Transformer Overall Test Training

3/17/2015
Power Factor Testing Transformers
2015 International Conference of Doble Clients
y
March 22-27, 2015 | Boston, Massachusetts USA
Jay M. Garnett – Doble Engineering Company
pa n
©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved
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Confidential Notice
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© Doble Engineering (Doble) hereby grants the recipient (you) the right to retain this presentation and materials
included within (the Presentation) for private reference. No other rights, title, or interest, including, but not
limited to, the rights to copy, make use of, distribute, transmit, display or perform in public (or to third parties),
edit, translate, or reformat any portion of the Presentation are hereby or otherwise granted and shall remain
expressly reserved by Doble. You acknowledge and agree that such limited license is expressly conditioned
upon your acceptance of the terms herein. You further agree that, in the event of your breach, Doble will suffer
irreparable damage and injury for which there is no adequate remedy at law. As such, Doble, in addition to any
other rights and remedies available, shall be entitled to seek injunction by a tribunal of competent jurisdiction
restricting you from committing or continuing any breach of these terms.
©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved 2
1
3/17/2015
Doble Power Factor Testing Transformers
1. Introduction
2. Safety
3. Types of transformers
4. Test Procedures for two winding transformers
5. Test Procedure for three winding transformers
6. Test Procedures for auto-transformers
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7. Analysis of Results
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1.) Transformer Introduction
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©
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Why Do We Test?
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Firefighters To The Rescue
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©
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The Final Product
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2.) Apparatus and Personal Safety
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©• Follow Your Company’s De-Energizing and Safety
Tagging Procedures
• Work Between Installed Safety Grounds
• The Transformer Must Be Disconnected From the Power

System
• The Transformer Tank Must Be Properly Grounded

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Apparatus and Personal Safety
• Do Not Make Contact with Apparatus while

Energized with the test set
• Apply Grounds prior to connecting test leads as

well as before removing them following tests
• Both Doble Test Set Safety Switches Must be

Installed and Operational
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Apparatus and Personal Safety
© Test Set, the

1. Connect Doble Test Set Ground Cable to the
Then Connect the Ground Cable to the
Apparatus Ground Point
2. Connect remaining cables to the Doble Test Instrument
3. The Order of Connection of the Remaining Test Set
Cables is Not Critical; However, All Cables Should be
Connected to the Test Instrument Before Connecting to
the Apparatus Under Test
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Transformer Tests
• Overall Tests
• Bushing Tests ( C1 & C2 )
• Hot Collar Tests
• Oil Tests
• Miscellaneous Tests
• Diagnostic Tests
• Surge Arrester Tests
• Exciting Current Tests
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• Doble Ratio Tests
• Turns Ratio Tests
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• Leakage Reactance Tests
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3.) Apparatus Selection
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©• Selecting the correct test plan
• Filling in the transformer nameplate information
• Why it is important to put the correct information in the
program.
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3.) Apparatus Selection
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Transformer Identification Panel
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©
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Transformer Identification Panel
Items required to be entered to get a proper

Expert system analysis & temperature correction factor.
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Free Breather Tank Transformer
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© Breather, often
has desiccant
material to dry the
AIR
air.
OIL
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Sealed Tank Transformer

A volume of gas is
above the oil and is
sealed from the
atmosphere.
Reference: GAS Pressure-vacuum
bleeder.
GEI-28013D OIL
For safety, normally does not
GEI-70369 operate.
Reference:
GEI-54928D
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E n Tank Transformer
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Gas (Nitrogen) Blanketed
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Automatic Gas Seal System
A volume of dry High nitrogen pressure may
nitrogen is operate a relief valve during
maintained above times of high oil expansion
the oil and is due to heating. Nitrogen
NITROGEN
sealed from the enters as the oil cools and
atmosphere. OIL reduces in volume. There is
Reference: a low pressure alarm.
GEI-70366
GEK-19695B
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Gas-Oil Sealed Tank Transformer

A volume of gas is
above the oil in AI R
GAS
the main tank OIL
OIL
which can move in
and out of an GAS
expansion tank. The oil in the expansion tank
OIL isolates the gas above the oil
from the atmosphere.
Reference:
GEI-28012A
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Open Conservator E nTransformer
o b l e Tank
©D
Conservator Oil-Preservation System, COPS
Breather
AIR
OIL
OIL The atmosphere is in contact

with a small portion of oil in
the conservator tank.
Reference
GEI-70368C
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Modern Sealed Conservator Tank

Transformer Atmoseal Oil Preservation System
The atmosphere is
separated from the oil Bladder, AIR
by an expandable OIL
bladder. A breather is provided directly
OIL into the bladder to allow for
the expansion.
Reference
GEI-70367
GEK-29290
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Transformer Identification Panel - Administration
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©
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4.) Two Winding Transformer Overall Tests
Testing Two Winding Transformers
Overall Tests
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4.) Transformer Overall Tests - Delta-Wye
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© High
H2 CHL
Low
X2
X1
H1 H3 X0
X3
CH CL
Tank & Core
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Dielectric Circuit: Two Winding Transformer

CH - Insulation between the High-Voltage
Winding Conductors and the Grounded
Tank & Core
• High Voltage Bushings

• Structural Insulating Members
• DETC Insulation
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• Insulating Fluid
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© CL - Insulation Between the Low-Voltage
Winding Conductors and Grounded
Tank & Core
• Low Voltage Bushings
• Winding Insulation
• LTC
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. CHL - Insulation between the High and Low-

Voltage Windings
• Winding Insulation Barriers

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E nPower-Factor Test Voltages for
l e
Recommended Doble
Dry-Type b
o
©D 1 Phase, Delta and Ungrounded Wye Windings
Power and Distribution Transformers
Winding Rating L-L (kV) -

Do not exceed Line to Ground Test Voltage (kV)
Winding Rated L-G (kV) –

Do not exceed Line to Ground Test Voltage (kV)
Grounded Wye Windings

Winding Rated L-G (kV) –
Do not exceed©2015
Line to Ground Test Voltage (kV)
Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved 28
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Two Winding Transformer – Delta-Wye
H1 H2 H3
Do Not Ground X0
X0 X1 X2 X3
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M-G
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Two-Winding Transformer Test Procedure
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© HV Cable
High Low
Tank & Core

M4100 Test Set
Ground
Lead
Low Voltage Lead

Guard
I & W Meter
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Test No. 1: Measure CH + CHL

ICHL
HV Cable
High Low
ICH
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
ICH
ICHL
GST-Ground Ground
Lead
ICH + ICHL
Low Voltage Lead
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Guard
m
I & W Meter
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Test No. 2: Measure CH
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©
ICHL
HV Cable
High Low
ICH
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
ICH
GST-Guard
Ground ICHL
Lead
ICH
Low Voltage Lead
Guard
I & W Meter
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Test No. 3: Measure CHL

ICHL
HV Cable
High Low
ICH
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
ICH
UST
Ground ICHL
ICH Lead
ICHL
y
Low Voltage Lead
Guard
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I & W Meter
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Test Summarye and Calculated CHL
©D
ILINE4 = ITEST1 - ITEST2

WLINE4 = WTEST1 - WTEST2
%PFLINE4 = 10 * WLINE4 / ILINE4
CAPLINE4 = CAPTEST1 - CAPTEST2
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Two Winding Transformer – Delta-Wye
H1 H2 H3
Do Not Ground X0
X0 X1 X2 X3
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Two-Winding Transformer Test Procedure
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© HV Cable
High Low
Tank & Core

M4100 Test Set
Low Voltage
Lead
Ground Lead
Guard
I & W Meter
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Test No. 5: Measure CL + CHL

HV Cable
High Low
ICHL
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
Low Voltage ICL
GST-Ground Lead
ICL + ICHL Ground Lead
Guard
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I & W Meter
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E nCL
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Test No. 6: Measure
o
© D HV Cable
High Low
ICHL
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
Low Voltage ICL
GST-Guard Lead
ICL Ground Lead
Guard
I & W Meter
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Test No. 7: Measure CHL

HV Cable
High Low
ICHL
Tank & Core
M4100 Test Set
Low Voltage ICL
UST Lead
ICHL Ground Lead
Guard
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I & W Meter
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Test Summary and Calculated CHL
©D
ILINE8 = ITEST5 - ITEST6

WLINE8 = WTEST5 - WTEST6
%PFLINE8 = 10 * WLINE8 / ILINE8
CAPLINE8 = CAPTEST5 - CAPTEST6
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Two-Winding Transformer - Overall Test Sheet
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Overall Temperature Correction Factors
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©Pre-1955, Free Breathing
Modern
1.56 0.95
0.17 0.70
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Evaluation of CH Power
CH Overall Test:
110000 105845
100000
90000
80000
70239
70000
60000
50000
37225 36021
40000
30000
15943
y
20000
n
8333
pa
10000 4795 2944
978 1910 1189 1033 687 514 527 406 398 254 238 262
m
0
o
0 to 0.1 to 0.2 to 0.3 to 0.4 to 0.5 to 0.6 to 0.7 to 0.8 to 0.9 to 1 to 1.1 to 1.2 to 1.3 to 1.4 to 1.5 to 1.6 to 1.7 to 1.8 to 1.9 to
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
C
%PF @ 20C As of January 2014
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E nTransformers
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Power & Distribution
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© to transformers is a comprehensive test for insulation
Doble dielectric-loss & power factor testing as applied
assessment, detecting:
•Moisture
•Carbonization
•Mechanical Failure
Test techniques makes it possible to separate the
transformer into major components for more effective
analysis of test results.
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Analysis of Oil Filled Power Transformers

Rating Type “G” “I”
0 - 500 KVA Distribution 1.0% 2.0%
> 500 KVA up to 230kV Power ≤0.5% >0.7%
> 500 KVA above 230kV Power ≤0.4% >0.6%
THESE ARE GENERAL GUIDELINES!
Change in Capacitance Rating*
Below 5% G
Above 5% I
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* Refer to the Test-Data©2015Book when rating any apparatus
Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved
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Considerations
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© • Previous Test Results (Rate of Change)
• Test Temperatures
• Reason for Test: Acceptance, Routine or Suspect
• Other Test Results, e.g.
-High P.F. Readings  Lab Results
(DGA, Moisture in Oil)
- High P. F. Readings  P. F. Tip-Up
- Change in Capacitance  LRT
and/or SFRA
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Analysis
Which transformer would you be more concerned
with?
____________________________________________________________
Years 5 10 15 20 25 30
CH %P.F.
#1 .3 .33 .36 .39 .42 .46
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#2 .3 .31 .32 .32 .33 .46
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Analysis of Dry Type
D •oLimits Are Determined Based on Manufacturer and
© Rating
• General Guidelines Can Be Used:
Epoxy-Encapsulated
Ventilated Transformers
Transformers
CHL  2.0%
CHL  1.0%
CH  3.0%
CH  3.0%
CL  4.0%
CL  2.0%
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Insulation Ratings – Doble Test Assistant

Good condition, acceptable for service until
G the next scheduled test.
Deteriorated. Not as good as before.
D Re-test in a year or less to monitor
insulation condition.
Investigate. Test results show problems
I with the specimen or test procedures.
Perform additional tests or maintenance.
Bad. Not suitable for service.
B Remove from service until condition
y
is clarified or replace specimen.
Q
Questionable. Nameplate data is incomplete
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and DTA can not determine rating.
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E n matter?
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Does LTC tap
o e position
•D
© circuit when
There are some transformers that have resistors in the LTC
in the neutral position that are not in the circuit
in all the other positions.
• This creates a leakage path to ground an effects your test
results.
• If the transformer has an LTC, always test in a tap other
than neutral for your overall tests.
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Federal Pacific transformer nameplate
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Close up view of nameplate
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©
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Test result with LTC on neutral
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Test results with LTC on 2R
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©
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5.) Three Winding Transformer Overall Tests
Testing Three Winding Transformers
Overall Tests
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5.) Three Winding
o
Transformer Overall Tests
©D
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Dielectric Circuit - Three-Winding Transformers
High
CH
CHL
Tank and
CHT Low Core
CL
CLT
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CT
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E nTransformers
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Dielectric Circuits of
CD:oC : C
©• Insulation between the Winding Conductors and the
H L T
Grounded Tank & Core

• Winding Insulation
• High, Low, Tertiary Voltage Bushings
• DETC Insulation
• LTC
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Dielectric Circuits of Transformers
CHL : CHT : CLT

Insulation Between Two Windings
•Inter-winding Insulation
•Winding Insulation Barriers
•Insulating Liquid
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Test Procedure
o
- Connections
© D H1 H2
H3
X1 X2 Y3
X3 Y2
Y1
Y0
M-G
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Test Procedure -Test #1: Measure CH+CHL

Test Set HV Cable
High
GST CH
Guard B CHL
Ground R Low Voltage Lead Tank
Low and
ICH + ICHL CL Core
CLT CHT
Guard Low Voltage Lead Tert
I & W Meter Ground Lead CT
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Test Procedure -Test #2: Measure CH
Do
© Test Set
GST
HV Cable
High
CH
Guard-RB CHL
Low Voltage Lead Tank
Low
and
ICH CL
Core
CLT CHT
I & W Meter
Ground Lead CT
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Test Procedure -Test #3: Measure CHL

Test Set HV Cable
High
CH
UST-R
CHL
Ground B Tank
Low Voltage Lead Low
and
ICHL CL Core
CLT CHT
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Test Procedure-Rotate
o
© D
H1
H2 H3
X1 X2 Y3
X3
Y2
Y1
Y0
M-G
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Test Procedure-Test #5: Measure CL+CLT

Test Set Low Voltage Lead High
GST CH
Guard B CHL
Ground R HV Cable Tank
Low
ICL + ICLT and
CL
Core
CLT CHT
Low Voltage Lead
Guard Tert
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E n#6: Measure CL
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Test Procedure-Test
o
© D Test Set Low Voltage Lead
High
GST CH
Guard BR CHL
HV Cable Tank
Low
and
ICL CL
CLT CHT Core
Low Voltage Lead
Guard Tert
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Test Procedure-Test #7: Measure CLT

Test Set Low Voltage Lead
High
CH
UST-R
CHL
Ground B HV Cable Tank
Low
and
ICLT CL
Core
CLT CHT
Low Voltage Lead
Guard Tert
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E n Test Leads
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o
© D H1 H2 H3
X1 X2 Y3
X3 Y2
Y1
Y0
M-G
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Test Procedure-Test #9: Measure CT+CHT

GST CH Tank
Guard B CHL
Ground R and
Low Voltage Lead Low Core
ICT + ICHT CL
CLT CHT
HV Cable
Guard Tert
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E n#10: Measure CT
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Test Procedure-Test
o
© D Test Set Low Voltage Lead High
GST CH
Guard BR CHL
Low Voltage Lead Tank
Low
and
ICT CL
Core
CLT CHT
HV Cable
Guard Tert
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Test Procedure-Test #11: Measure CHT

CH
UST-R CHL
Ground B Tank
Low Voltage Lead Low
and
ICHT CL
Core
CLT CHT
HV Cable
Guard Tert
I & W Meter
Ground Lead CT
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E n Test Leads
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o
© D H1 H2 H3
Y3
X1 X2 Y2
X3 Y1
Y0
M-G
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Test Procedure-Test #13: Measure CH +CL +CT
Test Set HV Cable

High
CH
GST
Ground CHL
Tank
Low
and
ICH + ICL + ICT CL Core
CLT CHT
Guard Tert
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I & W Meter
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Ground Lead CT
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DTA 3-Winding Transformer Overall Test Panel
Do
©
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6.) Testing Auto-Transformers
• Testing Auto-Transformers
• Overall Tests
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Auto-Transformer With Accessible Tertiary Winding
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© H1
H2
H3
H0X0
X1
X2 Y3
X3
Y2
Y1
M-G
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High and Low

H2 Tertiary
X2 CHT
H1 X1 Y2
H0X0 X3
H3 Y1 Y3
CH CT
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Do
©
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Auto-Transformer without Tertiary

(Tertiary Winding Not Accessible)
H1 H2 H3
H0X0
X1 X2 X3
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Auto-Transformer without Tertiary (not accessible)
Do
©
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7.) What are the results telling you?
• A lot of people tend to only look at the percent Power

Factor results. (Not good!)
• In general we can sort of split the readings into two
categories.
• Physical Changes
• Contamination Issues
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Physical Changes
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©• This is related to the mA readings and the capacitance
readings. (Remember your Capacitance Theory in the
Power Factor Theory Tutorial?)
• When you are trying to measure from the energized
winding to the other winding, or to ground, you have a
capacitance.
• If those distances move, the capacitance changes and the
charging current (mA) changes.
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Physical Changes
• So if during a through fault the windings buckle and push

away form each other, the mA will be lower and the
capacitance will be lower.
• If they move closer, the mA will go up and the capacitance
will increase.
• Capacitance changes can be caused by grounding issues
y
too. (It still is a physical change but not winding
movement).
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Lets look at the cross section of the transformer
Do
©
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Two-Winding Transformer - Overall Test Sheet
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Closer look at overall test two winding
Do
©
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Closer look at the auto-transformer with tertiary
Do
©
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DTA 3-Winding Transformer Overall Test Analysis
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Lets take a closer look
Do
©
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Corrected Power Factors for CH and CL
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Power Factor for CT? Look at the mA
Do
©
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Shell Form
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Shell Form
Do
©
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Shell Form
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Core Form
Do
©
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Core Form High Voltage Side
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Left side showing in tank tap changer
Do
©
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Low Voltage Side
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Right Side Tertiary Bushing Side
Do
©
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Core Form Winding Being Built
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Core Form
Do
©
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Transformer tertiary configurations - Tertiary inside the low voltage

winding closer to core not on same insulation tube
CHT (very low capacitance)

Tank Core Tank wall Core
CL LV
HV LV TV
CHL CLT CT
CH CHT
CH CHL CLT CT
y
CT
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Transformer tertiary configurations - Tertiary stacked on top of low
l
Do b
voltage winding on same insulation tube
©
Tank
CLT (Very low capacitance)
Core Tank wall Core
LV CL
CHL
HV
CH
CHL CL CT CHT
CLT CH
CLT
CHT TV CT
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Let us take a look at the capacitance readings
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Look at the Capacitance to Determine Physical Layout
Do
©
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Capacitance – What can it mean?
• We looked at how physical deformities can change

capacitance.
• Physical arrangements can have signature capacitance
letting you know if one is inside the other or maybe stacked
on top of the other winding.
• Let’s look to see how it is effected by grounds.
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Transformer tested 1975 through 2011 (% PF and pF)
Do
©
54
3/17/2015
Test Results – What does in mean?
• We only covered in this presentation Power Factor testing

typical winding configurations but the same principles apply
for other configurations.
• Identify an individual winding, short circuit it but don’t
ground it, and test it to ground and to other windings.
• Look for contamination indications. (Watts Loss and %PF).
• Look for physical changes. (mA and capacitance).
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What other tests can confirm my questionable results?
© core ground(s).
• Core ground issues – DC insulation resistance measurements to the
If multiple core grounds, you would have circulating
currents and heating of the core. Check Dissolved Gas Analysis
(DGA) results. SFRA tests.
• High Watts Losses, high percent Power Factors – Do Tip-Up Test.
Look at DGA results. DC winding resistance tests may indicate a
high resistance connection that may be over heating causing hot
metal gassing or even arcing. Look at SFRA traces. Test bushings.
Look at excitation test results.
55
3/17/2015
What other tests can confirm my questionable results?
mA / Capacitance changes
• Leakage Reactance (LR) tests
• SFRA
• Insulation resistance test of core ground
• Excitation tests
• Bushing tests
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Summary
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©1.2. Introduction about testing transformers.
A word about safety when testing transformers.
3. How to identify different types of transformers.
4. Testing two winding transformers.
5. Testing three winding transformers.
6. Testing auto-transformers with and without tertiary
windings.
7. What the results are telling you.
56
3/17/2015
Power Factor Testing Transformers
Jay M. Garnett
Client Service Engineer
Doble Engineering Company
2485 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 340
Sacramento, CA
(617)393-3011
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jgarnett@doble.com
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©
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3/17/2015

Power Factor Testing Transformers

2015 International Conference of Doble Clients

Jay M. Garnett – Doble Engineering Company

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Doble Power Factor Testing Transformers

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©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved 6

The Final Product

• Work Between Installed Safety Grounds

• The Transformer Must Be Disconnected From the Power

• The Transformer Tank Must Be Properly Grounded

Apparatus and Personal Safety

• Do Not Make Contact with Apparatus while

• Apply Grounds prior to connecting test leads as

• Both Doble Test Set Safety Switches Must be

© Test Set, the

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©2015 Doble Engineering Company All Rights Reserved 12

3.) Apparatus Selection

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Transformer Identification Panel

Items required to be entered to get a proper

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Sealed Tank Transformer

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Gas-Oil Sealed Tank Transformer

OIL The atmosphere is in contact

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Modern Sealed Conservator Tank

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4.) Two Winding Transformer Overall Tests

Testing Two Winding Transformers

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Dielectric Circuit: Two Winding Transformer

• High Voltage Bushings

Dielectric Circuit: Two Winding Transformer

. CHL - Insulation between the High and Low-

• Winding Insulation Barriers

Winding Rating L-L (kV) -

Winding Rated L-G (kV) –

Grounded Wye Windings

Two Winding Transformer – Delta-Wye

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Tank & Core

Low Voltage Lead

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Test No. 1: Measure CH + CHL

Test No. 3: Measure CHL

ILINE4 = ITEST1 - ITEST2

Two Winding Transformer – Delta-Wye

Tank & Core

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Test No. 5: Measure CL + CHL

ICL + ICHL Ground Lead

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ICL Ground Lead

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