Car-to-X at Mercedes-Benz

Applications and Technologies

08.03.2019 RD/AFC
 Clusters of Applications

Event messaging, Infrastructure Platooning Driver Assist Safety

V2V, V2X to vehicle, V2I for Trucks Applications, AD

- In series production - Local projects - Planned for 20xx - Mercedes´ core

with new E-class in - Business model know how
2016 for world-wide - Further development
- Further deployment not of safety use cases
improvements clear - Automated Driving
planned on the roadmap

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 Technologies

Cellular radio LTE-V2X DSRC* 802.11p, Onboard sensors

UMTS, LTE @ 5,9 GHz ETSI ITS-G5 radar, camera
@ 5,9 GHz
- Standard in every - Device to device - New - High maturity
car due to e-Call communication infrastructure - Further
- Further - Telecom industry on- and off- improvements
improvements promises to cover board planned
planned with LTE all needs of necessary - New sensor
5G DSRC 802.11p technologies on the
- World wide applications roadmap
standard
Direct Communication

* DSRC, Dedicated Short Range Communication

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 Market Activities on Direct Communication
EU China
Delegated Act Government Activities
3GPP, 5GAA Car2CarCC, ETSI C-ITS, 3GPP, 5GAA
5.9 GHz ? 5.9 GHz 5.9 GHz

USA
FMVSS150, NPRM
CAMP, ITS America
5.9 GHz Japan
Government
ITS-Connect, VICS
760MHz, 2.5, 5.8, 79GHz
3GPP, 5GAA
5.9 GHz ?

DSRC LTE-V2X DSRC

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 Car-to-X via Cellular Radio since E-Class 2016
Mobile work zone communicate live from
the trailers - market dependent) Daimler
Vehicle
Backend

Cars are connected to the Daimler

Vehicle Backend
➢ Data filtering and aggregation
➢ Security and Privacy ensured
Navi Cellular Radio Cellular Radio
➢ OEMs and Data supplier are
invited to share
➢ Markets: USA, EU, China

Mobile work Ego vehicle Remote Vehicle

zone ahead ➢ Event detection and plausibility check ➢ Data relevance check
➢ No additional components necessary ➢ Display icon on map
➢ Generate speech output

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 Car-to-X via Cellular Radio since E-Class 2016
Event Triggering Conditions Icon on Map Speech Output
Broken down vehicle Vehicle system signals Yes
Vehicle accident Air bag inflation and others Yes
Hazard lights Hazard light on Yes
Heavy Rain Highest wiper level for 20 s No
Slippery road Antilock braking system intervention No
Fog Rear fog light on No
Mobile work zone External data from work zone trailers Yes
Emergency Vehicle No data source available Icon on instrument cluster
General Warning Driver manual input Yes
Cross Wind ESP Intervention No

→ Car-to-X enables immediate V2V and V2X functionality via Cellular Radio

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 Road Safety Applications require precise
relative position
Positioning failures due to GPS inaccuracy. calculated relative position

required relative position

GPS Accuracy

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On Board Sensors provide by far higher accuracy than GPS
GPS Accuracy requirements from standardization:
• EU: Open Sky: < 5 m at 95 % probability EU: City: < 14 m at 95 % probability
• US: Open Sky: <1,5 m at 69 % probability US: Open Sky: < 3 m at 95 % probability
range of onboard sensors
100% Measurements of
every day rides
80%
UL-Ehi
Probability (%)

60% BB-UL

40% BB-Ulm
Ehi-Alb-Ehi
20%
Ehi-UL
0% UL-BB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
GPS Accuracy (m)

→ GPS accuracy not sufficient for the implementation of safety applications.

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 Benefit of DSRC
DSRC based Safety Applications, US
Source: NHTSA „Readiness of V2V Technology for Application“ 08/2014, scenario 2: no aftermarket deployment

100
% (cars and light trucks)

80 Penetration Rate
50% of vehicles will be
equipped after 10 years
60
40 Communication rate
Example:
20
0,5 x 0,5 =0,25
0
0 5 10 15 20
Years after introduction
→ With DSRC the benefit on traffic safety increases only with the communication rate.
→ Pedestrians, bicyclists, trucks, trailers, fixed obstacles and parked vehicles are not protected.
→ On board sensor based systems don’t suffer from these facts

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 DSRC Safety Applications, US, Overview
• Source: NHTSA „Readiness of V2V Technology for Application“ 08/2014, Table VI-1

Crash Type V2V Safety Application Mercedes System (sensor based)

Rear End Forward Collision Warning Active Brake Assist (warning and autonomous braking
upon vehicles, bikes and pedestrians), standard
Electronic Emergency Brake Light Adaptive Brake Lights (flash upon emergency braking,
currently not allowed in US, standard in rest of the world),
Multi Object Radar (radar detects decelerating vehicle
ahead of lead vehicle)
Opposite Do Not Pass Warning Active Lane Keeping Assist (warning and single-sided
direction (“90% drifting into opposite lane“) braking), standard
Left Turn Assist Turning Maneuver Function (braking)

Junction Intersection Movement Assist Active Brake Assist: Cross Traffic Function (warning and
crossing autonomous braking)
Lane change Blind Spot Warning, Blind Spot Assist (warning), Active Blind Spot Assist
Lane Change Warning (warning and single sided braking), Active Lange Chance
→ Sensor based safety applicationsAssist
cannot be replaced by V2V/V2X
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 EU Priority Services are already in the market
• Source: Commission Delegated Regulation 2019, ANNEX 1, Page 4
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Services via DSRC
DSRC Mercedes Series Systems Technology
Dangerous end of queue Live Traffic, Car-to-X Hazard Light (Speech Output) Cellular Radio
Traffic jam ahead Live Traffic, End of Traffic Jam Function Cellular Radio
Stopped vehicle Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC Radar, Camera
Broken-down vehicle Car-to-X Broken-down vehicle (Speech Output) Cellular Radio
Post-crash Car-to-X Vehicle Accident, eCall Cellular Radio
Emergency vehicle in operation Car-to-X Emergency vehicle signage in instrument cluster Cellular Radio
Stationary safeguarding emergency vehicle Car-to-X Emergency vehicle signage in instrument cluster Cellular Radio
Stationary recovery service warning Live Traffic Cellular Radio
Request impact reduction container PRE-SAFE Sound Radar, ESP
Response impact reduction container PRE-SAFE Belt Tensioner, closing windows, braking Radar, ESP
Electronic emergency brake light PRE-SAFE PLUS: Flashing Rear Hazard Lights, braking Radar
Automatic brake intervention Active Brake Assist, standard Radar, Camera
Reversible occupant restraint system intervention PRE-SAFE Belt Tensioner
Fog Car-to-X Fog Cellular Radio
Precipitation Car-to-X Heavy Rain Cellular Radio
Traction loss Car-to-X Slippery Road Cellular Radio
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 EU Priority Services are already in the market
• Source: Commission Delegated Regulation 2019, ANNEX 1, Page 4
Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Services via DSRC
DSRC Mercedes Series Systems Technology
Dynamic speed limit information Speed limit assist, standard Camera
Embedded variable Massage signs ‘free text’ TMC, TPEG in Navigation Cellular
Other signage information Traffic Sign Assist including Wrong Way Alert Camera, Navi
Accident zone Live Traffic, Car-to-X Hazard Light (Speech Output) Cellular
Traffic jam ahead Live Traffic, End of Traffic Jam Function Cellular
Stationary vehicle Car-to-X Hazard Light, Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC Cellular
Weather condition warning Car-to-X and weather service Cellular
Temporarily slippery road Car-to-X slippery road Cellular
Animal or person on the road Active Brake Assist crossing Pedestrian Cellular
Obstacle on the road TMC, TPEG in Navigation Cellular
Lane closure (and other restrictions) Live Traffic Cellular
Road closure Live Traffic Cellular
Road works - mobile Car-to-X Mobile Work zone Cellular
Green light optimal speed advisory Traffic Light Recognition Camera
Public transport prioritization (already widely deployed with existing technology) Other
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 Competition of Technologies

Event messaging. Infrastructure Platooning Driver Assist Safety

V2V, V2X to vehicle, V2I for Trucks Applications, AD

Only platooning needs

Direct Communication

Cellular radio LTE-V2X DSRC 802.11p, Onboard sensors

UMTS, LTE ETSI ITS-G5 radar, camera

In production Future realization

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