10/5/2022

Heat and Mass Transfer

Muhammad Anwar
IST Islamabad

Course Description
This course is an Engineering Depth Course. This
course strengthen the knowledge of heat & mass
transfer and develop the foundation for Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning and Power Plants courses.
Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics courses offered
in earlier semester’s lays foundation for this course. At
the end of this course, students will be able to design
Heat Exchangers under various constraints.

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Reference Material
• PRE-REQUISITE:
214303 Thermodynamics II
214401 Fluid Mechanics-I
• CO-REQUISITE : Nil

• TEXT AND MATERIALS:

• Textbook:
Heat Transfer- A Practical approach by Y.A. Cengel
• Reference Material:
Heat Transfer by J.P Holman

Practical Applications
In engineering practice, an understanding of the
mechanism of heat transfer is becoming increasingly
important since heat transfer plays a critical role in the
design of vehicles, power plants, refrigerators, electronic
devices and buildings among other things.

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Program Learning Outcomes:

• PLO-02: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research
literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences and engineering sciences.
• PLO-03: Design/Development of Solutions: An ability to design
solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems,
components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations

Course Learning Outcomes

• CLO-1: Analyze/Investigate the real life problems
related to different modes of heat transfer.
• CLO-2: Design/Develop thermal engineering devices
or systems to utilize the maximum available energy.

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Assessment
Assessment Weightage
Assignments 05-10%
Quizzes 10-15%
OHT Exam 20-25%
Project 10-15%
Class participation/Behavior 05-10%
Final Exam 40-45%
Total 100%

Suggestion/Advice
• Punctuality + Attendance
• Class Behavior
• Interactive Session
• Quizzes/Assignments
• Deadlines

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Important Dates
• Tutorial Sessions (5th,8th,12th,15th Week)
• Quizzes (Surprised), Assignments
• OHTs (7th and 13th Week)
• Progress Report (5th Week)
• Progress Report (11th Week)
• Final Report (15th Week)
• Project presentation (16/17th Week)

Modules
Module:1 Introduction
Module:2 Heat Conduction/Convection
Module:3 Heat Exchangers
Module:4 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS)
Module:5 Free and Forced Convection
Module:6 Mass Transfer
Module:7 Radiation Heat Transfer

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What is Heat and Heat transfer?

Heat
Energy exists in various forms and heat is the form of
energy that can be transferred from one system to another
as a result of temperature difference.
Heat Transfer
1. In engineering we are normally interested in the rate of
heat transfer. How much heat is transfer per unit of time.
2. As well as the temperature distribution within the system
at a specified time.

Thermodynamics and Heat transfer?

Thermodynamics
Deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system
undergoes from one state to other equilibrium state.

Heat Transfer
1. In engineering we are normally interested in the
rate of heat transfer. How much heat is transfer per
unit of time.
2. As well as the temperature distribution within the
system at a specified time.

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Thermodynamics and Heat transfer?

Thermodynamics tells us:

 How much heat is transferred (𝛿Q)
 How much work is done (𝛿W)
 Final state of the system

Heat Transfer tells us:

 How (with what modes) 𝛿Q is transferred
 At what rate 𝛿Q is transferred
 Temperature distribution inside the body

Heat transfer complementary Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics and Heat transfer?

Heat transfer complementary Thermodynamics

 Study of heat transfer cannot be based on the

principles of thermodynamics alone
 However, the laws of thermodynamics lay the
framework for the science of heat transfer.
 The first law requires that the rate of energy transfer into a
system be equal to the rate of increase of the energy of that
system.
 The second law requires that heat be transferred in the
direction of decreasing temperature

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Heat Transfer?
Pipe flow Current flow

Pressure Voltage
Difference Difference

Heat Transfer

1. Heat can transferred from one system to other due to the

temperature difference

2. It is science which predict the heat energy transfer

between material bodies as a result of temperature
difference.

Heat Transfer?

Human Comfort

A human body is
continuously rejecting
heat to surrounding.

Human comfort is directly related to rate of heat

rejection (Heat Transfer rate).

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Heat Transfer?

Daily Life Examples

 Heating & Air-Conditioning System

 Refrigerator, Iron
 Computer
 Energy Efficient Home
 Car Radiators
 Solar Collectors

Why we need a detailed study of

Heat Transfer ?

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Why we need a detailed study of Heat Transfer ?

Heat Transfer indicates how long process will take.

A designer of thermos
normally interested in
that how long coffee will
sustain its temperature

Engineering Heat Transfer Applications

Rating : Determination of HT for

1. Heat Exchangers an existing system at a specific
temperature difference
2. Boilers

3. Condensers

4. Radiators Sizing : Determination of size of

a system in order to transfer
5. Heaters heat at a specified rate for a
specific temperature difference

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Some more applications of heat transfer

 Energy production and conversion
- steam power plant, solar energy conversion etc.
 Refrigeration and air-conditioning
 Domestic applications
- ovens, stoves, toaster
 Cooling of electronic equipment
 Manufacturing / materials processing
- welding, casting, soldering, laser machining
 Automobiles / aircraft design
 Nature (weather, climate etc)

Units

Thermal Energy (Q) = 1 joule

Heat Transfer rate (q-dot) = 1 joule/sec = 1 watt

Heat Flux (q/A) = 1 watt/m2

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Heat & other forms of Energy

Energy :

•Thermal
• Chemical, Nuclear
• K.E, P.E
• Mechanical
• Electrical

Heat & other forms of Energy

Internal Energy (U) :

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy of molecules.

U = K.E + P.E
Portion of K.E = Sensible Energy or Heat

Heat : Total K.E of molecules

Temperature :
Average K.E of molecules

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Heat & other forms of Energy

Internal Energy

Associated with Atomic Associated with bond within the

bonds in a molecule is Nucleus of the atom is called
called Chemical energy Nuclear Energy

This energy is released during the chemical or Nuclear

reaction

Heat & other forms of Energy

Calorie :
Calorie is a unit of Heat Energy. Like
Joule
1 Cal = 4.1868 Joule

1 Cal = Amount of heat required

raise the temperature of one
gram of water at 14.5°C by 1°C

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Heat & other forms of Energy

Specific Heat:
Amount of heat required raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by 1°C

At Constant Volume At Constant Pressure

(Cv) (Cp)

For incompressible substance it is constant

UNIT ? C = f ( P,T )

Heat & other forms of Energy

Specific Heat:
For an ideal gas , specific heat normally
depends only on temperature.

du = Cv(T) dT dh = Cp(T) dT
UNIT ?

Enthalpy
Sum of internal energy and energy required to
flow of fluid
h = u + Pv

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Heat & other forms of Energy

The internal energy u represents the microscopic energy

of a non-flowing fluid, whereas enthalpy h represents the
microscopic energy of a flowing fluid.

Heat & other forms of Energy

Latent Energy or Heat :

If energy (Heat) supplied to the system is greater than

Molecular force  phase change
Amount of heat require to change the phase is called Latent heat.

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Heat & other forms of Energy

First law of Thermodynamics :

In rate form:

Steady State:

Heat & other forms of Energy

 In the absence of electric, magnetic, gravity effect,
normally the change in total energy of the system is
the simply change in internal energy of the system.

 For Fixed Mass:

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Heat & other forms of Energy

In Heat Transfer, Normally we are interested in the Thermal

energy which is transferred due to temperature difference.

And, All Nuclear, Chemical, etc energies consider in the

form of thermal energies as heat generation;

Energy Balance in Heat Transfer

Qin  Qout  E gen  Ethermal  system

Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

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Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction :
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids

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Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :

Q  T
AT
Q  A Q 
x
1
Q  Q  - k
AT
x x

dT
Q  - kA (x  0)
dx

Fourier’s law of conduction

Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :
dT
Q  - kA
dx
k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted
in the direction of decreasing
temperature.

ΔT becomes negative, so heat transfer

is + ive.

A is ┴ to the heat transfer

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Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
AT
Q  - k UNIT ?
x

x
 Q k
AT

Rate of heat transfer through a

unit thickness of material per unit
area and per unit temperature
difference.

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :

Why Gases have

lower thermal
conductivity than
Solids?

Why metals have

higher thermal
conductivity than
Solids?

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The mechanisms of heat conduction

in different phases of a substance

Heat Conduction

A simple experimental setup to

determine the thermal
conductivity of a material.

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Thermal conductivity & temperature

Heat Conduction

Heat Capacity C 

p

Storage capability of material per unit volume

Thermal Diffusivity  
How fast heat diffuses through a materials
Heat Conducted

Heat Stored
UNIT ?
k

C p
Higher or lower,
which one is better ?

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Modes of Heat Transfer

Convection :
In this mode heat is transfer due to the
movement of the fluids

Heat Convection

Free
Forced
Convection
Convection

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Heat Convection
By Speed
Cool Air
(T∞ = 15°C)

Nature of
the flow

µ, ρ, C, v
….. Type of
fluid
(Water)
Roughness, Geometry Hot Iron Block…
of the object (T1 = 400°C)

Heat Convection
Mathematical Modeling :
The rate of heat convection over a medium depends on the:
 Nature of the flow (Re….Laminar or Turbulent)
 Nature of the fluid (Viscosity, ‘k’, density, C, etc)
 Surface Area of the medium
 Temperature Difference

Unlike conduction, convection is not

concerned with medium properties
Q  T
Q  As

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Heat Convection
Mathematical Modeling :
Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
Q  T Q  A s T
Q  A Q  hA s T
Newton’s law of
cooling
where; ΔT = (Ts -T∞)

Heat Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (‘h’)
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per
unit surface area per unit temperature difference

Units :
Q
h
A s T

‘h’ : (W/m2/°C)

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Modes of Heat Transfer

Radiation :
It does not require any medium for heat
transfer. In this mode the electromagnetic
radiation is emitted by an object for heat transfer.

Stefan–Boltzmann law

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted

from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts (in K) is
given by

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

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Radiation Heat Transfer

The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the

radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature, and is expressed as

Radiation Heat Transfer

When a surface of emissivity ε and surface area As at an

absolute temperature Ts is completely enclosed by a
much larger (or black) surface at absolute temperature
Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does not
intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat
transfer between these two surfaces is given by

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Combined heat transfer coefficient

When there is a parallel heat transfer due to radiation and

convection, for simplicity we define a combined heat
transfer coefficient, which incorporate effects of both
mechanisms.

The combined heat transfer coefficient is essentially a

convective heat transfer coefficient, which incorporated
the effects of radiation.

Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms

 All three can exist simultaneously in a medium

 Solid
 Solid – Conduction and Radiation
 Solid Surface – Convection and Radiation
 Fluid
 Fluid – Still – Conduction and Radiation
 Fluid – Moving – Convection and Radiation
 Vacuum – Only Radiation

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Mass Transfer
ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

There is close resemblance between heat and mass transfer relations.

The driving force for heat transfer is the temperature

difference. In contrast, the driving force for mass transfer
is the concentration difference.

Examples of simultaneous heat & mass transfer

1. Drying of Cloths
2. The rain droplets evaporates
before reaching the ground

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Heat Transfer
 Conduction – Fourier’s Law of Conduction
dT
Q  - kA ( x  0)
dx

 Convection – Newton’s Law of Cooling

Q  hA s T

 Radiation

Problem

The inner and outer surfaces of a 5-mx6-m brick

wall of thickness 30 cm and thermal conductivity
0.69 W/m ꞏ °C are maintained at temperatures of
20°C and 5°C, respectively. Determine the rate of
heat transfer through the wall, in W.

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Solution

Problem

The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm-thick 2-

mx2-m window glass in winter are 10°C and 3°C,
respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the
glass is 0.78 W/m ꞏ °C, determine the amount of
heat loss, in kJ, through the glass over a period of
5 hours. What would your answer be if the glass
were 1 cm thick?

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Solution

Problem

For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be

modeled as a 30-cm-diameter, 170-cm-long vertical
cylinder with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated
and with the side surface at an average temperature of
34°C. For a convection heat transfer coefficient of 15
W/m2 ꞏ °C, determine the rate of heat loss from this man
by convection in an environment at 20°C.

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Problem

Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m x 4-m flat surface at 30°C.
If the average convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2 ꞏ
°C, determine the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate,
in kW.

Problem

Consider a person standing in a room maintained at

20°C at all times. The inner surfaces of the walls, floors,
and ceiling of the house are observed to be at an average
temperature of 12°C in winter and 23°C in summer.
Determine the rates of radiation heat transfer between
this person and the surrounding surfaces in both summer
and winter if the exposed surface area, emissivity, and
the average outer surface temperature of the person are
1.6 m2, 0.95, and 32°C, respectively.

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Problem

Consider a person whose exposed surface area is 1.7

m2, emissivity is 0.7, and surface temperature is 32°C.
Determine the rate of heat loss from that person by
radiation in a large room having walls at a temperature of
(a) 300 K and (b) 280 K.

Thank You

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