Starter – Retrieval of respiration so far 03/10/2022

Complete the table to state what the products of the first three stages of Respiration are.
*Bonus points if you can say how many per glucose!

Stage Products
• 2 ATP (NET) • 2 Pyruvate
Glycolysis
• 2 NADH

• 2 CO2 • 2 Acetyl CoA

Link Reaction
• 2 NADH

• 2 ATP • 2 FADH2 • 2 4C sugar

Krebs Cycle
• 6 NADH • 4 CO2 • 2 CoA
 Stage Products
• 2 ATP (NET) • 2 Pyruvate
Glycolysis
• 2 NADH

• 2 CO2 • 2 Acetyl CoA

Link Reaction
• 2 NADH

• 2 ATP • 2 FADH2 • 2 4C sugar

Krebs Cycle
• 6 NADH • 4 CO2 • 2 CoA

So far a total of 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 have been made…. How are these useful?
Mitochondrial Matrix
1
H+
NADH NAD+ + H+

e- e-
ATP
Synthase
Carrier
proteins

NADH is oxidised releasing H+ into the

matrix and electrons to the carrier
proteins
Intermembrane space
 2
H+
H+

e- e-
e- e- e- e-

The electrons are passed along electron

carrier proteins (redox) and the energy
released pumps H+ into the
H+ H+ intermembrane space, increasing their
↑[H+] concentration
 Pi
H+
The then diffuse back into the matrix
through ATP synthase, generating ATP. H+ ADP
“Chemiosmotic theory”

ATP

e- e-

H+ H+

3 ↑[H+]
 O
4
O H+
H H+
H

e- e-

The final electron carrier transfers the

electrons, along with two H+, onto an
oxygen atom, to form water.
Oxygen is the ‘terminal electron acceptor.
Here, another H+ is also transported into
the intermembrane space.
 5
H+
FADH2 FAD+ + H+

e-
e-

FADH2 donates it’s

electrons further
along the ETC
meaning fewer H+
are transported
across and less ATP
is generated.
What is made at the end of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
What is their destination?

ATP Leaves mitochondrion for use in energy demanding processes

O H
H
May leave mitochondrion and cell by osmosis

NAD+ Re-used in Krebs/Link/Glycolysis

FAD+ Re-used in Krebs

How much ATP could be made?

NADH Each has the potential to make 2.5 ATP

FADH Each has the potential to make 1.5 ATP

So overall:
NET +4 ATP
10 NADH x 2.5 = 25 ATP
2 FADH2 x 1.5 = 3 ATP

= NET 32 ATP ATP

Reasons for lower actual yield
• Proton leakage – some protons ‘leak’ through the bilayer and never pass
through ATP synthase
• Some ATP is used to actively transport pyruvate into the matrix
• Some ATP may be used to actively transport NADH from glycolysis into
the matrix
• The ETC can be uncoupled from ATP synthase in order to release heat
energy
Respiratory Inhibitors O
4
O H+
H H+
H

e- e- CN
e- e- e- e-
e- e-

Cyanide prevents the final electron carrier

passing on the electrons to Oxygen.
Electrons build up along the ETC and
prevent any protons being transported
No ATP can be made.
Aerobic tissues shut down quickly e.g. CNS
Fast recall Qs
1. What are the proteins in the membrane called?
2. What provides the electrons and protons?
3. What type of reaction passes on the electrons?
4. Which direction are the protons pumped?
5. What type of movement do the protons use to move back?
6. What is the final electron acceptor?

Application Q
7. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) blocks prevents ATP synthase allowing
protons through it. This will stop mitochondria synthesising ATP. Explain how
this provides evidence for the chemiosmotic theory.
Fast recall Qs
1. What are the proteins in the membrane called? Carriers/cytochromes & ATP synthase
2. What provides the electrons and protons? NADH / FADH2
3. What type of reaction passes on the electrons? Redox
4. Which direction are the protons pumped? into the intermembrane space
5. What type of movement do the protons use to move back? Facilitated diffusion
6. What is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen

Application Q
7. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) blocks prevents ATP synthase allowing
protons through it. This will stop mitochondria synthesising ATP. Explain how
this provides evidence for the chemiosmotic theory.
Shows H+ movement is essential for ATP synthesis
Therefore the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis