1.

Site Preparation or Leveling:

Soil Testing:

 A geotechnical investigation is carried out to examine the composition, properties and

condition of the soil.
 This step is a must in understanding whether the soil will hold the weight of the building and
how well the ground absorbs water.
 Testing will indicate the type of soil which will help your geotechnical engineer determine
the footing system appropriate for your project. If the soil at the site is marked as not
suitable, there is no other option than to look for a new site.

Underground utility mapping:

 Consider this step especially if you are going to build in urban areas where you will find a
complex network of subsurface structures, services and utilities. Obviously, you must be
careful not to hit or damage any cables or pipes.

Site surveying and set out:

 It’s time to line out where the building should be built. With clearly identified survey pegs or
physical markers, a surveyor will locate the boundaries of the new building.
 Land surveys, which fix property lines and calculate land areas, are further complemented
with engineering and informational surveys. The engineering survey ensures that the
structure is built in the proper place and as designed, while the second one helps to obtain
data concerning topography, drainage and man-made features of the area.
 Remember that a construction site changes as the project progresses. A site plan design is
important to have all of the important data at hand: where the new building will be located,
access roads for construction vehicles, storage areas for supplies, the locations for drainage
systems, etc.

2. Excavation and PCC:

 Marking of foundation layout at site. Procedures for setting foundation layout can
be obtained here.

 Earth excavation up to the required depth by means of machine. Excavation steps in

combination with safety measures and suitable techniques can be found here.

 Earth excavation and levelling of soil by means of hand operated tools.

 Placing of PCC.

3. Footing:

 Placement of reinforcement steel

 Erection of concrete formworks for footings.

  Placement of concrete and vibrating and levelling of concrete surface.

 Removal of formwork after the concrete has set.

 Curing of concrete for the required number of days.

 Applying finishing coats on concrete surface.

 Site cleanup.

 Backfilling of excavation up to the required depth in the number of layers.

4. Plinth Beam:

 After casting of footings done, mark the center line of columns on the footing.

 Erect the column cage by checking the number of reinforcement bars, the diameter
of bars, spacing, and type of links (rings).
 Provide the length of column bars up to the beam level, considering the appropriate
lap length of the bars.
 Cast the column up to the plinth level or up to the bottom level of the tie plinth
beam work procedure.
 Check the proper covering for column reinforcement.
 Check the unsupported height of the column for slenderness, from footing top to
bottom of the beam. If the height is beyond limits, inform the Structural Consultant
and provide an intermediate tie beam.
 Check the offsets of the column as per the drawing.
 Check the mix before casting.
 Maintain a proper water-cement ratio.
 Compact the concrete with a needle vibrator.

5. Superstructure – Column:

 After the construction of footing and pedestal the construction of column is started. The
process of construction is following.

 Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to design.

 Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.

 Lay cement concrete in form work according to design.

 Take proper curing of RCC column

 6. Brick Masonry Work:

 All materials and workmanship used in block work shall be as per approved
specifications. Solid/Hollow blocks will be procured from approved manufacturer on
approval of the material by Client.

 block work layout and surface preparation will be done as per approved IFC
drawing.

 Doors and window opening location should take care during block work.

 During installation of block work block joints should be alternate and joints
should fill will with mortar.

 Stiffener columns and stiffener beams should provide as per drawing.

 Making alignment of the block with plumb and water level.

 Curing of the blocks will be done be before and after installation.

7. Plaster work:

7.1 preparation:
 All materials and workmanship used in block work shall be as per approved
specifications.
 Clean the surface and remove any dust, contaminated materials on plaster bases
and substrates for direct application of plaster, removing loose material and
substances that may impair the work. Form ties and other obstruction shall be
removed or trimmed back even with the surface of the solid base.
 Dissimilar Backgrounds: where rendering is to be continued without break across
joints between dissimilar solid backgrounds which are in the same plane, cover
joints with 150mm wide galvanized steel lathing as specified & approved fixed with
corrosion resistant fasteners at not more than 600mm centers along both edges,
apply mesh over electro-mechanical embedded conduits.
 Before plastering starts, dampen, by spraying water concrete dash coat surfaces that
are to receive plaster with clean water.

7.2 Application:

 All plaster shall be prepared in a mechanical mixer mix 1:5 (1-part cement and 5-part
sand) using sufficient water to produce a workable consistency. Mix fiber 0.6 kg/m3 of the
 mortar or plaster by first mixing with some water (30%). After all the ingredients have been
added including the remaining mixing water, the plaster should be mixed for a further few
minutes until uniform fiber dispersion. Plaster not used within 1.5h from start of mixing shall
be discarded.
 Each plaster coat shall be applied to an entire wall or ceiling panel without
interruption to avoid cold joints and abrupt changes in the uniform appearance of
succeeding coats. Wet plaster shall abut set plaster at naturally occurring interruptions in
the plane of the plaster, such as corner angles, openings and control joints where this is
possible.
 Finished grooves shall be neat, of uniform width and depth, sharp straight edges and
exact vertical and horizontal lines. Elevation grooves shall be cut before plaster sets by using
molded guide or wooden strip and fixing it in temporary grout and screed. Regarding
recessed, follow the procedures same as grooves.
 Plaster should not deviate more than plus or minus 3mm in 3m from a true plane in
finished plaster surfaces, as measured by a 3-m straight edge placed in any location on
surface.

7.3 Curing:

 Provide sufficient moisture in the plaster by spraying water as frequently as required

at least twice per day.

8. The Lintel Over Door Window Gaps:

 A lintel is a structural horizontal support used to span an opening in a wall or between two
vertical supports.
 Lintel beams will provide over windows and doors, both of which represent vulnerable
points in a building's structure.
 Lintels are generally used for load-bearing purposes, but they can also be decorative.

9. Floor Slab or Roof Structure:

A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal
surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick and
supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.

Form Work preparation:

 The formwork is the frame for the concrete slab. For measurements, consult the
approved building plans to ensure the formwork is setup correctly. Following the
process of laying the formwork correctly, reduces the likelihood that the concrete
slab is compromised.
 Preparation of formwork must also follow established building standards and
guidelines.
 The formwork needs to be erected correctly so that it can withstand the pressure
from concrete, not leak, allow people to work and walk on it, support equipment
and machines and not contain defects in construction.
 This means that all joints must be sealed and secured and no nails exposed. If there
are any defects, costly repairs may be required. It is the responsibility of the building
 supervisor or site engineer to check that correct building practices have been
followed.

Prepare slab bedding:

 It is important to prepare the slab bedding correctly.

 This will ensure that the concrete slab rests on a firm base and that the concrete
slab does not start cracking.
 To prepare the slab bedding, use road base or crusher dust of a reasonable thickness
based on building codes.
 Ensure that the surface is level and flat and compacted firmly. A well-drained base
and compacted bed prevents the concrete slab cracking.

Install reinforcement:

 Reinforcement prevents the concrete from cracking, buckling and caving in when a
load is placed on it by improving the tensile strength of the concrete and making it
more durable.

 Ensure the reinforcement bars, spacers and ties are installed in accordance with the
approved building plans.

Pour, compact and finish concrete:

 A professional should be engaged to pour the concrete from a reputable pre-mix
company. This will ensure that the concrete is at the specified strength. Prior to
pouring, soak the slab bed with water to prevent moisture loss.

 Once the concrete is poured, add control joints where required. As the concrete
dries, it will shrink. To avoid cracks forming randomly, control / expansion joints
ensure cracks to not develop.
 In addition, ensure that the concrete is compacted. This help the concrete to bind
and mold into place inside the formwork and around the reinforcement bars.
 Vibration, either internal or external, is the most widely used method for
consolidating concrete. Lastly, slabs should be finished according to applicable
building standards.

Cure concrete and remove formwork:

 Curing a concrete slab involves the application of water over an
approximate 7-day period.
 Applying moisture to the concrete helps it to seal. Spraying twice daily is
ideal – use light mist sprays with complete coverage.
 After 24 hours of the concrete being poured, the formwork can be
removed. Take care removing the formwork to avoid any damage to the
concrete slab.

 The slab can be walked on after 3 days, but avoid heavy loads for at least 7
days.
9. Door Window Framing and Fixations:

1. Measure and level the rough opening. Check the sill.

2. Adjust the jamb according to the measurement you took and Secure the frame with
shims. Screw the frame into place.
3. Set the door in place and test it and then Fit the trim and finish up. Fit the trim and
finish up.
4. All new doors and windows should operate normally, i.e. you should be able to open
and close them effortlessly and without any unexpected sounds.

10. Electrical and Plumbing:

 the laying, installation of water pipes, tanks, taps and fittings in the drinking water supply
system and drain water piping system for the building.
 installation of electrical systems, heat and air-conditioning systems, elevators etc.

11. Terrace and Roof Finishing

11.1 Waterproofing:

Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that

it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions.

Water proofing work has performed by five steps,

1. Surface preparation
2. Primer application
3. 1st layer membrane installation
4. 2nd layer membrane installation
5. Protection board installation

12.INTERIOR & EXTERIOR FINISHING:

12.1 Painting Work:

Performing repairs on damaged or defective surfaces, on site shall be performed. Such as,

 Honey Combs, broken edges

• Concrete Bulging / Sagging

• Concrete pinholes / Voids

• Concrete Cracks

Surface preparation
• Identify the member which needs to be repair and mark for deteriorated, damaged, or
defective concrete.

• Thin cement slurry cover layer over air trapped holes will be removed enough that fill
material can be fill easily.

• Hand operated sharped pointed chisel with three-pound hammer shall be used to open the
pinholes face

• It will ensure that all the surface need to repair is properly cheeped and clean from chipping
debris.

Primer application

 Approved primer material should apply for the surface.

 Primer should apply the neatly cleaned surface, so before applying primer surface should
free of dust.
 Mix and apply the Primer Application according to the Product Data Sheet.
 Apply Primer Surface slightly beyond the edges of the repair area . 

Filler application

 Before you start applying putty on wall and dry it overnight, minimum 12 and preferably 24
hours.
 Apply the first coat of putty in a vertical “bottom to top” manner by using a putty
blade/spatula/ trowel or any finishing tool.

BASE COAT
 After filler application apply the base coat according to the approved color paint.
 Apply the first coat of paint in a vertical “bottom to top” manner by using a brush or roller.

TOP COAT
 Topcoats are the final coats for use over base coat.
 They are formulated to provide good adherence to the undercoat, the desired appearance
to the painted unit, additional protection from the weather and aid in other performance
requirements.