MTR II Journal

UPPER-INTERMEDIATE GROUP 2012-2013 SPRING SEMESTER
MORE TO READ 2 VOCABULARY JOURNAL FOR THE ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST

FIRST SPAN
Word Part of Speech Meaning Collocation Use in MORE TO READ 2 Extra Examples from Miscellaneous
and Different Dictionaries (antonym, synonym, suffix,
Forms prefix, register, connotation
etc.)
132 Will We Travel to the Stars
require (v) (T) to demand as necessary or - to require a well-equipped All living beings require food. -
essential spacecraft
requirement (n) something essential to the basic / general - Unfortunately, she has failed -
existence or occurrence of requirements to meet the school's
something else requirements for graduation.
object (v) (T) to oppose something firmly and - - No one objected when the -
usually with words or arguments paintings were removed.
objection (n) a reason or argument presented main / no objection to sth objections concerning the He said he had no objection -
in opposition cost to the plan.
energy (n) usable power (as heat or solar / nuclear energy energy available from The newer appliances -
electricity); also : the resources sunlight conserve more energy.
for producing such power
accelerate (v) to move faster : gain speed - to accelerate to a speed She stepped on the gas and the -
car accelerated.
acceleration (n) the rate of change of velocity acceleration of a car - The car delivers -
with respect to time quick acceleration.
remain (v) to continue unchanged - cooling the engine remains a The question remains: who -
problem fired the shot?
design (v) to create, fashion, execute, or designed a space probe A team of prefix: re
construct according to plan engineers designed the new
engine.
designer (n) one who creates and often - - She is one of the
executes plans for a project or leading designers in the
structure fashion world.
design (n) the arrangement of elements or - - The machine had a -
details in a product or work of flawed design.
art
1
etc.)
explore (v) (T) to investigate, study, or - the direction we wish to Researchers -
analyze : look into explore are exploring how language is
acquired by children.
overcome (v) (T) to get the better of overcome difficulties/ difficulties to be overcome After a tough battle, -
problems they overcame the enemy.
enormous (adj) marked by extraordinarily great - transmitter has to be They live in synonym: huge
size, number, or degree; enormous an enormous house.
especially : exceeding usual
bounds or accepted notions
transmit (v) (T) to send out (a signal) either by - transmit signals The technology allows data to
radio waves or over a wire be transmitted by cellular
phones.
generate (v) (T) to bring into existence - to generate power This business
should generate a lot of
revenue.
COMPLETE THE VOCABULARY JOURNAL FOR THE OTHER MTR 2 TEXTS BY FILLING IN THE BLANKS.
133 China Works to Put Astronauts In Orbit
orbit (n) a path described by one body in - send s.o into orbit -
____________________
its revolution about another (as
by the earth about the sun or by ____________________
an electron about an atomic
nucleus); also : one complete
revolution of a body describing
such a path
orbit (v) - - -
____________________ ____________________
____________________
____________________
pursue to pursue multi-billion dollar -
______________ ____________________ ____________________
programs
______________
____________________ ____________________
advance - technological advances -
(n) progress in development ________________________
________________
2
etc.)
- - -
advance (V) ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
contribute - -
(v) (T) ____________________ take the lead in contributing ____________________
to mankind
____________________ ____________________
launch - -
______________ to release, catapult, or send off to launch details The company is expected
to launch several new
______________ products next year.
challenge - -
(v) (T) to invite into competition / to intend to challenge s.o or sth None of them were willing
to challenge the referee on the
confront or defy boldly
call.
- -
challenging ____________________ - ____________________
(adj)
____________________ ____________________
exploit Top athletes are able -
(v) (T) to make productive use of exploit your talents aim to exploit sth
to exploit their opponents'
weaknesses.
- -
exploitation (n) ____________________ - ____________________
____________________
____________________
apparent -
(adj) clear or manifest to the for no apparent reason - ____________________
understanding
____________________
- -
apparently ____________________ apparently abundant supply ____________________
of sth
(adv)
____________________ ____________________
incredible - suffix:__ ly (incredibly)
______________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
(adv)
______________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
3
etc.)
deplete to empty of a principal - Suffix : -tion ►noun
______________ ____________________ ____________________
substance
_____________ ____________________ ____________________
much-depleted space program -
depleted (adj) ____________________ - ____________________
____________________ ____________________
37 Urban Development Matters
(n) the power to have an effect on under the influence of sth/ to have an influence on the Helen has a good influence on
people or things, or a person or s.o. quality of our lives him.
thing that is able to do this
influence (v) (T) influence s.o./ sth -- She is very good at making
____________________
influence s.o. to do sth friends and influencing
____________________ people.
influential (adj) having a lot of influence on influential in sth. -- She is one of the most
something or somebody influential in doing sth. influential figures in local
politics.
reside (v) (I) to live in a particular place reside + adverb to reside in an urban
____________________
/preposition environment/ city
____________________
resident (n) a person who lives in a - the residents of a city There were confrontations
particular place or who has their between the local residents
home there and the police.
residential (adj) suitable for living in; consisting - - prefix: non
____________________
of houses rather than factories
or offices ____________________
fundamental (adj) forming the base, from which -- fundamental human need for We need to make fundamental synonym: basic
everything else develops; more shelter changes to the way in which
important than anything else we treat our environment.
fundamentally in a basic and important way -- -- synonym: basically
____________________
(adv)
____________________
respond (v) to react to something by taking respond (to s.o./sth) (with to respond to market forces The government should listen --
a particular course of action sth) to industry and respond to its
respond with needs.
4
etc.)
approval (n) -- approval for a development Do the plans meet with your prefix: dis
____________________
approval?
____________________ Several people nodded in
approval.
approve (v) (I) to think that approve of s.o./ sth -- prefix: dis
____________________
somebody/something is good, approve of s.o. doing sth
acceptable or suitable approve of s.o.’s doing sth ____________________
commitment (n) a promise to do or to behave in a commitment (to sth/ s.o.) a commitment to ethics Are you ready to make a long-
particular way commitment to do term commitment?
sth/doings sth
commit (v) to promise sincerely that you commit s.o./yourself (to -
____________________
will definitely do something, sth. /to doing sth. )
keep to an agreement or commit s.o. /yourself to ____________________
arrangement etc... do sth.
foster (v) -- to foster warm feelings The club’s aim is to foster synonym:
____________________
better relations within the ________________
____________________ community. ________________
profound (adj) felt or experienced very strongly a profound effect on society His grandmother’s death when
or in an extreme way -- he was six had a very
profound effect on him.
profoundly deeply or extremely -- --
____________________
(adv)
___________________
5
Forms prefix, register, connotation etc.)
75 IMF: Agency Has Lost Its Purpose
adoption (n) _ the adoption of a system _
____________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________
determine ( v) (T) determine how/ to determine the values of Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
whether/wh- currencies/the cause of death ______________
____________________ determine that SVO ___________________
the determination to succeed _

____________________ ___________________ __________________
___________
_
determinedly(adv) Showing determination _ determinedly _ _
ambitious (adj) ambitious for s.o.. ambitious new missions Prefix:-un
____________________ ____________________
(want s.o.. to be ambitiously Antonym:
____________________ successful) ____________________
Suffix:
-ly ambitiously
ambition (n) to have an ambition to _
____________________ ___________________ ____________________
change a system
____________________ _ ____________________
___________________
_
detrimental (adj) detrimental to sth./s.o.. to be detrimental to the Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
economies/ the future of the ______________
____________________ company ____________________
corrupt (adj) _ corrupt officials/regime Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
______________
____________________ ____________________
political/ official/ to fight __________ among Suffix:
____________________ ____________________
___________ widespread high-ranking officials -ion
____________________ ____________ ____________________
corrupt(v) To make s.o.. behave in an corrupt sth./s.o.. to corrupt the minds of _
____________________
immoral way children
____________________
large-scale (adj) _ (small) large-scale, Antonym:
____________________ ____________________
(short)long-term lending ______________
____________________ ____________________
6
long-term (adj) long-term plan/strategy/ (short)long-term lending Antonym:
____________________ ____________________
solution/loan/ Short-term
____________________ investment ____________________
eliminate ( v) (T) _ to eliminate IMF _

____________________ ____________________
altogether/risks/barriers
____________________ ____________________
elimination (n) _ elimination of disease/ elimination of a disease/pain _
poverty/ crime
_____________________
76 Abolish the IMF

terminate (v) (I) terminate sth. to terminate the IMF _
____________________ ____________________
(contracts/ pregnancy)
____________________ ____________________
termination (n) termination of sth. termination of employment _

____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
accomplish (v) (T) accomplish sth. to accomplish the aims of the Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
mission accomplished. IMF/ a task ____________
____________________ ____________________
accomplishment impressive/ great/ technical accomplishment Synonym:

____________________ ____________________
(n) significant
____________________ accomplishment ____________________ Suffix:
-ment
manipulate (v) (T) manipulate sth./ s.o.. _ As a politician, he knows how _

____________________
(into doing sth.) to manipulate public opinion.
____________________
manipulation (n) _ _ currency/political/media Suffix:

________________________
manipulation -ion
7
eventually (adv) _ eventually _

____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
77 Globalization
based on phrasal verb base sth on/upon sth views based on human rights Synonym:
___________________ ___________________
________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
sustainable (adj) - - Antonym:
___________________ ___________________
________________
___________________ ___________________
________________
sustainability(n) - - ecological/financial - -
sustainability
sustain (v) - to sustain a balance Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
________________
drawback (n) drawback of/to sth to analyze the drawbacks of a Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
system
___________________ ___________________
________________
________________
profit noun (n) gross/net profit to gain profit from _
___________________ ___________________
at a profit international trade
___________________ make/earn/turn a profit ___________________
profit (v) (t / _ to profit from international _

___________________ ___________________
IT) trade
___________________ ___________________
8
and Different Dictionaries (antonym, synonym, suffix, prefix,
Forms register, connotation etc.)
foreseeable (n) - In the foreseeable future -
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
foresee (v) - to foresee the future Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
__________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
imply (v) to suggest that sth is true - his answer implies a

___________________
without saying it directly. To negative view
prove that sth else exists ___________________
implication a possible future effect or result by implication the implications of -

___________________
(n) of sth globalization/political
decisions
bound (adj) be bound to do sth globalization is bound to Synonym:
___________________ ___________________
take a turn/lead to problems
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
embrace (v) - to embrace a brand name/an Synonym:___________

___________________ ___________________
idea/a person ___________________
promote (v) - to promote unity/a person/an Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
idea/a product
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
diversity (n) a great/ wide/rich diversity loss of cultural/animal/plant -

___________________ ___________________
cultural/ ethnic/ linguistic diversity
___________________ etc. diversity ___________________
diverse (adj) - a diverse range of -

___________________ ___________________
cultures/animals/plants
___________________ ___________________
9
indicate (v) ___________________ - high income indicates high Synonym:
___________________
life satisfaction
___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________
indicator(n) ___________________ - quality-of-life indicators
___________________
help measure how well
___________________
people are ___________________
mortality phrase the number of deaths at a - infant mortality rates -

___________________
rate particular situation or period of
time ___________________
objective (n) to meet/achieve an objective ultimate/major/main Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
main/primary/ principal objective
___________________
___________________ objective ___________________
___________________
avoidable (adj) (un)avoidable conflict _
___________________ ___________________
outcome (n) _ the outcome of a race Synonym:

___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
oppose (v) - to oppose a view/decision -
___________________ ___________________
opposition (n) opposition to globalization -

___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
10
62 Paragliding
sufficient (adj) _______________ to be sufficient for s.o./sth. sufficient equipment ______________________ Antonym: __________
_______________ ______________________ Prefix: _____
sufficiently _ _ _ ______________________ _
(adv) ______________________
develop (v) (T)/(I) ______________ to develop into sth. to develop judgment _____________________ _
_______________ To develop _____________________
_______________ judgment/skills/talent
.
development (n) _ development of sth. development of judgment _____________________ Suffix: _______

under-/over-development _____________________
pioneer (n) _______________ _________________ __________________ one of the pioneers of _

_______________ __________________ modern science
pioneer (v) (T) _ _ to pioneer the use of silicon ______________________

chip
pioneering (adj) _ _ ____________________ pioneering techniques Suffix: -ing
progression (n) ______________ _________________ the progression from an Drugs can slow down the Suffix: ____
______________ admiring spectator to a progression of the disease.
skilled pilot
progress (v) _ to progress from X to Y ____________________ _______________________ _
numerous (adj) many _ ____________________ Shops of this type, once rare, Synonym: _______
are now numerous Antonym: _______
concerning (prep.) about _ doubts concerning the sport _______________________ _

_______________________
concern (v)/(T) to cause worry to someone __________________ _ The state of my father's Synonym: _________
health concerns us greatly
11
maintain (v) (T) ________________ _ to maintain spatial ______________________ _
________________ orientation/a building ______________________
________________
maintenance (n) _ maintenance checks/cost the maintenance of ______________________ _

machinery/social ______________________
peace/body weight
courageous (adj) having or showing courage It + to be + courageous of an extremely courageous ______________________ Synonym: _______
s.o. individual ______________________ Antonym: _______
courage (n) _ courage to V0 ___________________ They showed great courage _

when they found out about
their baby's disability.
vast (adj) ____________ _ the vast majority _____________________ Synonym: ______
_____________________
vastly (adv) very much _ ___________________ vastly different _
61 The High-flyer
depressed (adj) unhappy and without hope for _________________ _____________________ He seemed a bit depressed _
the future about his work situation.
depress (v) (T) _ to depress + Ving/to V0 _ ____________________ Synonym: ______
adjust (v) (T) ________________ _ to adjust position / seat / sth. ____________________ _

________________ _____________________
________________
adjustment _ to make adjustments to sth. _ ______________________ Suffix:

(n) ______________________ _____
disapprove (v) (I) _______________ to approve of sth./s.o. _____________________ The survey showed that 32% Prefix: _______
_______________ disapprove of sth. / s.o _____________________ of respondents approve, 54%
disapprove and the rest are
undecided.
12
disapproval (n) _ __________________ _ There was a note of Suffix: ____
disapproval in the teacher's
voice.
sequence (n) _______________ _ opening sequence of a ______________________ _
_______________ James Bond movie _______________________
_______________
_______________.
privately (adv) _______________ to do sth privately ___________________ She spoke privately with the Antonym: _________
_______________ manager.
private (adj) _ _ _ _______________________ _
68 Kings Of Spray
trendy (adj) _ a trendy gallery opening _
____________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________
exhibit (v) (T) exhibit sth. at/in… to exhibit their work Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
______________
____________________ ___________________
Exhibit(n) _ an art exhibit _

____________________ ___________________
____________________ __________________
solely (adv) _ to live solely on bread and Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
water ______________
____________________ ___________________
lecture (v) (I) / (T) _ to lecture at universities _

____________________ ___________________
____________________ ___________________
confiscate (v) (T) Confiscate sth. to confiscate unlawful Suffix:

____________________ ___________________
books/materials -ion ►confiscation
13
initiate (v) (T) Initiate sth. to initiate a hotline/an action Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
______________
____________________ ___________________
inspired (adj) _ to be inspired by _

____________________ ___________________
someone/something
____________________ ___________________
inspire
(v) (T) to inspire someone to do to inspire someone to do _
____________________ ___________________
something something
____________________ to inspire confidence ___________________
an inspiration “Success is 1% __________; Suffix:
____________________ ____________________
99% perspiration.” -ion
______________ ____________________ ____________________
_(n)
apartheid (n) the former political and social system in South Africa, in apartheid policies _
___________________
which only white people had full political rights and people of
other races, especially black people, were forced to go to ___________________
separate schools, live in separate areas etc
affluent (adj) _ affluent southern Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
suburbs/countries/people ______________
____________________ ___________________
reluctant (adj) to be reluctant to do opponents are reluctant (to Antonym:

____________________ ___________________
sth. criticize) ______________
____________________ ___________________
_ Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
___________ _
____________________ ___________________ Suffix:--ance
spoil (v) (T) _ to spoil the city landscape Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
ruin
distinguish (v) (T) distinguish Afrom B to distinguish the murals from Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
distinguish A and B tags ______________
____________________ ___________________
regulate (v) (T) to regulate sth. to regulate murals _

____________________ ___________________
14
69 The Art And Psychology Of Motion Pictures
immediate (adj) immediate reaction/ to take immediate action Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
response/ instant
____________________ ____________________ Suffix:
-ly immediately
(adj) immediate Synonym:
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
plans/concern/future close, near
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
very close to sth. / s.o...
immediacy (n) the state of being near _ immediacy of film/the _ Synonym:
danger closeness, nearness
20 Factors Influencing Pro-Social Behavior
encounter (v) to meet somebody, or discover -- to encounter an ambiguous She was the most remarkable synonym: come across
or experience something, emergency situation woman he had ever (ph.v)
especially somebody/ encountered.
something new, unusual or
unexpected
intense (adj) very great; very strong -- extremely intense emotions
____________________
____________________
intensify (v) to increase in degree or -- --
____________________
strength; to make something
increase in degree or strength ____________________
intensive (adj) involving a lot of effort or -- -- an intensive course in English
activity in a short period of
time
intensely (adv) -- -- -- She disliked him intensely.
intensity (n) the quality of being felt -- intensity of feeling

strongly or having a very --
strong effect
responsibility (n) something that is your job or to take responsibility for s.o.’s to take responsibility for
____________________
duty to deal with actions one’s actions
responsibility+ to infinitive ____________________
responsibility for sth.
responsible responsible for sth. to be responsible for a Mike is responsible for
____________________
(adj) difficulty/ problem designing the entire project.
____________________
responsibly - - to act responsibly prefix: ir
_____________________
(adv)
15
etc.)
assess (v) to make a judgment about the assess s.o./ sth to assess a person
____________________
nature or quality of assess s.o./sth as sth
somebody/something ____________________
assessment (n) -- -- synonym: evaluation
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
21 The Study of Behavior
distinction (n) distinction (between X and Y) the distinction between the the distinction between formal
____________________
make/draw a distinction two types of behavior and informal language
____________________
distinct (adj) clearly different or of a distinct from sth. -- The results of the survey fell
different kind into two distinct groups.
independently (adv) -- independently (of sth. /s.o.)

The two departments work
independently of each other
independent independent (of s.o./sth) an independent child antonym: dependent
____________________ ____________________
(adj)
____________________ ____________________
mature (adj) mature behavior a mature and sensible attitude mature
____________________
--
____________________
maturation the process of becoming or -- -- cell maturation
(n) being made mature
instinctive (adj) based on instinct and not an instinctive behavior a mother's instinctive love instinctive
involving thought
instinct (n) by instinct behavior based on instinct Animals have a natural instinct
____________________
instinct to do sth. for survival.
____________________ instinct for sth.
identical (adj) similar in every detail identical to s.o./ sth identical activity identical
____________________
identical with s.o./ sth
____________________
16
etc.)
substitute (v) to take the place of substitute for s.o./ sth to substitute porcelain eggs Nothing can substitute for the
somebody/something else; to substitute A for B for a bird’s eggs advice your doctor is able to
use somebody/something substitute B with/by A give you.
instead of substitute s.o./ sth Margarine can be substituted
somebody/something else for butter in this recipe.
substitution the use of one person or thing -- -- the substitution of low-fat

(n) instead of another spreads for butter
substitute (n) a thing or person that is used -- --

____________________
instead of another thing or
person ____________________
artificial (adj) made by people, often as a -- artificial eggs an artificial heart, an artificial
copy of something natural lake
artificially -- -- -- artificially created lakes

(adv)
innovative (adj) introducing or using new -- innovative nest There will be a prize for the
ideas, ways of doing most innovative design
something, etc…
innovation (n) innovation (in sth.) -- an age of technological

____________________
innovation
___________________
range (v) to vary between two particular to range from sth. to sth. to range from the very hot to Accommodation ranges from
amounts, sizes, etc.., including very cold tourist class to luxury hotels.
others between them
provide (v) to give something to to provide something for provide shelter for people synonym: supply
____________________
somebody or make it available somebody
for them to ue to provide somebody with ____________________
something
provision (n) -- -- The government is responsible
____________________
for the provision of health care.
____________________
17
etc.)
satisfy (v) to provide what is wanted, -- to satisfy man’s needs/ a to satisfy demand/ s.o.’s
needed or asked for drive hunger/ the requirement
satisfaction (n) -- -- to gain/ get/ derive satisfaction prefix: dis
____________________
from sth.
____________________ with satisfaction
a smile of satisfaction
require (v) to need something; to depend require sth to require food
____________________
on somebody/something require s.o./ sth to do sth
____________________
requirement (n) something that you must have -- -- What is the minimum entrance
in order to do something else requirement for this course?
obtain (v) to get something, especially by to obtain food

____________________
making an effort
____________________
responsibility (n) something that is your job or to take responsibility for s.o.’s to take responsibility for
____________________
duty to deal with actions one’s actions
responsibility+ to infinitive ____________________
responsibility for sth.
responsible responsible for sth. to be responsible for a Mike is responsible for
____________________
(adj) difficulty/ problem designing the entire project.
____________________
responsibly - - to act responsibly prefix: ir
____________________
(adv)
____________________
assess (v) to make a judgment about the assess s.o./ sth to assess a person
____________________
nature or quality of assess s.o./sth as sth
somebody/something ____________________
assessment (n) -- -- synonym: evaluation
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
18
etc.)
21 The Study of Behavior
distinction (n) distinction (between X and Y) the distinction between the the distinction between formal
____________________
make/draw a distinction two types of behavior and informal language
____________________
distinct (adj) clearly different or of a distinct from sth. -- The results of the survey fell
different kind into two distinct groups.
independently (adv) -- independently (of sth. /s.o.)

The two departments work
independently of each other
independent independent (of s.o./sth) an independent child antonym: dependent
____________________ ____________________
(adj)
____________________ ____________________
mature (adj) mature behavior a mature and sensible attitude prefix: im
____________________
--
____________________
maturation (n) -- --
the process of becoming or cell maturation
being made mature
instinctive (adj) based on instinct and not an instinctive behavior a mother's instinctive love
involving thought
instinct (n) by instinct behavior based on instinct Animals have a natural instinct
____________________
instinct to do sth. for survival.
instinct for sth.
____________________
identical (adj) similar in every detail identical to s.o./ sth identical activity
____________________
identical with s.o./ sth
____________________
substitute (v) to take the place of substitute for s.o./ sth to substitute porcelain eggs Nothing can substitute for the
somebody/something else; to substitute A for B for a bird’s eggs advice your doctor is able to
use somebody/something substitute B with/by A give you.
instead of substitute s.o./ sth Margarine can be substituted
somebody/something else for butter in this recipe.
19
etc.)
substitution (n) the use of one person or thing -- -- the substitution of low-fat
instead of another spreads for butter
substitute (n) a thing or person that is used -- --

____________________
instead of another thing or
person ____________________
artificial (adj) made by people, often as a -- artificial eggs an artificial heart, an artificial
copy of something natural lake
artificially (adv) -- -- artificially created lakes

--
innovative (adj) introducing or using new -- innovative nest There will be a prize for the
ideas, ways of doing most innovative design
something, etc…
innovation (n) innovation (in sth.) -- an age of technological

____________________
innovation
___________________
range (v) to vary between two particular to range from sth. to sth. to range from the very hot to Accommodation ranges from
amounts, sizes, etc.., including very cold tourist class to luxury hotels.
others between them
provide (v) to give something to to provide something for provide shelter for people synonym: supply
____________________
somebody or make it available somebody
for them to ue to provide somebody with ____________________
something
provision (n) -- -- The government is responsible
____________________
for the provision of health care.
____________________
satisfy (v) to provide what is wanted, -- to satisfy man’s needs/ a to satisfy demand/ s.o.’s
needed or asked for drive hunger/ the requirement
satisfaction (n) -- -- to gain/ get/ derive satisfaction prefix: dis
____________________
from sth.
with satisfaction
____________________
a smile of satisfaction
20
etc.)
require (v) to need something; to depend require sth to require food
____________________
on somebody/something require s.o./ sth to do sth
____________________
requirement (n) something that you must have -- -- What is the minimum entrance
in order to do something else requirement for this course?
obtain (v) to get something, especially by to obtain food

____________________
making an effort
____________________
available (adj) that you can get, buy or find -- available food available resources/ facilities
to make available
to become available
availability (n) -- -- the availability of cheap flights
_______________________
22 Addictive Personality
addictive (adj) _ addictive behavior associated _
___________________ ___________________
with food
___________________ ___________________
associated (adj) _ associated with food Synonym:
___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
relieve (v) relieve someone of to relieve anxiety Synonyms:
___________________ ___________________
something ___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
relief (n) relief from anxiety Synonym:
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
abuse (v) substance/alcohol abuse Synonym:
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
abusive (adj) _ an abusive relationship He becomes abusive when he is _
___________________
drunk.
___________________
21
etc.)
28 Language and Sex
differ verb (v) to be not like something or X differs from Y women’s speech differ from His views differ considerably Synonym:
intransitive (I) someone else, either X and Y differ in … men’s speech from those of his parents. vary
physically or in another way. Antonym:
match
differences _ differences between X and Y _ differences between men’s and Suffix:
noun (n) women’s speech -ence
different _ X is different from Y _ women’s speech is different _

adjective (adj) from men’s speech
differently _ X … differently from Y _ women speak differently from _
adverb (adv) men
equality noun (n) the right of different groups of equality between … to claim equality equality between the sexes Synonym:
people to have a similar social racial equality sameness
position and receive the same Antonym:
treatment inequality Prefix: -in
equal (adj) _ to be equal with others _ All people are equal with each _
other, deserving the same
rights.
equally (adv) _ _ _ In an ideal world, would _
everyone get treated equally?
involved (adj) to take part in something, to be to be involved with sth. to be involved with child- She's been involved with Synonym:
included in something rearing animal rights for many years. engaged in
involve (v) (T) _ to involve s.o. in sth. _ It would be difficult not to _

involve the child's father in the
arrangements.
involvement _ _ _ Being on the committee is Suffix:
(n) one involvement. -ment
tendency (n) If someone has a tendency to a tendency + to V1 to have a tendency to use His tendency to exaggerate is Synonym:
do or like something, they will fewer standard forms well known. propensity inclination
probably do it or like it.
tend (v) (I) ._ to tend + to V1 _ We tend to get cold winters and _
warm, dry summers in this part
of the country
22
etc.)
achieve (v) (T) to succeed in finishing _ to achieve social status/a The government's training Synonym:
something or reaching an aim, degree policy, he claimed, was attain
especially after a lot of work achieving its objectives.
or effort
achievement (n) _ _ _ achievement of social status Suffix:
(noun) -ment
plausible (adj) seeming likely to be true, or _ a plausible explanation She had a plausible explanation Synonym:
able to be believed for why she was late; there had believable
been a big accident on the road. Antonym:
implausible Prefix: -im
plausibly _ to explain plausibly _ The police took the young man _

(adv) to the station as he was unable
to plausibly explain what had
happened on the night of the
murder.
enable (v) (T) to make someone able to do to enable s.o. + to V1 communication will enable Computerization should enable Synonym:
something, or to make her to respond us to cut production costs by facilitate
something possible half. Antonym:
prevent
efficiently (adv) to make a return by some action _ to respond efficiently to the The new secretary responds to Synonym:
as if in answer in the best wishes of others the needs of our office very effectively
possible manner with the least efficiently. Antonym:
waste of time and effort inefficiently Prefix: -in
efficient (adj) _ _ _ an efficient response _
mutual (adj) (of two or more people or mutual understanding mutual understanding Theirs was a partnership based Synonym:
groups) feeling the same mutual love on mutual respect, trust and shared
emotion, or doing the same understanding.
thing to or for each other
mutually (adv) _ _ _ It will be a mutually beneficial _
project.
23
etc.)
significant (adj) important or noticeable _ significant discoveries The discovery of King Synonym:
findings Tutankhamen's tomb is major / considerable
considered to be the one of the Antonym:
most significant in history. insignificant Prefix: -in
significantly _ _ _ My piano playing has improved _
(adv) significantly since I've had a
new teacher.
imply (v) (T) to communicate an idea or _ language implies more than Are you implying (that) I'm fat? Synonym:
feeling without saying it what is literally meant suggest
directly
implication (n) _ _ _ From what she said, the _
implication was that they were
splitting up.
46 Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
multiplicity (n) ______________ multiplicity of sth. __________________ There is a multiplicity of Synonym:
______________ __________________ fashion magazines to choose __________
from.
immigration (n) when someone comes to live immigration into a country the history of immigration There are strict limits on Suffix: _____
in a different country immigration
immigrant (n) _ _ _ ______________________ Suffix: _____
immigrate (v) _ __________________ _ He immigrated with his parents _

__________________ in 1895, and grew up in Long
Island.
uniqueness (n) ______________ __________________ to maintain cultural _ _
______________ uniqueness
______________
unique (adj) _ be unique to somewhere etc. _ ______________________ Synonym: ________

______________________
______________________
identical (adj) exactly the same, or very ___________________ identical companies / twins I've got three identical blue _
similar suits.
24
etc.)
dominate (v) (T) ______________ _ an attempt to dominate the _____________________ Synonym:
______________ other person _____________________ control / manipulate
dominance (n) _ ___________________ _ dominance of men over women
diversity (n) ______________ a wide diversity of sth. cultural / biological diversity ____________________ Suffix: -ity
______________ ____________________
____________________
diverse (adj) _ _ _ New York is a very Synonym: various

culturally/ethnically diverse Antonym: similar
city.
unified (adj) brought together; combined _ ______________________ a unified utility system _
______________________
unify (v) _ _ _ ____________________ _

____________________
isolate (v) (T) ________________ to isolate from _____________________ He was isolated from all the _
________________ other prisoners.
________________
isolated (adj) not near to other places _ _ an isolated farm/village Synonym:

___________
92 Political Identification
conscious (adj) perceiving or noticing with a become conscious about - ____________________ Prefix: -un
degree of controlled thought ____________________
or observation
consciously in a conscious way consciously share some aspects ____________________ Prefix: -un
(adv) of common culture
25
etc.)
interaction (n) mutual or reciprocal action or - patterns of interaction ____________________ -
influence
accomplish (v) (T) to succeed in reaching (a stage accomplish a task / goal changing of boundaries can We can accomplish the job in -
in a progression) only be accomplished by war an hour
accomplishment ____________________ - - ____________________ -
(n) ____________________ ____________________
advocate (v) (T) ____________________ passionately advocate an idea to advocate an idea / doctrine ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________
advocate (n) one that defends or maintains - - ____________________ -

a cause or proposal ____________________
free (v) (T) to relieve or rid of what - to free s.o from a ruler/ ____________________ -
restrains, confines, restricts, or problem ____________________
embarrasses
account for (v) (T) to furnish a justifying analysis - to account for sth ____________________ Prefix: -un
or explanation ____________________
establish (v) (T) to bring into existence establish friendly relations / to establish one’s own ____________________
establish a republic identity ____________________
establishment ____________________ - - ____________________

(n) ____________________ ____________________
ensure (v) (T) ____________________ - to ensure that sth will happen ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________
identify (v) (T) ____________________ to identify with s.o / sth ____________________ ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
93 The Individual Level of Analysis

interpret (v) (T) ____________________ ____________________ to interpret a remark ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
26
etc.)
monitor (v) (T) ____________________ - to monitor the behavior of s.o ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________
suspect (v) (T) to imagine (one) to be guilty suspect s.o of doing sth - They suspect him of giving -
or culpable on slight evidence false information
or without proof
suspect (n) a person suspected of a crime - - ____________________ -
____________________
suspicion (n) the act or an instance - - ____________________ -

of suspecting something ____________________
wrong without proof or on
slight evidence
suspicious (adj) ____________________ - Nasser could be suspicious, ____________________ Suffix: -ly ► adv
____________________ honest or crafty ____________________
withdraw (v) (T) ____________________ ____________________ to withdraw their army ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
acquire (v) (T) ____________________ - to acquire arms ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
acquisition (n) ____________________ - - ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
unify (v) (T) ____________________ - to unify to form the United ____________________ -

____________________ Arab Republic ____________________
unification (n) ____________________ - - ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
unified (adj) ____________________ - - ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
domestic (adj) ____________________ domestic flight / domestic domestic politics ____________________ -

____________________ animal ____________________
27
etc.)
conflict (n) mental struggle resulting from to have a conflict with a ____________________ -
opposing needs, drives, country or s.o ____________________
wishes, or external or internal
demands
conflict (v) (I) ____________________ - - ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________
ultimately ____________ in the end - Ultimately, his risky moves ____________________ Synonym: eventually
____________ alienated too many of his ____________________
colleagues…
alienate (v) (T) to make unfriendly, hostile, or - to alienate s.o from s.o ____________________ -
indifferent especially where ____________________
attachment formerly existed
alienation (n) ____________________ - - ____________________ -
____________________ ____________________
110 Napster
access ____________ ____________________ - a way to access files ____________________ Suffix:- ible►adj
____________ ____________________ ____________________
capablity ____________ ____________________ - capabilities of various search ____________________ -

____________ ____________________ engines ____________________
capable (adj) ____________________ capable of doing sth - ____________________ Prefix: -un

____________________ ____________________
revolutionary (adj) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
reside (v) (I) to dwell or occupy a place ____________________ only the directory resides on ____________________ -
permanently or continuously ____________________ a central server ____________________
resident (n) ____________________ ____________________ - ____________________ Suffix: -ntial ►adj

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
guilty (adj) ____________________ guilty as charged to be guilty of sth ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
28
etc.)
contribute (v) (I) (T) to play a significant part in contribute to a fund-raising to be accused of contributing ____________________ -
bringing about an end or result campaign to a crime ____________________
contribution (n) ____________________ - - ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________
facilitate (v) (T) ____________________ - to be accused of facilitating a ____________________ -

____________________ crime ____________________
facility (n) ____________________ ____________________ - ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
violate (v) (T) break or disregard ____________________ - ____________________ Suffix: -er►noun

____________________ ____________________
violation (n) ____________________ ____________________ people’s violation of a ____________________ -

____________________ ____________________ copyright ____________________
unprecedented (adj) having no examples before unprecedented problems / unprecedented for a 19-year- ____________________ -
success / solutions / times old ____________________
111 Soaking In Spam
promising (adj) ___________________ _ some promising solutions ________________________ Antonym: __________

Prefix: _________
___________________ ________________________
congest (v) (T) ___________________ to congest sth. with sth. to congest the Internet with ________________________ _
___________________ spam
congestion (n) _ _ _____________________ _______________________ Synonym: jam

Suffix: -tion
overwhelm (v) (T) ___________________ _ _____________________ _______________________ Antonym: __________
___________________ _____________________ _______________________
29
etc.)
overwhelming ___________________ _ ____________________ _______________________ _
(n) _______________________
overwhelming ___________________ _ _ ______________________ _

ly
(adv) ______________________
harassed (adj) ___________________ to have a(n) adj attitude harassed e-mail users ______________________ _
___________________ to/towards sth./s.o. ______________________
a change in/of attitude
harassment (n) _ _ a victim of harassment ______________________ synonym: _________

Suffix: -ment
defeat (v) (T) ___________________ _ to be defeated in a ______________________ _

___________________ war/competition ______________________
scheme (n) ___________________ a scheme for Ving/sth. messages promoting work- _____________________ Synonym: _______
___________________ from-home schemes _____________________
legitimate (adj) ____________________ a legitimate child legitimate customer-service ____________________ Antonym: illegitimate
____________________ ____________________ Prefix: _____
legitimacy (n) ___________________ _ _ _____________________ Synonym: _________
evade (v) (T) ___________________ +Ving to evade filters/rules/an _____________________ _

obligation/a question
___________________ _____________________
target (v) (T) ___________________ _ to target children _____________________ _
target (n) _ _ to hit a target _____________________ _
30
etc.)
ban (v) (T) to forbid (= refuse to allow), _________________ ___________________ _____________________ _
especially officially ___________________
ban ( n) _ _________________ the ban on e-mail marketing _____________________ Synonym: __________
consent (n) permission or agreement _________________ ___________________ _____________________ Synonym: __________

. _________________ ___________________
_____________________
trace (v) (T) ____________________ __________________ to trace the origin of spam ________________________ _
____________________ __________________ back ________________________
trace (n) _ __________________ _ ________________________ _

________________________
112Turn off That Cell Phone

ignorance (n) the state or fact of having lack - confront what appeared to be ________________________ -
of knowledge, education, or ignorance ________________________
awareness
ignorant (adj) __________________ - - ________________________ Suffix : -ly ►adv
__________________ ________________________
display (v) (T) __________________ - public displays of sth ________________________ -
__________________ ________________________
display (n) __________________ - - ________________________ -
__________________ ________________________
abuse (n) improper or excessive use or drug abuse a form of abuse ________________________ -
treatment ________________________
intrude (v) (T) to thrust or force in or upon - to intrude on other people’s ________________________ -
someone or something privacy ________________________
especially without permission,
welcome, or fitness
intruder (n) __________________ - - ________________________ -
__________________ ________________________
indifferent (adj) marked by a lack of - indifferent crowd ________________________ Suffix : -ly ►adv
interest, enthusiasm, or ________________________
concern for something
31
etc.)
constant (adj) continually occurring or constant noise / temperature - The scar serves as -
recurring a constant reminder of the
accident.
constantly (adv) __________________ - constantly reconstruct ________________________ -
__________________ kıtchens ________________________
erosion (n) the state of diminishing or - the erosion of shared cultural ________________________ -
being destroyed by degrees norms ________________________
privacy (n) __________________ - to seek privacy Celebrities have a right -
__________________ to privacy.
private (adj) belonging to or concerning an private life - ________________________ Suffix : -ly ►adv
individual person, company, ________________________
or interest
interfere (v) __________________ interfere with sth to interfere with a rapidly ________________________ -
__________________ growing market ________________________
interference (n) the act or process - - ________________________ -

of interfering ________________________
restrict (v) (T) to confine within bounds - to restrict the use of cell She was told to restrict the
phones amount of salt she uses.
restriction (n) __________________ set/ put /place restrictions - ________________________ -
__________________ ________________________
32
etc.)
53 Teenage Teachers
emerge verb (v) _____________________ to emerge from sth the message emerging from Synonym:
intransitive (I) _____________________ experiments in several appear
schools
emergence _ emergence from sth _ ___________________ Suffix:
noun (n) ___________________ _______
consistently adverb (adv) ___________________ _ no other recent innovation ___________________ Suffix:

___________________ has proved so consistently ___________________ -ly
successful
consistent _ ___________________ _ what the witness said in court Antonym:
adjective (adj) was not consistent with the _________
statement prefix: ___
when someone behaves or _ _ ___________________ Antonym:
performs in a similar way, or ___________________ inconsistency
consistency when something always prefix: in
happens in a similar way
supervise (v) (T)/(I) ____________________ _ __________________ The children play while two _
____________________ __________________ teachers supervise
supervision (n) when someone watches a person __________________ _ students are not allowed to _
or activity and makes certain __________________ handle these chemicals unless
that everything is done they are under the supervision
correctly, safely, etc. of a teacher
embarrassed (adj) _______________________ _________________ they get embarrassed she felt embarrassed about suffix: -ed
_______________________ whenever they have to do it undressing in front of the
doctor.
embarrassing _______________________ _ an embarrassing situation __________________ Suffix: -ed
(adj) _______________________ __________________
reputation (n) ________________________ _ to have a good/bad has a reputation for being a The company has a worldwide Synonym:
________________________ reputation for sth problem student reputation for quality. _____________
_ earn/establish/gain/
acquire a reputation as sth
33
etc.)
persistent (adj) Someone who is persistent _ _______________________ ____________________ Suffix: ______
continues doing something or _______________________ ____________________
tries to do something in a
determined but often
unreasonable way
persistently (of two or more people or _ _ ___________________ Suffix: -ly
(adv) groups) feeling the same ___________________
emotion, or doing the same
thing to or for each other
previous (adj) ________________________ _ previous experiments ___________________ _
________________________ ___________________
previously (adv) before the present time or the _ _______________________ She was previously employed Suffix: -ly
time referred to _______________________ as a tour guide.
frustrated (adj) _______________________ _ _______________________ Are you feeling frustrated in Synonym:

_______________________ _______________________ your present job? discouraged
Suffix: -ed
frustrating _______________________ _ a frustrating situation ____________________ Suffix: -ing
(adj) _______________________ ____________________
resolved (adj) ______________________ to be firmly resolved to do they have firmly resolved to ____________________ Synonym:
______________________ sth help their own children read ____________________ determined
and write
properly (adv) correctly, or in a satisfactory _ to read or write properly I'm not properly dressed for Antonym:
way this sort of weather. _________ Prefix: __
55 Unschooling
relatively (adv) ______________________ _ to be relatively different ___________________ Synonym:
______________________ from sth ___________________ ________
___________________ ________
proceed (v) (I) ______________________ to proceed at someone’s ____________________ The course allows students to _
______________________ own pace (=as slowly or ____________________ proceed at their own pace.
quickly as they like)
mature (adj) ______________________ _ to be mature _____________________ _
maturity (n) ______________________ _ maturity level ______________________ _

______________________ ______________________
34
etc.)
correspond (v) (I) to match or be similar or equal ___________________ to correspond learning with His story of what happened _
to correspond with sth the public school's schedule that night didn't correspond
with the witness's version.
correspondence ______________________ correspondence between _ _____________________ Suffix: -_____
(n) ______________________ X and Y _____________________
receptive (adj) ______________________ ____________________ to be receptive to learning The government is not Synonym:
______________________ receptive to the idea of a to be open to sb/sth
Freedom of Information Act.
receptivity (n) _ _ _ _____________________ Suffix:
_____________________ ______
56 How Europe Fails Its Young

challenge (v) (I) _____________ _ to challenge America’s _____________________ _
_____________ leading role _____________________
challenge (n) _ pose challenge to sth _ ____________________ _

____________________.
competitiveness (n) An aggressive willingness to _ ____________________ the economic competitiveness Suffix: _______
compete ____________________ of countries, regions or cities
____________________
competitor (n) _______________ _ working smarter than its ______________________ Synonym:
_______________ competitors ______________________ ________
competitive (adj) _ competitive sports _ Acting is very competitive - _

competitive spirit you've got to really push
yourself if you want to
succeed.
declare (v) (T) _______________ declare war on a to declare a country ____________________ _
_______________ country/sth independent ____________________
_______________ declare independence
declaration (n) _______________ declaration of intent to make a declaration _____________________ Suffix: _______
______________ _____________________
_______________
35
etc.)
ambition (n) _______________ ambition to do sth to have an ambition _____________________ _
_______________ fulfil/achieve ambition _____________________
_____________________
ambitious (adj) _ to be ambitious for s.o. to be ambitious an ambitious young lawyer _
progressively (adv) gradually and steadily _ ___________________ My eyesight has got _

___________________ progressively worse over the
years.
progressive (adj) developing or happening _ _ _____________________ Synonym: ________
gradually _____________________ Suffix: -ive
_____________________
account (phr v) ________________ to account for sth ___________________ Students account for the vast _
___________________ majority of our customers.
restore (v) (T) _______________ ___________________ to restore something to its After a week in bed, she was _
_______________ former state/peace and order fully restored to health
constraint (n) something which controls what constraints on sth/sb financial/time constraints ____________________ _
you do by keeping you within ____________________.
particular limits
inevitable (adj) ________________ inevitable inevitable defeat The accident was the Synonym: _________
________________ consequence/result/outco inevitable
me consequence/result/outcome
of carelessness.
inevitability (n) _ _ inevitability of death _______________________ Suffix: ______
inevitably (adv) _ _ ___________________ Their arguments inevitably end _

in tears.
reform (v) (T)/(I) to make an improvement, _ to reform the education ____________________ _

especially by changing a system ____________________
person's behaviour or the
structure of something
reform (n) _ ___________________ tentative reforms ____________________ _
____________________
36
etc.)
determined (adj) ________________ to be determined to do sth. to be determined to ______________________ Synonym: ________
________________ win/succeed ______________________
determination (n) _ self-determination determination to succeed a man of fierce/ruthless Suffix: __________

determination
vast (adj) extremely big _ to have vast _______________________ Synonym: _______
resources/knowledge
vastly (adv) ____________ _ _ vastly different _
43 The IKS
assumption (n) _______________ make an assumption about __________________ People tend to make Synonym:
_______________ sth. __________________ assumptions about you when ____________
_______________ you have a disability
assume (v) accept assume to Vbase _ ___________________ Antonym:
assume that SVO ___________________ ___________
___________
evident (adj) ________________ be evident to s.o. an evident connection ____________________ Synonym:

________________ ____________________ obvious
____________________ apparent
clear
Evidently (adv) _ _ _ a thin although evidently Synonym:
pregnant woman ____________
____________
temporary (adj) not lasting or needed for very _ a temporary interest The ceasefire will only Antonym:
(adj) long provide a temporary solution ___________
to the crisis.
Temporarily _ _ _ ______________________ Suffix: -ly
(adv) ______________________
______________________
inhuman (adj) __________________ _ a(n) (in)human creature ________________________ Prefix: ___
__________________ ________________________
__________________
inhumanity (n) ._ _ the (in)humanity of man ________________________ Suffix: -ity
________________________
37
etc.)
precisely (adv) _________________ _ This is precisely the way ________________________ Synonym:
groups of one size or another _____________
precise (adj) exact and accurate to be precise _ He caught me at the precise Antonym: __________
moment that I fainted. Prefix: ___
assemble (v) (T)/(I) to come together in a single to enable s.o. + to V1 to assemble in masses ________________________ Synonym:
place or bring parts together in a ________________________ __________
single group
44 The Mountain People-IK

evacuate (v) (T)/(I) __________________ _________________ to evacuate the lands The police evacuated the _
__________________ _________________ village shortly before the
explosion.
evacuation (n) _ _ the evacuation of the lands ________________________ Suffix: -tion
___
deprive (v) (T) __________________ to deprive s.o. of sth. ______________________ He claimed that he had been _
__________________ deprived of his
freedom/rights.
deprivation (n) _ deprivation of sth _ _____________________ Suffix: -tion
deprived (adj) _ _ _ ____________________ _
inherent (adj) existing as a natural or basic _ _____________________ I have an inherent distrust of Synonym:
part of something lawyers. intrinsic
inherently (adv) _ _ _ _______________________ _
regard (v) (T) to consider or have an opinion Regard s.o./sth. With sth. to regard children with joy ________________________ _
about something or someone _
________________________
_
38
etc.)
seek (v) (T) _________________. _ to seek help Legal advice should be sought Synonym: __________
before you take any further
action. Antonym: __________
consider (v) (T) _________________ consider + object + (to to consider someone’s We don't consider her suitable _
_________________ be) + noun or behavior natural for the job.
adjective
consideration (n) ________________ to take sth into _ ________________________ Synonym: _________
________________ consideration _______________________
considerably _______________ _ _ He's considerably fatter than Synonym:

(adv) _______________ he was when I knew him. ___________
attitude (n) a feeling or opinion about to have a(n) adj attitude __________________ ________________________ _
something or someone, or a way to/towards sth./s.o. ________________________
of behaving that is caused by a change in/of attitude
this
flourish (v) (I) __________________ _ prostitution flourishes among ________________________ _
__________________ the young girls. ________________________
51 Culture and Fieldwork

customary (adj) ______________ to participate in sth. customary behavior She's not her customary Suffix: -ary
______________ cheerful self today.
custom (n) _________________ custom + to infinitive local customs ________________________ Synonym: ________
_________________ ________________________
prevalent (adj) existing very commonly or _ ___________________ ________________________ Synonym: _________

happening often ___________________ ________________________
prevail (v)/(I) __________________ to prevail among a group _____________________ This attitude still prevails _
__________________ of people _____________________ among the middle classes.
prevailing (adj) existing in a particular place or _ prevailing fashion/economic ________________________ _

at a particular time climate ________________________
the prevailing attitude
39
etc.)
inevitable (adj) _________________ the inevitable inevitable ________________________ Synonym:
_________________ consequence/confrontation _ ______________
________________________
_
inevitably (adv) _ _ _ Their arguments inevitably _
end in tears.
employ (v) (T) to use sth. _ to employ strategies ________________________ _

_
________________________
_
employment (n) _ employment of sth. employment of strategies ______________________ Suffix:

______________________ ______
confide (v) (T) ________________ to confide sth. to s.o. ____________________ He confided (to her) that his _
________________ to confide in s.o. ____________________ hair was not his own.
confidential( adj) secret, often in a formal, _ confidential information ______________________ Synonym: __________
business or military situation
anonymous (adj) __________________ anonymous ___________________ The money was donated by an _

__________________ caller/donor/letter ___________________ anonymous benefactor.
anonymously _ _ _ The donation was made Suffix:

anonymously. -ly
39 Chaos Theory
utter verb (v) to make a sound with your -- -- She did not utter a word
voice; to say something during lunch.
utter (adj) used to emphasize how -- utter confusion

____________________
complete something is
____________________
utterly (adv) -- -- --
____________________
____________________
40
etc.)
confuse (v) to mix up someone's mind or -- -- You're confusing him! Tell
ideas, or to make something him slowly and one thing at a
difficult to understand time.
confused (adj) -- -- Grandfather gets quite
____________________
confused sometimes, and
____________________ doesn't even know what day it
is.
confusing (adj) -- a confusing policy We've got two people called
____________________
Paul James working here, so
____________________ it's a bit confusing!
random (adj) happening, done or chosen by at random a random disorder/change/ The information is processed
chance rather than according to movement/ motion/ pattern in a random order.
a plan
randomly (adv) -- - -
____________________
____________________
predict (v) - to predict the weather
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
prediction (v) make a prediction --
____________________ No one believed her
base a prediction on sth.
____________________ prediction that the world
would end on November 12.
initial (adj) - initial condition
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
initially (adv) - -
____________________ ____________________
____________________
____________________
41
etc.)
sensitive (adj) to be sensitive to sth. to be sensitive to initial It's made me much more prefix: in
____________________
conditions sensitive to the needs of the
____________________ disabled
sensitivity (n) to be sensitive to - -

____________________ ____________________
____________________
____________________
sensitively (adv) - - -
____________________
____________________
minute (adj) very small, tiny - minute differences synonym: tiny
____________________
____________________
demonstration (n) a public meeting or march at demonstration against s.o./ - -
____________________
which people show that they are sth.
protesting against or supporting to go on/ take part in a ____________________
s.o./ sth. demonstration
to hold/ stage a
demonstration
demonstrate (v) to demonstrate against sth/ to demonstrate that the -
____________________ ____________________
s.o. motion of a chaotic system is
____________________ not completely random
____________________
- - -
____________________ ____________________
demonstrator (n)
____________________
____________________
cutting-edge (adj) very modern and with all the - cutting-edge research
____________________
newest features
____________________
cutting edge (n) cutting edge of sth. -
____________________ ____________________
at the cutting edge of sth.
____________________
____________________
42
etc.)
evolve (v) ____________________ evolve (from sth.)(into to evolve in unpredictable ____________________
____________________ sth.) ways ____________________
evolved(adj) -- -- - ____________________
____________________
evolution(n) ____________________ -- - The present diversity of life

on Earth came about by means
of evolution.
intentional (adj) ____________________ -- intentional use of micro- ____________________ synonym:
____________________ organisms to kill ____________________ ________________
prefix: un
intentionally - -- -- ____________________ prefix: un
(adv) ____________________
intention (n) what you intend to plan or study intention (of doing sth.) -- ____________________
intention (to do sth.) ____________________
intention (that)
intend (v) (I) (T) ____________________ intend to do sth. -- We intend to go to Australia
____________________ intend s.o./sth to do sth. next year.
restrain (v) (T) ____________________ restrain s.o./ sth to restrain groups You should try to restrain
____________________ restrain s.o./ sth from sth your ambitions and be more
from doing realistic.
sth.
restrained (adj) ____________________ -- -- I was expecting him to be
____________________ furious but he was very
restrained.
restraint (n) ____________________ restraint (on s.o.d/sth) -- ____________________
____________________ ____________________
invade (v) (T) (I) -- to invade a country ____________________

____________________
____________________
____________________
invasion (n) -- -- They were planning to mount
____________________
an invasion of the north of the
____________________ country.
43
etc.)
invader (n) ____________________ -- -- They prepared to repel the
____________________
invaders.
eradicate (v) (T) ____________________ eradicate sth. to eradicate a threat ____________________ synonym:
____________________ eradicate sth. from sth. ____________________ ______________
eradication (n) ____________________ - - Eradication of poverty is not -

____________________ an easy thing to do in many
parts of the world.
44
UPPER-INTERMEDIATE GROUP 2012-2013 SPRING SEMESTER
MORE TO READ 2 VOCABULARY JOURNAL FOR THE ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST
SECOND SPAN
45 Time As A Social Construction

perceive (v) (T) _______________ _ time is not perceived in the ___________________ _
_______________ same way ___________________
perception (n) _ _________________ perception of time These photographs will affect Suffix:
________
people's perceptions of war.
vary (v) (I)/(T) ______________ to vary between … norms vary from culture to ____________________ Synonym:
______________ to vary from X to Y culture ___________________ _________
to vary according to … _________
to vary with …
variation (n) _ _ the variation of norms ____________________ _
various (adj) ______________ _ various norms _____________________ Synonym: ________
Variety (n) _ _ ________________ Work on the production line is _

monotonous and lacks variety.
distinction (n) a difference between two similar to make distinctions ____________________ _____________________ Suffix:
things between X and Y ____________________ _____________________ -tion
distinct (adj) _ __________________ _ There are two distinct factions _

__________________
within the one political party.
precisely (adv) ______________ _ ____________________ What do you think the Synonym:
problem is, precisely? ___________
___________
precise (adj) ._ _ precise The bunker's precise location Antonym: _______
schedules/terms/measuremen is a closely guarded secret. Prefix: _____
ts
45
etc.)
violate (v) (T) ______________ _ to violate the rules _______________________ Synonym:
______________ _______________________ ______
Antonym:
______
violation (n) _ _ ____________________ He claimed that the way he'd Suffix:
been treated was a gross -tion
violation of his
civil/constitutional/human
rights.
universal (adj) _____________ _ universal terms/standards a universal truth Synonym:
_____________ _________
universally _ _ _ people universally agree on _

(adv) this
particular (adj) ____________ in particular (especially) ____________________ She wanted a particular type Synonym:
____________ of cactus. _________
_________
particularly _ _ _ _______________________ Synonym:

(adv) _______________________ ________
consistent (adj) always behaving or happening in _ ____________________ ______________________ Antonym:

a similar ______________________ ___________
Prefix: _____
consistently _ _ consistently late/negative ______________________ Synonym:
(adv) attitude ______________________ ____________
Antonym:
____________
appreciate (v) (T) ______________ appreciate that + SVO to appreciate cultural ___________________ Synonym:
______________ appreciate Q.W. + SVO differences ___________________ __________
______________
______________
appreciation(n) _ appreciation of sth __________________ __________________ _

appreciation for sth. __________________ __________________
in appreciation
46
etc.)
46 Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
multiplicity (n) ______________ multiplicity of sth. __________________ There is a multiplicity of Synonym:
______________ __________________ fashion magazines to choose __________
from.
immigration (n) when someone comes to live in immigration into a country the history of immigration There are strict limits on Suffix: _____
a different country immigration
immigrant (n) _ _ _ ______________________ Suffix: _____
immigrate (v) _ __________________ _ He immigrated with his _

__________________
parents in 1895, and grew up
in Long Island.
uniqueness (n) ______________ __________________ to maintain cultural _ _
______________ uniqueness
______________
unique (adj) _ be unique to somewhere _ ______________________ Synonym: ________
etc. ______________________
______________________
identical (adj) exactly the same, or very similar ___________________ identical companies / twins I've got three identical blue _
suits.
dominate (v) (T) ______________ _ an attempt to dominate the _____________________ Synonym:

______________ other person _____________________ control / manipulate
dominance (n) _ ___________________ _ dominance of men over

women
47
etc.)
diversity (n) ______________ a wide diversity of sth. cultural / biological diversity ____________________ Suffix: -ity
______________ ____________________
____________________
diverse (adj) _ _ _ New York is a very Synonym: various

Antonym: similar
culturally/ethnically diverse
city.
unified (adj) brought together; combined _ ______________________ a unified utility system _
______________________
unify (v) _ _ _ ____________________ _

____________________
isolate (v) (T) ________________ to isolate from _____________________ He was isolated from all the _
________________ other prisoners.
________________
isolated (adj) not near to other places _ _ an isolated farm/village Synonym:
___________
117 The Key: When Life Begins

offend (v) to make someone upset or angry _ to offend people ________________________ Synonym: _________
offensive (adj) _ _ _ ________________________ Synonym: _________

______________________ Antonym: _________
offensively (adv) _ _ _ ___________________ Synonym: _________
48
etc.)
proceed (v) (I) _____________________ __________________ __________________ ________________________ _
_____________________ __________________ _________________ ________________________
dismiss (v) (T) _____________________ to dismiss sth from s.o.’s to dismiss a concern ________________________ _
_____________________ mind ________________________
dismissal (n) _ _ ______________________ ________________________ _

______________________
_______________________
suspend (v) (T) ____________________ _ ______________________ ________________________ _
____________________ ______________________ ________________________
suspension (n) _ _ the suspension of research ________________________ _

________________________
121 Brain Gene “Clue To Aging”

retain (v) to keep something; to continue - retain strong mental capacity to retain your independence synonym: preserve (v)
to have something -- -- Two influential senators have
argued for the retention of the
unpopular tax.
retention (n) the continued use, existence or - retain strong mental capacity to retain your independence synonym: preserve (v)
possession of something or
someone
49
etc.)
associated (adj) if one thing is associated -- significant nerve cell the risks associated with synonym: connected (adj)
with another, the two things are changes associated with taking drugs
connected because they happen ageing
together or one thing causes the
other
deterioration (n) - -- to show greater deterioration a serious deterioration in

than sth. relations between the two
countries
deteriorating -- -- deteriorating weather
____________________
(adj) conditions
____________________
deteriorate (v) -- -- Her health deteriorated
____________________
rapidly, and she died shortly
____________________ afterwards.
109Lazers the Light of the Twenty-First Century
invention (n) discovery, finding - a new invention ________________________ -
_______________________
invent (v) (T) to devise by thinking - - ________________________ -
_______________________
inventor (n) _____________________ - - ________________________ -
_____________________ _______________________
inventive (adj) capable at producing inventions - - ________________________ Suffix: -ly►adv
_______________________
familiar (adj) to have a good knowledge or familiar sight / tune to be familiar with sth Are you familiar with this -
understanding of something type of machine?
accuracy (n) the ability to do something in an accuracy of sth do sth with accuracy ________________________ -
exact way without making a _______________________
mistake
accurate (adj) _____________________ - - ________________________ Suffix: -ly►adv
_______________________
determine (v) (T) _____________________ - the exact speed of light was ________________________ -
determined _______________________
prevent (v) (T) _____________________ - to prevent excessive bleeding ________________________ -
_______________________
50
etc.)
treat (v) (T) _____________________ treat an illness - ________________________ -
_______________________
treatment (n) _____________________ - treatment of cancer ________________________ -
_______________________
remove (v) (T) _____________________ - to remove a cancerous ________________________ -
growth _______________________
destroy (v) (T) _____________________ - to destroy a cancerous ________________________ -

growth _______________________
ordinary (adj) _____________________ - ordinary telephone ________________________ extra-ordinary ►
technology _______________________ Antonym
Suffix: -ly►adv
108 Enter A New World
virtual (n) a set of images and sounds - virtual reality virtual reality
____________________
reality produced by a computer, which
seem to represent a place or a ____________________
situation that a person can take
part in
computer- (adj) the pictures or characters in film - computer-generated images The movie “Dinosaur” -
generated and television created by using combines computer-generated
images computers images with live-action shots.
generate (v) (T) - - -
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
inconvenience (n) - without the inconvenience of -
____________________ ____________________
actually going there.
____________________ ____________________
convenient (adj) convenient (for s.o.d/sth.) - I find it convenient to be able prefix: in
____________________
to do my banking by phone.
____________________
conveniently - - The house is conveniently prefix: in
(adv) situated near the station and
the shops.
overcome (v) to defeat or succeed in Eventually she managed to
controlling or dealing with overcome her shyness in class.
something.
51
etc.)
irrational (adj) ____________________ - irrational fears ____________________ synonym: _____________
____________________ ____________________ antonym: rational (adj)
irrationally - - ____________________ -
(adv) ____________________
enable (v) (T) ____________________ enable sth. ____________________ synonym:

____________________ enable sth. to do sth. ____________________ ________________
remotely (adv) from a distance; to a very slight - remotely controlled ____________________
degree ____________________
remote (adj) slight ; far away from places - - ____________________

where other people live ____________________
154 Science of the Supermarket
run out (of) phrasal verb to have no more of something - to run out of food Time simply ran out. -
fall for phrasal verb to become a victim of - to fall for a trick ________________________ -
_______________________
sophisticated (adj)  highly complicated or sophisticated lady to be more sophisticated ________________________ -
developed about sth _______________________
 having a refined knowledge
of the ways of the world
cultivated especially through
wide experience
sophistication ____________________ - - ________________________ -
(n) ____________________ _______________________
set off phrasal verb cause to begin ____________________ to set off a/the smell ________________________ -
____________________ ________________________
locate (v) (T) to determine or indicate the ____________________ to locate what you want / sth ________________________ -
place, site, or limits of ____________________ _______________________
location (n) ____________________ - _ ________________________ -
____________________ ________________________
browse (v) (T)  to look over casually - to browse (bathroom goods ________________________
 to access (a network) by section) ________________________
means of a browser
browser (n) a computer program used for - - ________________________ -
accessing sites or information on ________________________
a network (as the World Wide Web)
52
etc.)
88 Cloning Is Moral
used for emphasizing what you - fiercely divided Publishing has become a -
fiercely (adv) are saying, especially how fiercely competitive industry.
strong or severe something is
fierce (adj) angry and aggressive in a way - - a fierce dog -
that is frightening Two fierce eyes glared at
them.
moral (adj) concerned with principles of -- moral attack/ /abomination prefix: im
____________________
right and wrong behavior
____________________
morally (adv) according to principles of good -- -- prefix: im
____________________
behavior and what is considered
to be right or wrong ____________________
permanently (adv) -- -- rejected permanently She had decided to settle
permanently in France.
permanent (adj) - - The accident has not done any antonym: impermanent,
____________________
permanent damage. temporary (adj)
____________________
extract (v) extract sth (from s.o../sth.) stem cells extracted from a -
____________________ ____________________
cloned embryo
____________________ ____________________
extraction (n) the act or process of removing - - -
____________________
or obtaining something from
something else ____________________
at s.o.’s idiom available to be used by someone - to be at someone’s disposal I would take you if I could but -
disposal I don’t have a car at my
disposal this week.
71 Affluenza
exceed (v) (T)  to extend outside of - to exceed the living space/the ________________________ -
 to go beyond a limit set by speed limit ________________________
sustain (v) to supply with the necessary - ________________________ -
nutrients or provisions ________________________
sustainable ______________________ - (un)sustainable economic ________________________ Prefix: un-
(adj) ______________________ growth ________________________
53
etc.)
artificial (adj) not real or not made of natural artificial flowers / - ________________________ -
things but made to be like fertilizer / intelligence ________________________
something that is real or natural
artificially (adv) ______________________ - artificially induced ________________________ -
______________________ consumption ________________________
consume (v) (T) ______________________ - - ________________________ -
______________________ ________________________
consumer (n) ______________________ - passive /green consumers ________________________ -
______________________ ________________________
consumerism ______________________ - - ________________________ -
(n) ______________________ ________________________
discard (v) (T) to get rid of sth - to discard clothes/old ________________________ Synonym: to throw away
managers ________________________
80 Ethics Of The Internet

liberty (n) the freedom to live as you wish or to be at liberty (to do sth.) a place of liberty For most citizens, liberty means Synonym: independence
go where you want the freedom to practise their
religious or political beliefs.
censorship (n) the practice of censoring books, _ censorship of films/books censorship of the press Suffix: -ship
films, etc.
censor (v) (T) _ _ to censor films/ books The book was heavily _
censored when first published.
impose (v) (T) to officially force a rule, tax, to impose sth. on sth. to impose laws Very high taxes have recently _
punishment, etc. to be obeyed or been imposed on cigarettes.
received
imposition (n) _ imposition of sth. imposition of the imposition of the death Suffix: -tion
laws/censorship penalty/martial law/sanctions
challenge (n) asking whether something is (to pose) a challenge to the first/greatest challenge to The result of the vote poses a Prefix: -in
true or legal sth. the law serious challenge to the
government's credibility.
challenge (v) - _ to challenge the Children challenge their Synonym:

government’s legitimacy parents' authority far more question
nowadays than they did in the doubt
past.
54
etc.)
implication (n) the effect that an action or implication(s) for sth. an implication for ethics The company is cutting back Synonym:
decision will have on something implications of sth. its spending and I wonder consequence
else in the future what the implications will be
for our department.
obligation (n) when you are obliged to do obligation + to V0 to have a moral obligation to If you have not signed a _
something help contract, you are under no
obligation to pay them any
money.
obligatory (adj) _ + to V0 obligatory classes The medical examination Synonym: compulsory

before you start work is
obligatory.
oblige (v) (T) _ + obj. + to V0 to be obliged by law Sellers are not legally obliged _
to accept the highest offer.
occasion (n) a particular time, especially on … occasion(s) an occasion to justify We met on several occasions _
when something happens or has unethical behavior to discuss the issue.
happened
justification (n) a good reason or explanation for to be evacuated from justification for her actions There is no justification for Suffix: -tion
something somewhere treating people so badly.
justify (v) _ + Ving to justify unethical behavior I can't really justify taking _
to justify yourself another day off work.
feasible (adj) able to be made, done or + to V0 a feasible solution With the extra resources, the Synonym: reasonable
achieved scheme now seems feasible.
abandon (v) (T) to leave a place, thing or person _ to abandon a village/project We had to abandon the car Synonym: leave
forever quit
. desert
abandoned (n) _ _ _ An abandoned town Synonym: deserted

Antonym: inhabited
55
etc.)
15 Why We Laugh
occur (v) (I) to happen - to occur at approximately When exactly did the incident
eight days of age occur?
approximate (adv) used to show that something is - to occur at approximately synonym: almost, about,
____________________
ly almost, but not completely, eight days of age around (adv)
accurate or correct ____________________
approximate - - abbr: approx
____________________ ____________________
(adj) antonym: exact (adj)
____________________ ____________________
occurrence (n) - the occurrence of the first Street-fights are an everyday

____________________
smile occurrence in this area of the
____________________ city.
reveal (v) to make known or show - to reveal the results of a He was jailed for revealing synonym:
something that is surprising or study secrets to the Russians. ______________ (v)
that was previously secret.
revealing (adj) showing something that was not - -
____________________
previously known or seen
____________________
develop (v) - to develop responses
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
development (n) - the development of a child The program traced the
____________________
development of popular music
____________________ through the ages.
intimate (adj) having a close and friendly - an intimate relationship
____________________
relationship
____________________
intimacy (n) the state of having a close -- -- ____________________
personal relationship with ____________________
somebody
56
etc.)
anxiety (n) a worry or fear about something anxiety (about/over) sth. mastery over an anxiety If you’re worried about your
health, share your anxieties
with your doctor.
anxious (adj) anxious (about sth.) -
feeling worried or nervous ____________________
anxious (for s.o..)
____________________
crucial (adj) extremely important, because it crucial to/for sth. a crucial factor synonym: critical, essential
____________________
will affect other things It is crucial that… (adj)
____________________
release (v) release s.o./ sth. to release energy Coal power stations release
____________________
release s.o../ sth from sth. sulphur dioxide into the
____________________ atmosphere.
He was released from prison
after serving two years of a
five-year sentence.
release (n) -- -- The accident caused the
____________________
release of radioactivity into
the atmosphere.
____________________
Her early release from prison
led to a demonstration.
66 Everquest- Farewell to Violence
promote (v) to help something to happen or -- to promote positive social a campaign to promote synonym: encourage
develop values awareness of environmental
issues
promotion (n) activity that encourages people promotion of sth. -- a society for the promotion of
to believe in the value or religious tolerance
importance of something, or that
helps something to succeed
interact (v) to communicate with somebody, interact (with s.o.) to interact with each other The only thing he interacts
especially while you work, play with is his computer!
or spend time with them
interaction (n) when two or more people or interaction (with s.o.) -- an interaction between
things communicate with or characters/ people
react to each other
57
etc.)
formidable (adj) if people, things or situations -- formidable fighters In debate he was a formidable
are formidable, you feel fear opponent.
and/or respect for them, because
they are impressive or powerful,
or because they seem very
difficult
prolong (v) (T) to make something last longer -- to prolong the longevity of The operation could prolong synonym: extend
the game his life by two or three years.
96 Europe’s Transformative Power

superficial (adj) ____________________ -- superficial sense of failure superficial
____________________ differences/similarities
superficially -- -- -- These two sentences are

(adv) superficially very similar.
successive (adj) following immediately one after -- successive waves of There has been low rainfall synonym: consecutive
the other countries for two successive years.
successively -- -- -- ____________________
(adv) ____________________
implement (v) to make something that has been -- to implement standards A new work program for synonym: carry out
officially decided start to young people will be
happen or be used implemented.
implementation ____________________ -- -- implementation of the law/

(n) ____________________ agreement
enduring (adj) lasting for a long time an enduring success enduring memories
compromise (v) (I) to give up some of your compromise (with s.o.) to compromise ____________________
demands after a disagreement (on sth) ____________________
with somebody in order to reach
an agreement
58
etc.)
bribe (v) to give somebody money or bribe s.o. (with sth.) to bribe somebody ____________________
something valuable in order to bribe s.o. into doing sth. ____________________
persuade them to help you, bribe s.o. to do sth
especially by doing something
dishonest
bribe (n) ____________________ -- -- She had been offered a
____________________ $50000 bribe to drop the
charges.
impose (v) (T) ____________________ impose sth on/ upon s.o. to impose something on ____________________
____________________ somebody ____________________
57 Setting Limits: TV-Watching Is Not a Constitutional Right

set (v) (T) ____________________ _ to set / respect limits (on ____________________ Synonym:
____________________ media consumption) ____________________ ____________
moderation (n) ____________________ in moderation living in moderation ____________________ Suffix:

____________________ ____________________ -ion
convince (v) (T) ____________________ _ to convince s.o... that… / to ____________________ Synonym:

____________________ do sth.. ____________________ _________________
____________________
Causing one to believe the truth _ _ He told a convincing story in _
Convincing of something a convincing manner.
(adj)
exposure (n) ____________________ exposure of /to exposure to / TV / the sun / ____________________ _
____________________ violence / sth.. ____________________
expose (v) ____________________ ____________________ _ ____________________ Synonym:

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
________________
59
etc.)
cut down on (phr v) (T) _ to cut down on media Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
exposure ________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
conduct (v) (T) to conduct an to conduct a study / research Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
experiment/an inquiry/a / survey / poll _______________
____________________ survey ____________________
reveal (v) (T) _ language as a means of Synonym:

____________________ ____________________
revealing their emotions
____________________ ____________________ _______________
enforce (v) (T) Enforce sth. on s.o... to enforce limits / laws / sth.. Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
___________
____________________ ____________________
Enforcement (n) _ _ enforcement side We demand the strict Suffix:

enforcement of regulations. -ment
defense (n) Self-defense defense X offense Antonym:

____________________ ____________________
in defense offense
____________________
chore (v) (T) _ to do household chores ________________ Synonym:

____________________
__________
____________________
____________________
____________________
deprived (adj) to be deprived of one’s rights _
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
____________________
deprive s.o.. of to prevent s.o.. from having sth. _ to deprive s.o... of sth.. _
____________________
sth. (phrasal v) important enforcement side
____________________
The fact of not having sth. you _ food / sleep / deprivation Neglected children suffer Suffix:
___________ need from social deprivation. -ion
60
etc.)
just (adj) ____________________ _ unjustly X justly ____________________ Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
Suffix: - ness
_ly justly (adv)
reward (n) (T) ____________________ ____________________ a reward for diligently doing ____________________ Synonym:
____________________ ____________________ the other growth-producing ____________________ bounty, price
activities
Reward (v) to give someone a reward reward someone for _ ____________________ Synonym:
something ____________________ award
(slightly formal)
reward someone with
something
(formal)
diligent (adj) ____________________ a diligent worker/student a reward for diligently doing ____________________ Suffix :
____________________ the other growth-producing ____________________ -ly
activities diligently (adv)
-ence
diligence (n)
challenge (v) (T) ____________________ to challenge somebody to challenge s.o... ____________________ _
____________________ (to something) ____________________
challenge (n) ____________________ an exciting/interesting __ ____________________ Synonym:

____________________ challenge ____________________ ______________
to face a challenge
to meet the challenge of
sth.
27 Who Talks More, Men or Women?
involve (v) (T) ______________________ + Ving their play involves more ________________________ _
______________________ to be involved in sth. doing than talking _______________________
involvement (n) _____________________ involvement with s.o. emotional involvement ________________________ _

_____________________ _______________________
61
etc.)
determine (v) (T) _____________________ _ to determine our character ________________________ _
_____________________ ________________________
determination _ _ the determination of our ________________________ Suffix: -tion

(n) character ________________________
interactive (adj) describes a system or computer _ interactive toys ________________________ _

program which is designed to ________________________
involve the user in the exchange
of information
interaction (n) _ __________________ _____________________ ________________________ _
__________________ _____________________ ________________________
interactively _ _ _ The program lets you work _

(adv) through a text interactively,
correcting as you go along.
self-fulfilling (n) ____________________ _ a self-fulfilling prophecy _ _
prophecy
respond (v) (I) ____________________ to respond to sth. ____________________ To every question, he _

to respond by Ving responded "I don't know."
response (n) _ response to sth. _____________________ Her proposals met with an _

enthusiastic response.
3 Punishment Takes Many Forms

____________________ ____________________ a steady increase in ____________________ Synonyms:
increase (n) ____________________ ____________________ convictions ____________________ ______________
Antonyms:
_____________
increase (v) ____________________ to increase sth. to increase steadily ____________________ Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
______________
62
etc.)
launch verb ____________________ ____________________ to launch an extensive ____________________ Synonyms:
____________________ ____________________ prison-building program ____________________ ______________
extensively (adv) Covering or including a large _ extensively ____________________ Synonym:

area/ a lot of information ____________________ ______________
tackle (v) ____________________ to tackle sth. to tackle ____________________ Synonym:

____________________ symptoms/problems/difficult ____________________ ______________
ies
offenders (n) ____________________ ____________________ the number of offenders ____________________ _

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
commit (v) ____________________ ____________________ to commit an offence/a crime ____________________ _

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
reduce (v) (T) _ to consider ways to reduce _

____________________ ____________________
the prison population
____________________ ____________________
- A substantial/drastic/ to make a __________in the Antonym:

____________________
significant/ price of sth..
___________ slight_________ in sth. ____________________ Suffix:
-ion
to take sth. Idiom _ to take sth. into consideration Synonym:

____________________ ____________________
into To take sth. into account
consideration ____________________ ____________________
consideration (n) _ Careful consideration should Synonym:

____________________ ____________________
be given to the issues of ______________
____________________ ____________________ health and safety.
impose (v) (T) to encourage courts to _

____________________ ____________________ ____________________
impose sentences/fines
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
63
etc.)
release (v) (T) to be released from prison _ Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
______________
____________________ ____________________
release (n) _ a potential early release _

____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
encourage (v) (T) Encourage s.o.. to do sth. to encourage courts to Antonym:

____________________ ____________________
Encourage s.o.. in sth. impose sentences/fines ______________
____________________ ____________________
encouragement Sth. that encourages s.o.. _ encouragement With a little encouragement Antonym:
(n) from the family, children can ______________
do a lot better.
convict (v) often passive _ to be convicted of a crime Antonym:
____________________ ____________________
______________
____________________ ____________________
avoid (v) (T) Avoid doing sth. to avoid potentially harmful _
____________________ ____________________
consequences
____________________ ____________________
potentially (adv) Potentially adj/adv potentially harmful Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
consequences ______________
____________________ ____________________
guilty (adj) to be guilty of a violent Antonym:
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
crime ______________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
reluctant (adj) to be reluctant to do sth. to be reluctant to use a form Antonym:
____________________ ____________________
of punishment ______________
____________________ ____________________
Reluctance (n) _ Reluctance Antonym:
____________________ ____________________
______________
____________________ ____________________
revolutionary (adj) _ a revolutionary idea/person _
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
64
etc.)
extend (v) (T) to extend the period _
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
contradict (v) (T) To contradict yourself/ to contradict an idea / a _

____________________ ____________________
s.o.. person
____________________ ____________________
Contradictory _ contradictory policies Synonym:

_ There are contradictory
(adj) ______________
reports about the death toll.
Contradiction a contradiction _
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
(n)
____________________
____________________ ____________________
result in (phrasal v) Result in s.o.. doing sth. to result in more prison Synonym:
____________________ ____________________
sentences ______________
____________________ ____________________
proportional (adj) To be directly _ _

____________________ ____________________
proportional to sth.
____________________ ____________________
Proportionally _ proportionally _
_ Families with children spend
(adv)
proportionally less per person
than families without children.
65
etc.)
8 Can Mediation Produce Restorative Justice for Victims and Offenders?
victim (n) the victims of crimes Synonym:
____________________ ____________________ ___________________
______________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
relieve (v) (T) to relieve the Synonym:

____________________ ____________________ ___________________
fear/pain/anxiety ______________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
Relief (n) To s.o..’s relief, the relief for pain _

____________________ ___________________
In/with relief
____________________ ____________________
opportunity (n) the opportunity to speak their Synonym:
____________________ ____________________ ___________________
minds ______________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
restore (v) (T) Restore sth. to sth. to restore the victim’s Synonym:
____________________ ___________________
losses/justice ______________
____________________ ____________________
consistent (adj) Consistent in/with sth. consistent Antonym:

____________________ ___________________
statistics/figures/findings/attitu ______________
____________________ de ___________________
_ consistency in/of approach Antonym:

____________________ ___________________
______________
___________
____________________ ___________________
(n)
Consistently _ consistently _
_ Her work has been of a
(adv)
consistently high standard.
moral (adj) a moral obligation Synonym:
____________________ ____________________ ___________________
____________________ ____________________ ___________________
Antonym:
66
etc.)
participate (v) (T) to participate in sth. to participate in a Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
session/meeting/course ______________
____________________ ___________________
Participant (n) _ the overwhelming majority _

____________________ __________________
of
research participants
____________________ ___________________
overwhelming (adj) _ the overwhelming majority Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
of research participants ______________
____________________ ___________________
juvenile (adj) juvenile offenders/crime _

____________________ ____________________ ___________________
____________________ ____________________ ___________________
confront (v) (T) _ to confront an offender Synonym:

____________________ ___________________
______________
____________________ ___________________
Confrontation Confrontation with s.o.. / the confrontation with an _

____________________ ___________________
(n) between A and B offender
____________________ ___________________
collaborate (v) (I) Collaborate with s.o.. to collaborate with a _

____________________ ___________________
in/on sth. therapist
____________________ ___________________
____________________ __________ with s.o.. / The _____________ with a ___________________ Suffix:

___________ ____________________ between Aand B therapist ___________________ -ion
67
etc.)
voluntary (adj) On a voluntary basis (in)voluntary participation Antonym:
____________________ ________________
______________
____________________ _________________
voluntarily _ to participate voluntarily He was not fired-- he went Synonym:

_
voluntarily. ______________
volunteer(n) _ unpaid volunteers _

____________________ _______________
volunteer work
____________________ _______________
volunteer (v) Volunteer to do sth./ to volunteer to participate in _
____________________ ________________
Volunteer for/as sth. a project
____________________ ________________
10 Criminal Rehabilitation
convict (n) _ the convict _
____________________ ________________
____________________ ________________
(v) (often _ to be convicted of a crime/an Antonym:

____________________ ________________
passive) offence ______________
____________________ ________________
exaggerate (v)(T) _ to exaggerate an argument _
____________________ ________________
____________________ ________________
exaggerated Grossly/ wildly/greatly / an exaggerated argument The revenue figures were _

____________________
(adj) slightly exaggerated slightly exaggerated
____________________
Gross/ wild/great / slight Suffix:

____________________
___________ _____________ -ion
____________________ __________________
68
etc.)
2 The Thrill of Shoplifting
distinct (adj) distinct from sth to be distinct Synonym:
___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
distinctly (adv) _ the first distinctly modern _
_ ___________________
crime
___________________
manipulate (v)(T) manipulate sth./ s.o. (into to manipulate the senses of _
___________________ ___________________
doing sth.) the shoppers
___________________ ___________________
resist (v)(T) to resist temptation Synonym:
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
irresistible (adj) _ an irresistible attraction X Antonym:
___________________ ___________________
resistible
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
recognized (adj) _ a recognized condition _
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
suffer from (v) (I) suffer from sth to suffer from an addictive- _
___________________ ___________________
compulsive disorder
___________________ ___________________
addictive (adj) _ an addictive-compulsive _
___________________ ___________________
disorder
___________________ ___________________
include (v) to include s.o/sth as/in/on to include professional Antonym:
___________________ ___________________
sth criminals
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
estimate (n) _ an estimate _
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
69
etc.)
neglected (adj) _ to feel neglected _
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
neglect (v) _ to neglect a person/ duties/ Suffix:
___________________ ___________________
feelings -ence
___________________ ___________________
___________________
___________________
kick the idiom _ to kick the habit _
___________________ ___________________
habit
___________________ ___________________
intervene (v) _ to intervene _
___________________ ___________________
the intervening years
___________________ ___________________
(v) _ to intervene _
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
provide (v) To provide s.o/ sth with sth to provide shops with a new Synonym:
___________________ ___________________
generation of sensor tags
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________
reluctant (adj) to be reluctant to pursue Antonym:
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
criminal cases
___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________
reason (v) _ to reason that the cost is not _
___________________ ___________________
worth the gain
___________________ ___________________
worth (adj) _ to be (not) worth the gain _
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
70

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UPPER-INTERMEDIATE GROUP 2012-2013 SPRING SEMESTER

MORE TO READ 2 VOCABULARY JOURNAL FOR THE ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST

determine ( v) (T) determine how/ to determine the values of Synonym:

the determination to succeed _

eliminate ( v) (T) _ to eliminate IMF _

76 Abolish the IMF

termination (n) termination of sth. termination of employment _

accomplishment impressive/ great/ technical accomplishment Synonym:

manipulate (v) (T) manipulate sth./ s.o.. _ As a politician, he knows how _

manipulation (n) _ _ currency/political/media Suffix:

eventually (adv) _ eventually _

sustain (v) - to sustain a balance Synonym:

drawback (n) drawback of/to sth to analyze the drawbacks of a Synonym:

profit (v) (t / _ to profit from international _

foresee (v) - to foresee the future Synonym:

imply (v) to suggest that sth is true - his answer implies a

implication a possible future effect or result by implication the implications of -

embrace (v) - to embrace a brand name/an Synonym:___________

promote (v) - to promote unity/a person/an Synonym:

diversity (n) a great/ wide/rich diversity loss of cultural/animal/plant -

diverse (adj) - a diverse range of -

mortality phrase the number of deaths at a - infant mortality rates -

objective (n) to meet/achieve an objective ultimate/major/main Synonym:

outcome (n) _ the outcome of a race Synonym:

opposition (n) opposition to globalization -

development (n) _ development of sth. development of judgment _____________________ Suffix: _______

pioneer (n) _______________ _________________ __________________ one of the pioneers of _

pioneer (v) (T) _ _ to pioneer the use of silicon ______________________

pioneering (adj) _ _ ____________________ pioneering techniques Suffix: -ing

progress (v) _ to progress from X to Y ____________________ _______________________ _

concerning (prep.) about _ doubts concerning the sport _______________________ _

maintenance (n) _ maintenance checks/cost the maintenance of ______________________ _

courage (n) _ courage to V0 ___________________ They showed great courage _

vastly (adv) very much _ ___________________ vastly different _

depress (v) (T) _ to depress + Ving/to V0 _ ____________________ Synonym: ______

adjust (v) (T) ________________ _ to adjust position / seat / sth. ____________________ _

adjustment _ to make adjustments to sth. _ ______________________ Suffix:

private (adj) _ _ _ _______________________ _

Exhibit(n) _ an art exhibit _

solely (adv) _ to live solely on bread and Synonym:

lecture (v) (I) / (T) _ to lecture at universities _

confiscate (v) (T) Confiscate sth. to confiscate unlawful Suffix:

inspired (adj) _ to be inspired by _

reluctant (adj) to be reluctant to do opponents are reluctant (to Antonym:

spoil (v) (T) _ to spoil the city landscape Synonym:

regulate (v) (T) to regulate sth. to regulate murals _

intensity (n) the quality of being felt -- intensity of feeling

independently (adv) -- independently (of sth. /s.o.)

substitution the use of one person or thing -- -- the substitution of low-fat

substitute (n) a thing or person that is used -- --

artificially -- -- -- artificially created lakes

innovation (n) innovation (in sth.) -- an age of technological

obtain (v) to get something, especially by to obtain food

independently (adv) -- independently (of sth. /s.o.)

substitute (n) a thing or person that is used -- --

artificially (adv) -- -- artificially created lakes

innovation (n) innovation (in sth.) -- an age of technological

obtain (v) to get something, especially by to obtain food

different _ X is different from Y _ women’s speech is different _

development (n) _ development of sth. development of judgment _______________ Suffix: _

pioneer (n) _______ _ __________ one of the pioneers of _

progress (v) _ to progress from X to Y ___ _

depress (v) (T) _ to depress + Ving/to V0 _ ______________ Synonym:

immigrant (n) _ _ _ __________________ Suffix: _

unique (adj) _ be unique to somewhere etc. _ ______________ Synonym:

establishment - -

withdraw (v) (T) to withdraw their army -

acquire (v) (T) - to acquire arms -

acquisition (n) - - -

unify (v) (T) - to unify to form the United -

unification (n) - - -

unified (adj) - - -

domestic (adj) domestic flight / domestic domestic politics -

capablity - capabilities of various search ________ -

capable (adj) capable of doing sth - Prefix: -un

revolutionary (adj) -

resident (n) - Suffix: -ntial ►adj

guilty (adj) guilty as charged to be guilty of sth -

contribution (n) - - -

facilitate (v) (T) - to be accused of facilitating a -

facility (n) - -

violate (v) (T) break or disregard - Suffix: -er►noun

violation (n) people’s violation of a -

promising (adj) ___________________ _ some promising solutions ______________ Antonym:

congestion (n) _ _ _ ___ Synonym: jam

_________ _ _____________

harassment (n) _ _ a victim of harassment ______________ synonym: _

legitimacy (n) ___________________ _ _ _____________ Synonym: _

evade (v) (T) _ +Ving to evade filters/rules/an ___ _

ban ( n) _ _______ the ban on e-mail marketing _ Synonym:

consent (n) permission or agreement _______ _ ___ Synonym:

evident (adj) be evident to s.o. an evident connection ____ Synonym:

prevalent (adj) existing very commonly or _ ___ Synonym: _

anonymous (adj) anonymous _ The money was donated by an _