SCIENCE CHAPTER 1

MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDING

Indian phillospher classify matter in five form known as “ PANCH TATVA”

i. Earth
ii. Sky
iii. Air
iv. Fire
v. Water

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

1.1.1- MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLE

The matter is made up of small (tiny) particles.

1.1.2- HOW SMALL ARE THESE PARTICLES OF MATTER

The particles of matter anr very small they are small beyond our imagination.

CHARACTERISTIC OF PARTICLES OF MATTER

1.2.1- PARTICLES OF MATTR HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM

1.2.2-PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONTINOUSLY MOVING
1.2.3-PARTICLE OF MATTER ATRACT EACH OTHER

STATES OF MATTER
1.3.1- THE SOLID STATE

i. Have definite shape and definite volume

ii. It can’t be compressible
iii. It is difficult to break under the force of nature
 iv. They are so rigid

1.3.2- THE LIQUID STATES

i. Have indefinite shape but definite volume

ii. It is less compressible
iii. They are not rigid that’s why can be called fluid

1.3.3-THE GASEOUS STATES

i. Indefinite shape and indefinite valume

ii. Highly compressible
iii. It have very much space between them

CAN MATTER CHANGE IT STATES

Incresing the temperature of solid the kinetic energy of the particles increase.

THE MINIMUM TEMPRATURE AT WHICH A SOIL MELT TO BECOME A LIQUID AT ATMOSPHERIC

PRESUUR IS CALLED ITS MELTING POINT.

THE TEMPRATURE AT WHICH A LIQUID START BOLING AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESURE IS KNOWN AS

IT BOILING POINT .

Heat energy is absorbed by ice without showing any rise in temperature , it is consider that it get
hidden into the contents of the beaker and it known as the laten heat .

1.42-EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE

As solids and liquids are non-compressible states of matter, pressure has no

effect on them. When pressure is applied to a solid, however, it breaks. On the
other hand, applying pressure at a low temperature might cause gases to
liquefy. For example, you may have witnessed smoke spreading all around the
stage during parties or stage concerts. Dry ice is all there is to it (solid carbon
dioxide). Solid carbon dioxide is held at high pressure and instantaneously
liquefies when the pressure is dropped to 1 atmosphere.
The space between the particles that make up a substance is what determines
its state of matter. As a result, when pressure is given to a gas, it compresses
into a liquid, and when pressure is applied to a liquid, it solidifies. Pressure has
a negligible influence on solids. When pressure is applied to a substance, the
state of the substance changes from:
Gas → Liquid → Solid
Other effect of change of Pressure
The physical condition of matter can also be altered by varying the pressure
applied to it. By applying pressure and lowering the temperature, gases can be
liquefied. A gas is compressed when high pressure is applied to it, and when
the temperature is lowered, it is converted to a liquid. As a result, we can say
that gases can be compressed and cooled into liquids.
Examples of Change in Pressure
Under normal temperature and pressure circumstances, carbon dioxide is a
gas. By applying pressure at room temperature, it can be liquefied. Under high
pressure, solid carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored. When the pressure is reduced to
1 atmosphere, solid CO 2 is transformed directly to a gaseous state, bypassing
the liquid state. This is why solid carbon dioxide is also referred to as dry ice.

EVAPORATION

Evaporation is the process that changes liquid water to gaseous water

(water vapor). Water moves from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere via
evaporation.

Evaporation occurs when energy (heat) forces the bonds that hold water molecules
together to break

1.5.1- FACTOR EFECTING EVAPORATIO

Factors affecting evaporation:

1. Temperature:

• On increasing the temperature the rate of evaporation also increases.

• At higher temperatures, the molecules are moving faster; therefore, it is more
likely for a molecule to have enough energy to break away from the liquid to
become a gas.
2. Wind speed:

• Wind speed and rate of evaporation are directly proportional to each other.
• As the wind speed increases, the rate of evaporation also increases.

3. Surface area:

• As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation also increases.

• The more area is exposed to air, allowing water molecules to acquire more
heat energy from the surroundings.

4. Humidity:

• Humidity and rate of evaporation are in inverse relation to each other.

• As the humidity decreases, the rate of evaporation increases.

1.5.2- HOW DOES EVAPORATION CAUSE COOLING

Evaporation produces cooling as the particles at the surface of the liquid gain energy from
the surroundings and change into vapour, thereby producing a cooling effect.

We dry our wet clothes after washing them by putting them in the sun, also we
have seen that when water spills on the floor, it dries up after some time. But do
you know what is the reason and why is this water? The answer behind this is
the phenomenon of evaporation

END

MADE BY- UMESH KUMAR