.
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Bushing C2 Test - Connections

LV Test Lead
C2 Test Includes
Tap insulator
Core insulation
between tapped layer
Test Mode: GST-Guard and bushing ground
sleeve
HV Cable
Portion of liquid or
compound filler
Portion of
weathershed near
mA & W ground sleeve
Guard Ground Lead
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Apparatus C2 %PF is not
temperature corrected.
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Bushing C2 Test - Connections
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© LV Test Lead
Center Conductor
HV Cable Test Tap C1
C2
Test Mode:
GST-Guard CG
mA & W
Guard Ground Lead
IC2
IC1
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C2 Test Results Example
GE Type U 230kV Bushing:
C1 C2
Date %PF Cap %PF Cap
1/6/82 .31 508.8 .28 4134
5/1/96 .58 510.2 2.26 4138
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1/30/97 Failed in service
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C2 Test Results Example
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© McGraw-Edison Type PA 23kV Bushings
Bushing # C1(% PF) C2(% PF)

X1 0.46 0.50
X2 0.60 2.78
X3 0.45 0.50
• X2 was removed from service and found to have highly contaminated

fluid with low dielectric-breakdown strength
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Bushing C2 Tests – Abnormal Results

C2 Troubleshooting & Investigations
• Check connections. Ensure that all intentional connections have good metal-to-
metal contact (no paint or oxidation). Verify that there are no unintentional
grounds on test leads. Avoid using insulated wire for phase -to-phase shorts.
Inspect test leads for damage. Verify proper test mode (GST-Guard).
• Add an additional ground to the bushing flange and retest. Poorly grounded
bushing flanges can cause both high and low/negative C2 test results. If a
poorly grounded flange is discovered, then corrective actions should be taken to
ensure proper grounding before returning to service.
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• Clean and dry tap insulator and retest.
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C2 Capacitance – Factory vs. Field Test
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©
C2 capacitance varies depending on the length of the outer
condenser layer and the distance to the grounded test tank wall. C2 = C2A + C2B [pF]
C2A
Flange
C1
C2B
Bushing
Center
Conductor
Test Tank Outer
Wall Condenser
Layer
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Evaluation of Results
• Suggested limits:
– ±5% of Nameplate Capacitance = Investigate
– ±10% of Nameplate Cap. = Investigate / Remove from service
• Each shorted capacitance layer will cause an increase in C1
capacitance of 5% to 15% .
• If the tap electrode becomes disconnected from the C2 plate there
will usually be a dramatic decrease in C2 capacitance. This may
also cause a change in the C1 capacitance.
• Oil or compound leaks may cause a decrease in capacitance.
• Differences in factory and field test procedures/conditions may result
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Doble Testing
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©
Hot-Collar Tests
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Conductive Collars
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Hot-Collar Test, UST Mode
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© LV Test Lead Test Includes
Portion of Insulating
Weathershed
HV Cable
Sight-Glass
Test Mode: UST Core Insulation in
Ground Lead Vicinity of Collar.
mA & W Liquid or Compound
Filler in Vicinity of
Guard Collar.
Surface leakage from
Apparatus Collar to LV test lead.
Ground
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Hot-Collar Tests
When to Perform Hot Collar Tests
• Bushings not equipped with taps, and overall tests cannot be performed (i.e.
cannot be isolated from apparatus).
• Investigative test when overall, C1, or C2 tests indicate a possible problem.
• Compound filled bushings with or without taps.
• Verify oil level in bushings without site glasses or level gages, or if level
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Hot-Collar Tests
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©• Hot-Collar tests should be conducted at 10KV.
• Hot-Collar tests are performed in the UST Mode.
• Hot-Collar tests evaluate the weathershed, sight glass, and
the core insulation/liquid/compound between the collar and
the center conductor.
• Hot-Collar tests do not test the whole bushing.
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Hot-Collar Tests
• Tests may be performed under various skirts depending on

the bushing KV and purpose of test.
– Routine - single Hot-Collar test under top skirt on small bushings
rated 15KV and below.
– Routine - several single Hot-Collar tests or one multicollar test on
bushings rated above 15KV.
– Additional skirts may be tested for purposes of benchmarking or
as part of an investigation.
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Hot-Collar Tests – Oil or Compound Level
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©
T1 = 0.095 mA T1 = 0.097 mA T1 = 0.074 mA
T2 = 0.098 mA T2 = 0.099 mA T2 = 0.080 mA
T3 = 0.101 mA T3 = 0.103 mA T3 = 0.102 mA
H1 H2 H3
Conclusion: The oil level in the H3 bushing is somewhere

between the locations used for tests hot-collar tests 2 and 3.
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Hot-Collar Tests
• Good bushings should have losses less than 0.1 watts.
• Similar bushings should have similar currents and watts when tested under
the same skirt.
• For historical comparisons, it is important to use the same width of hot collar
band as used in prior test (and same test mode).
Example
1. Typical Good Bushing / New 90 0.020
2. Same / Similar Bushing Contaminated 95 0.310
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3. Same Bushing with Lower-than-Normal 70 0.020
Liquid or Compound Level.
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Doble Testing
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©
Investigative Tests
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3/17/2015
Bushing C1 Tests, Inverted Method - Connections

LV Test Lead
Inverted Method
Useful for investigating
Test Mode: UST negative power factors
obtained using the C1
HV Cable Routine Method.
A common cause of
Ground Lead negative C1 power
factors is surface
mA & W contamination on the
upper or lower insulators
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Guard Apparatus
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of the bushings.
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Ground
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Bushing C1 Test, Inverted Method
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©
LV Test Lead
Center Conductor
HV Cable Test Tap C1
C2
Test Mode: UST
Ground Lead
CG
IC2
mA & W Using the C1 Inverted Method, the
center conductor is effectively
Guard grounded via connection to the LV
IC1 Test Lead. Hence, there is no
voltage stress across CG.
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Tip-Up Tests
•Power Factor Tip-Up testing can be performed to investigate an

abnormally high power factor
•Tip-up tests are done by performing the test at several voltages
•Is the test result voltage sensitive?
•May be related to partial discharge activity in the bushing or

some other abnormal internal condition.
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•Assists in the decision making process
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Agenda
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©• Condenser Construction
Bushing Types

– Routine
– Investigative
• Summary
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Test Results Analysis
Bushing Power Factor

•C1 power factor for modern condenser type bushings are typically near
0.5% after correction to 20 degrees C.
•C2 should typically be <1.0% PF for condenser bushings.
• C2 insulation greater than a 1.0% power factor is questionable and

warrants further investigation.
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Do
© The following bushings are oil impregnated paper cores.
Corrected C1 power factor greater than an 1.0% is questionable and
warrants further investigation.
Manufacturer Type
ABB O+C, T
ASEA/RTE GOA, GOB, GOC, GOH
GE T, U
Lapp POC
McGraw Edison P, PA, PB
Ohio Brass GK
Westinghouse O-A1, OC, O+, O+C, T
O (Westinghouse’s Technical Data
says that 1.2% PF is acceptable)
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Evaluating Bushing Test Results
• Good: (G)
• Power Factor matches nameplate or benchmark test.

• Capacitance no significant change from nameplate or
benchmark.
• Hot-Collar test shows no abnormal losses, typically <0.1W.
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©• Deteriorated: (D)
• If Power Factors approaching twice the nameplate values or

benchmark
• If the Capacitance is +/- 5% of nameplate or benchmark
• Hot-Collar test values are > 0.1 watts or higher than similar
bushings
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• Investigate: (I)
– If Power Factor is twice nameplate or benchmark
– If the Capacitance is +/- 10% of nameplate or benchmark.
• Exception is GE Type U even small changes need investigation
– If Hot-Collar test values are >0.1 watts and/or significantly higher
than similar bushings
• May require isolating bushing from apparatus so Overall bushing test can
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be performed
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©• Bad: (B)
• If Investigation confirm twice nameplate or benchmark Power

Factor.
• If Investigation confirms 10% increase in Capacitance
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PCore/LAPP Insulator Division
Typical C1 Questionable C1
Power Factor Power Factor
Type ERC (epoxy-resin-core, plastic or oil filled) 0.8% 1.5%

Type PRC and PRC-A (paper-resin-condenser core) 0.8% 1.5%
Typical C2 power factors for PRC and PRC-A range from 4-15% due to injected compound used
during manufacturing.
Previous design PRC, Doble limits (Pre s/n 00-189100): Investigate >10% , Bad >13% .
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New design PRC, Doble limits (Post s/n 00-189100): Investigate >1% , Bad >3% .
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E n Design Change
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Lapp/Pcore PRC Bushing
o
© D Lapp PRC Design Change Affecting the C2 insulation System
PRC and PRC-A bushings Previous to s/n 00-189100
PRC and PRC-A bushings Post s/n 00-189100 Started shipping in February 2000
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General Electric Company Bushing Types

Type Description Typical PF Questionable PF
*A Through Porcelain 3.0% 5.0%
**A High Current 1.0% 2.0%
*B Flexible Cable, Compound Filled 5.0% 12.0%
D Oil Filled Upper Portion, Sealed 1.0% 2.0%
F Oil Filled, Sealed 0.7% 1.5%
L Oil Filled Upper Portion, Sealed 1.5% 3.0%
LC Oil Filled Upper Portion, Sealed 0.8% 2.0%
OF Oil Filled Expansion Chamber 0.8% 2.0%
*S Force C & CG, Rigid Core, 1.5% 6.0%
Compound Filled
* Type S, Form F, DF & EF (flexible cable) redesigned as Types B, BD, and BE, respectively. Type S,
no Form letter (through porcelain) redesigned as Type A
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Ohio Brass Bushing Types
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©
Typical %PF Questionable %PF
Class LK-Type A, 23 to 69 kV 0.4 1.0
ODOF, Class G, and Class L Oil-Filled:

Prior to 1926 and 1.0-5.0 Change of22%
after 1938 from initial
Between 1926 and 2.0-4.0 Change of 16%

1938 from initial
Type S, OS, and FS 0.8 2.0
On OCB and Inst. Trans. 69 kV and below 1.5 3.0

(except Types S, OS, and FS)
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Westinghouse Bushing Types
Typical %PF Questionable %PF
On OCB and Inst. Trans. 92 kV to 139 kV 1.5 3.0

(except Types O, O-A1, OC and O Plus)
On Power and Dist Trans of all rating, 1.0 2.0

and OCB & Inst. Trans. 161 kV to 288 kV
(except Types O, O-A1, OC, and O Plus)
All Type D Transformer Bushings 1.5 3.0

(Semi-Condenser)
Type RJ 1.0 2.0
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Summary
© time which Testing

• Diagnostic allows bushing condition to be trended over
can aid in failure prevention.
• Bushing failures are one of the more common failure modes for
transformers
• Failure mode is often very destructive. Potential impacts:
– Personnel Safety
– Equipment/system reliability
– Operation of power system
• In most cases, failure mechanism is well understood
43
3/17/2015
Thank You
n y
o mpa
C
g
87
i n
g in eer
l e En
Do b
©
44

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3/17/2015

Doble Testing Power

2015 International Conference of Doble Clients

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Epoxy Resin Impregnated

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Bushing Types - High Current Bushing

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Bushing Types - Draw Rod Bushing

• Tap Types & Construction

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Graded Bushing – Electrical Characteristics

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Case 1: 3 Capacitors in Series Case 2: Shorted Capacitor

Condenser Bushing Construction

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ABB O+C Construction

GE Type U Rescon Ink Paper

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Test Tap Potential Tap

Comparison of Test Tap vs. Potential Tap

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Bushing Potential Tap Example

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Type O Bushing Test Adapter

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Type O Bushing Tap Housing

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Type O Bushing (Inside Tap Housing)

Westinghouse Type O+ Bushing

Westinghouse Type O+ Bushing Tap

Westinghouse Type S, OS, GOS Bushing

Type OS Bushing Test Tap

ABB Type GOA, GOB and GOH Bushings

GOA Bushing Test Tap

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Bushing “Overall” Test

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Spare Bushing Tests

Bushing C1 Test, Routine Method

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Importance of Proper Connections

Phase A 0.60% 0.39%

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Bushing Temperature Correction Factor

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Bushing Temperature Correction Factor

3. Ambient Temperature (Probe)

© have good metal-to-metal contact (no paint or oxidation). Verify

Bushing C2 Test - Connections

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HV Cable Test Tap C1

C2 Test Results Example

GE Type U 230kV Bushing:

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