Conduction

Objectives of conduction analysis

 To determine the temperature field, T(x,y,z,t), in a body (i.e.
how temperature varies with position within the body)

 T(x,y,z,t) depends on:

 boundary conditions
 initial condition
 material properties (k, cp , r …)
 geometry of the body (shape, size)

1
Objectives of conduction analysis
 Why we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
 to compute heat flux
at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
 compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection
due to temp. etc.
 design insulation thickness
 chip temperature calculation
 heat treatment of metals

Conduction
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids

In solids
Atoms are bound to each other by series of bonds analogous to
spring.

 When there is a temperature difference in the solid.

 The hot side of the solid experiences more vibration.
 The vibrations are transmitted through the springs to the cooler side.
 Eventually, they reach an equilibrium

2
Heat Conduction
 Heat conduction through different
configurations
 Conduction through plane wall
 Conduction through circular pipes
 Conduction through hollow sphere

Conduction in Walls

Q  T
AT
Q  A Q 
x
1
Q  Q  - k
AT
x x

dT
Q  - kA (x  0)
dx

Fourier’s law of conduction

3
Heat Conduction
dT
Mathematical Modeling : Q  - kA
dx

k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted
in the direction of decreasing
temperature.

ΔT becomes negative, so heat transfer

is + ive.

A is ┴ to the heat transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Electrical Circuit: Thermal Circuit:

Potential Difference T
A T Q  -
Q  -k
V1  V2 x x kA
I
Re
T T
Current Flow Q  1 2
Rt
Electric Resistance
Thermal Resistance

4
Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :

A T
Q  -k
Temperature Difference x

T
Q  -
x kA
Thermal Resistance
T T
Q  1 2
Rt
Heat Flow

Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Series
T T T T
Q1  1 2 Q 2  2 3
R1 R2

As steady state conditions and no

heat generation
Q1  Q 2  Q

T T ∆x1 ∆x2
Q  1 3
R1  R2

Δx1 Δx 2
R1  R2 
k1 A k2 A

Q 
T over all
 Rt

5
Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Parallel
T T T T
Q1  1 2 Q 2  1 2
R1 R2

Q1  Q 2

Δx Δx
R1  R2 
k1 A k2 A

1
R t 
1 1

R1 R2

Conduction in Circular Pipes

d=2r

For Pipes l>>>r

6
Conduction in Circular Pipes

Radial Heat Transfer

l>>>r
Heat Transfer along the pipe length is neglected

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Q

T2

ri T1
Q Q
Q
ro

Radial Heat Transfer

Q

7
Conduction in Circular Pipes
Conduction in walls

T2

ri T1

Q
dT ro
Q  -kA
dx

Fourier’s Law

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Fourier’s Law
dT
Q  -kA
dx
ri
For walls T1 Q T2

ro r
dT
Q  -kA
dr
For pipes

8
Conduction in Circular Pipes

d=2r

A=2πrl

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Area is Constant Area is Variable

l A ri

ro

A=lxb A=2πrl
dT dT
Q  -kA
Dr. S. Kamran

dx Q  -kA
dr

9
 Conduction in Circular Pipes
dT
Q  -kA
dr
dT T1 T2
Q  -k 2 r l ri
dr
r Q
dr
Q  -k 2ldT ro
r
A=2πrl
How
T T ?
Q  2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri 

Conduction in Circular Pipes

r0 T2
dr r T2
Q   -k 2l  dT Q r r0  -k 2 l T T1
ri
r T1
i

Q ln(r o )  ln( ri )   -k 2 l T2  T1 

T  T2 
Q  k 2 l 1
r
ln( o )
ri Boundary conditions
1. At 𝑟 𝑟 , T 𝑇
T T
Q  2 k l 1 2 2. At 𝑟 𝑟, T 𝑇
ln ro ri 

10
 Conduction in Circular Pipes
Thermal Resistance Concept :
ri T1 T2
T T
Q  2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri  Q
r
T T ro
Q  1 2
Rt

Thermal T1  T2 A=2πrl
Q 
Resistance ln ro ri 
in Pipes 2 k l
ln ro ri 
Rt  pipe 
2 k l

Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Pipe

ri

ro

Insulations

11
Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Thermal
Circuit

Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

T T
Q  1 4
 Rt

12
 Conduction in Hollow Sphere
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Sphere

T1 T2
ri

r Q
ro
A= 4πr2

Conduction in Hollow Sphere

dT
Q  -kA
dr
T1 T2
dT ri
Q  -k 4 π r 2
dr r Q

Q dr  -k 4r 2 dT ro

dr
Q 2  -k 4dT A= 4πr2
r
T1  T2
Q 
ro  ri How
4  ro ri k
?

13
 Conduction in Hollow Sphere
r0 r0
dr
T2
1 T2
Q  2  -k 4  dT Q   -k 4 T T1
ri
r T1
r ri

1 1  T1  T2 
Q     -k 4 T2  T1  Q  k 4 r  r

 ri r0  0 i
r0 ri
T  T
Q  1 2
T T
Thermal ro  ri Q  1 2
Resistance Rt Boundary conditions
in Sphere 4 ro ri k
1. At 𝑟 𝑟 ,T 𝑇
ro  ri 2. At 𝑟 𝑟, T 𝑇
Rt sphere 
4 ro ri k

Convection

In this mode heat is transfer due to the movement of

the fluids

14
 Convection
Mathematical Modeling : Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
Q  T Q  A s T
Q  A Q  hA s T
Newton’s law of cooling

where; ΔT = (Ts -T∞)

Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (‘h’)
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per
unit surface area per unit temperature difference
Units :  Q
h
A s T

‘h’ : (W/m2/°C)

15
Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :
In conduction
T
Q 
Rth cond

Rth cond  x
kA

In convection
Q  hA s T

Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :

Q  hA s T

or T
Q 
1 hA s 
but T
Q 
Rth conv
so,
1
Rth conv 
hAs

16
 Heat Conduction/Convection
Over All Heat Transfer Coefficient
1 x 1
R th   
h1 A kA h2 A Over all Heat Transfer
Coefficient (U)
T
Q 
 Rth

Q  UAs ΔT

1
R th 
UAs

Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Steam at 320°C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k=15 W/m ꞏ
°C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm,
respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool
insulation (k=0.038 W/m ꞏ °C). Heat is lost to the surroundings
at 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined
natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 15
W/m2 ꞏ °C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe
to be 80 W/m2 ꞏ °C, determine the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation.

17