Designing of Special Structural Members for

Earthquake Resistance

Design of Coupling Beam

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13 มิถุนายน 2562
Outlines

• Lessons Learned from Past Earthquakes

• What are Coupling Beams?
• Coupling Beam Modeling
• Coupling Beam Design and Detailing
• Design Example
• Case Study
• Alternative Coupling Beam Details
• Performance-based Earthquake Engineering
Lessons Learned from Past Earthquakes
 Lessons Learned from Past Earthquakes

Source: rc.library.utaedu
What are Coupling Beams?
Coupling Beam Forces and Deformations

P P

[Reference: Breña, S. F., Ruiz, M. F., Kostic, N., & Muttoni, A. (2009), “Modelling Techniques to Capture the Backbone
Envelope Behaviour of Coupling Beams Subjected to Seismic Loading”, Studies and Researches, 29, 53–78pp.]
Coupled Wall & Coupling Beams

a) Cantilever Wall

b) Coupled Wall w/ Strong

Coupling Beams

c) Coupled Walls w/ Weak

Coupling Beams

Degree of Coupling (A):

A = Tl / Mot

1/3 ≤ A ≤ 2/3 (Recommended)

[Reference: Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992), “Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings”,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 744pp.]
Coupled Wall Lateral Load Resisting Mechanism

M = M1,ini + M2,ini + Tl

where
M = Overall moment
M1,ini = Moments carried by left wall
M2,ini = Moment carried by right wall
T = Tension carried by left wall
C = Compression carried by right wall
l = Distance between wall centerlines

[Reference: Choi, K. and Kim H (2014), “Strength Demand of Hysteretic Energy Dissipating Devices Alternative to
Coupling Beams in High-Rise Buildings”, International Journal of High-Rise Building, Vol.3, No.2, 107-120pp.]
Coupled Wall Lateral Load Resisting Mechanism

Frame Action

M = M1,ini + M2,ini + Tl

where
M = Overall moment
M1,ini = Moments carried by left wall
M2,ini = Moment carried by right wall
T = Tension carried by left wall
C = Compression carried by right wall
l = Distance between wall centerlines

[Reference: Choi, K. and Kim H (2014), “Strength Demand of Hysteretic Energy Dissipating Devices Alternative to
Coupling Beams in High-Rise Buildings”, International Journal of High-Rise Building, Vol.3, No.2, 107-120pp.]
Coupled Wall Lateral Load Resisting Mechanism

M = M1,cw + M2,cw
where
M1,cw and M2,cw are
moments carried by left and
right cantilever shear walls

After failure of coupling

beams, plastic hinges at the
wall bases can be formed.

Flexural moment demands

from lateral loads depend on
only flexural capacities of
two cantilever shear walls

[Reference: Choi, K. and Kim H (2014), “Strength Demand of Hysteretic Energy Dissipating Devices Alternative to
Coupling Beams in High-Rise Buildings”, International Journal of High-Rise Building, Vol.3, No.2, 107-120pp.]
Conventional Method of Coupled Wall Modeling

[Reference: Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992), “Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings”,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 744pp.]
Structural Behavior of Coupled Walls

[Reference: Paulay, T.
and Priestley, M.J.N.
(1992), “Seismic
Design of Reinforced
Concrete and
Masonry Buildings”,
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 744pp.]
Mechanisms of Shear Resistance in Coupling Beams

[Reference: Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992), “Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings”,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 744pp.]
Seismic Design Philosophy of Coupled Walls

• Form structural mechanism (plastic hinging of

coupling beams and bases of cantilever walls)
• Capacity Design Concept ➔ prevent brittle failure
• Ductile Detailing ➔ structural fuses
Coupling Beam Modeling
Structural Modeling

2D versus 3D Computer Modeling

2D Model 3D Model
[Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fMesxyzaFo]
Structural Modeling

Reduced Section Properties

➔ Cracking and loss of stiffness due to cycling
Coupling Beam Design and Detailing

Reduced Section Properties

Coupling Beam Design and Detailing
Seismic Design Standards

Design Standards

มยผ. 1302-52 ACI 318-08

Seismic Design Standards
Seismic Design Standards
Seismic Design Standards
Seismic Design Standards

Example

For hospitals in Bangkok Area (Zone 5):

SDS = 0.126g
SD1 = 0.158g

Occupancy Category : IV (hospital)

Seismic Design Standards
Seismic Design Standards
Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

• Special Structural Shear Walls ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.9.1 to 21.9.6

• Special Concrete Coupling Beams ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.9.7

• Special Precast Concrete Shear Walls ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.10

Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

• Special Structural Shear Walls ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.9.1 to 21.9.6

• Special Concrete Coupling Beams ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.9.7

• Special Precast Concrete Shear Walls ➔ ACI 318-08, Section 21.10

Coupling Beam Design and Detailing

Seismic Coupling Beam Design Space

[Reference: Moehle, J.P., Ghodsi, T., Hooper, J.D., Fields, D.C., and Gedhada, R. (2011), “Seismic Design of Cast-in-
Place Concrete Special Structural Walls and Coupling Beams – A Guide for Practicing Engineers”, NEHRP Seismic
Design Technical Brief No.6, NIST, 379p.]
Coupling Beam Design and Detailing
Coupling Beam Design and Detailing
Design Example
Design Example

• A six-story office building with

RC walls as lateral force
resisting system.

• A coupled wall system is running

in the transverse building
direction.

Assumption
Lateral forces have already been
determined for the building.
Seismic moments, shears and axial
forces on each wall from computer
analysis are provided.

Objectives
1. Design of coupling beams
2. Detailing of coupling beams
Design Example

Building Code / Standards

• IBC 2006 / ASCE 7-05
• ACI 318-08

Seismic Design Parameters

S1 = 0.65g
SS = 1.60g
Site Class D
SDS = 1.07g
Occupancy Category II
Seismic Design Category “D”
Reliability/Redundancy Factor, r = 1.0
Seismic Importance Factor, I = 1.0

Material Properties
Concrete Strength f’c = 4,000psi
Steel Yield Strength fy = 60ksi
Design Example

Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS)

Response Modification Coefficient, R = 5

System Overstrength Factor, o = 2.5
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd = 5
Design Example

Results from ETABS Computer Analysis (kips, inches)

Wall Elevation, Plan Section and Forces

Design Example

Load Combinations
• (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D ± rQE + L + 0.2S
• (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D ± rQE + 1.6H

Because there is no lateral earth pressure, H = 0, and since there is no

snow load, S = 0.

With SDS = 1.07 and r = 1.0, the governing load combinations for this
design example are:-
• 1.41D ± QE + 0.5L
• 0.686D ± rQE
Design Example

From ETABS computer

analysis, the forces here are
representing QE in both load
combinations.

Units: kips, inches

** Assuming wall thickness

(bw) = 16”

DL=954k DL=1022k DL=980k

LL=100k LL=100k LL=100k
Design Example

Table D-1: Coupling beam forces and diagonal reinforcement

Note:
1. Diagonal bars are required per ACI 318, Section 21.9.7.3 when this ratio exceeds 4 and ln/h < 2
Design Example

Table D-1: Coupling beam forces and diagonal reinforcement

Note:
1. Diagonal bars are required per ACI 318, Section 21.9.7.3 when this ratio exceeds 4 and ln/h < 2
Design Example

Requirement for Diagonal Reinforcement

Code requirements for diagonal reinforcement of coupling beams (ACI 318-

08, Sections 21.9.7.2 and 21.9.7.3), are based on the clear length-to-overall
depth ratio for the coupling beam, ln/h, and on the level of shear stress in the
coupling beam.

Typical Beams
ln/h = 72”/72” = 1.0

2nd Floor Beams:

ln/h = 72”/120” = 0.6

From Table D-1 (5th column), four

of nine coupling beams have shear
exceeds 4 f’cAcw, where Acw =
bwh. Therefore, these beams
required diagonal reinforcement.
Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Diagonal reinforcement is provided in the coupling beams according to

Equation (21-9) of ACI 318-08, Section 21.9.7.4.

Each group of diagonal bars must consist of at least 4 bars [ACI 318-08,
21.9.7.4(a)]. See Table D-1 for the calculation of the required diagonal
reinforcement.
Design Example

Table D-1: Coupling beam forces and diagonal reinforcement

Note:
1. Diagonal bars are required per ACI 318, Section 21.9.7.3 when this ratio exceeds 4 and ln/h < 2
Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

The angle, a, of the diagonal bars is calculated based on the geometry of

the reinforcement layout (see Figure below). The value of a depends on:-
1. The overall dimension of the diagonal bar group and;
2. The clearance between the diagonal bar group and the corner of the
wall opening (x)

Geometry of coupling beam diagonal bars

Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

For Example, coupling beam at Gridline C-D at Level 5th:-

Vu = 447 kips
h = 72”
bw = 16”
ln = 72”
Vu / bwhf’c = 447,000 / [(16”)(72”)4000] = 6.1 > 4.0

For 6#11 diagonal reinforcement:-

Avd = (6)(1.56) = 9.36 in2

a = 36 degrees
Vn = 2Avdfysin a = (2)(9.36)(60)(sin 36o) = 660 kips
fVn = (0.75)(660) = 495 kips
fVn/Vu = (495)(447) = 1.11 > 1.0 ➔ “O.K.”
Design Example

Table D-1: Coupling beam forces and diagonal reinforcement

Note:
1. Diagonal bars are required per ACI 318, Section 21.9.7.3 when this ratio exceeds 4 and ln/h < 2
Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), the diagonal bars shall be assembled in a cored
having sides measured to the outside of transverse reinforcement not
smaller than bw/2 perpendicular to the plane of the beam, and bw/5 in the
plane of the beam and perpendicular to the diagonal bars.
Design Example

Design of Diagonal Reinforcement

Diagonal reinforcement can be

provided as shown on this Figure.

Diagonal reinforcement provides both

shear and flexural resistance for the
coupling beams.

The vertical component of the bar

forces provides shear resistance per
Equation 21-9.

The horizontal component of the bar

forces provides moment resistance,
equal to VL/2 at each end of the
coupling beam.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Layering of Reinforcement

For this example, the recommended

layering of reinforcement in the coupling
beams is shown in the figure below. The
proposed layering corresponds to a clear
cover of 1 inch in the coupling beam and 1-
3/8 inches in the wall pier.

ACI 318, 21.9.7.4(c) requires transverse

reinforcement around each group of
diagonal bars of coupling beam.

Use #4 ties and extend over the portion of

diagonal bars within the coupling beam
length. Thus, the diagonal bars, but not the
ties around them, must pass between the
reinforcement curtains of the wall pier.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Layering of Reinforcement

The layering shown in this Figure results in

a diagonal bar cage with lateral “core”
dimensions of 9” x 14.8”, measured outside-
to-outside of the ties.

These dimensions confirm to the

requirements of ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c).

bw/2 = 16”/2 = 8” < 9” cage width ➔ “O.K.”

bw/5 = 16”/5 = 3.2” < 14.8 cage depth

➔ “O.K.”
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), the transverse

reinforcement:-

• Shall satisfy 21.6.4.2 and 21.6.4.4;

• Shall have spacing measured parallel to

the diagonal bars satisfying 21.6.4.3(c)
and not exceeding six times the diameter
of the diagonal bars;

• Shall have the spacing of crossties or

legs of hoops measured perpendicular
to the diagonal bars not exceeding 14
inches.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), the transverse

reinforcement:-

• Shall satisfy 21.6.4.2 and 21.6.4.4;

• Shall have spacing measured parallel to

the diagonal bars satisfying 21.6.4.3(c)
and not exceeding six times the diameter
of the diagonal bars;

• Shall have the spacing of crossties or

legs of hoops measured perpendicular
to the diagonal bars not exceeding 14
inches.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Ag is calculated assuming the minimum

cover per ACI 318-08, Section 7.7 around
each diagonal bar core. For wall with #11
bars and smaller, without exposure to
weather, the minimum cover is ¾”.

Ag = [9”+2(0.75”)] x [14.8”+2(0.75”)]
= 10.5” x 16.3”
= 171 in2

Ach = 9” x 14.8” = 133 in2

Assuming #4 ties,
bc = 9” – 0.5” = 8.5” in horizontal direction
bc = 14.8” – 0.5” = 14.3” in other direction
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

For bc = 8.5”
Ash = (0.3)(4)(8.5)(4/60)(171/133-1)
= 0.194 in2
Ash = (0.09)(4)(8.5)(4/60)
= 0.204 in2  Governs
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

For bc = 14.3”
Ash = (0.3)(4)(14.3)(4/60)(171/133-1)
= 0.327 in2
Ash = (0.09)(4)(14.3)(4/60)
= 0.343 in2  Governs

Use a single #4 stirrups (Ash = 0.4 in2)

Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), the transverse

reinforcement:-

• Shall satisfy 21.6.4.2 and 21.6.4.4;

• Shall have spacing measured parallel to

the diagonal bars satisfying 21.6.4.3(c)
and not exceeding six times the diameter
of the diagonal bars;

• Shall have the spacing of crossties or

legs of hoops measured perpendicular
to the diagonal bars not exceeding 14
inches.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

➔ So = 4 + (14 – 14) / 3 = 4” ≤ 6db,diag = (6)(1.41”) = 8.5”

Therefore, spacing of the transverse reinforcement of diagonal bars is 4”
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), the transverse

reinforcement:-

• Shall satisfy 21.6.4.2 and 21.6.4.4;

• Shall have spacing measured parallel to

the diagonal bars satisfying 21.6.4.3(c)
and not exceeding six times the diameter
of the diagonal bars;

• Shall have the spacing of crossties or

legs of hoops measured perpendicular
to the diagonal bars not exceeding 14
inches.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

For the heaviest diagonal reinforcement of 6#11

bars, the center-to-center dimension of #11 bars is
12” plus one (1) diameter of a #11 bar plus one (1)
diameter of a #4 tie.

➔ 12” + 1.4” + 0.5” = 13.9” < 14” ➔ “O.K.”

12”
➔ No cross tie is required.

The diagonal bars must be developed for tension

into the wall not less than 1.25 times tension
development length (ld) per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(b).

Cross ties and stirrups are added at the intersection

of the diagonal bars at the center of the coupling
beam and along their development into the wall
piers per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c).
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Parallel & Transverse

Per ACI 318-08, 21.9.7.4(c), additional longitudinal and transverse

reinforcement shall be distributed around the beam perimeter with total
area in each direction not less than 0.002bws and spacing not exceeding
12”.

For transverse (vertical) bars:

Av ≥ (0.002)(16”)(6”) = 0.19 in2 ≤ 0.40 in2 ➔ “O.K.”
For longitudinal (horizontal) bars:
Ah ≥ (0.002)(16”)(72”/7) = 0.33 in2 ≤ 0.40 in2 ➔ “O.K.”

Use #4@6” (Vertical) and 14 #4 (Horizontal)

Per the SEAOC Blue Book recommendation, the longitudinal

reinforcement is extended 6” into the wall pier, but is not required to be
developed for tension.
Design Example

Detailing of Coupling Beams – Ties around Diagonal Bars

Case Study
Case Study

Building Description

Overall Height: 82m

No. of Story: 17 stories & 2 basement
Location: Myanmar
LFRS: Special RC Shear Walls &
Steel Moment Resisting
Frames
Floor Area: 1,100 sq.m.
Building Use: Office Building
Case Study

Structural System

Floor System:
Composite Slab

Gravity System:
Steel Frames

Lateral Force-Resisting
System:
Reinforced Concrete
Core Walls

Reinforced Concrete Structure

Case Study

Typical Floor Plan

Case Study

Wall Elevations
Case Study

Wall Elevations
Case Study

ETABS Model
Geometry:
Shear Walls ➔ Shell elements
Slabs ➔ Shell elements
Beams ➔ Frame elements
Columns ➔ Frame elements

Cracked Sections:
Case Study

ETABS Model
Boundary Conditions:
- Base support
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design:

Eigen-value Analysis
(e.g. Building Period, Mode Shape)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Base Shear Scaling

Structural Irregularity Check

Drift / Stability Check

Structural Design w/ Load Combos
(ACI 318, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.)
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design – Eigen-value Analysis

T = 3.7s T = 1.8s T = 1.2s

MPF = 61% MPF = 61% MPF = 73%
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design:

Eigen-value Analysis
(e.g. Building Period, Mode Shape)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Base Shear Scaling

Structural Irregularity Check

Drift / Stability Check

Structural Design w/ Load Combos
(ACI 318, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.)
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design – Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

E: response spectrum analysis, R=5.5, r=1.0

Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design – Seismic versus Wind Forces

Design is seismically governed

Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design:

Eigen-value Analysis
(e.g. Building Period, Mode Shape)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Base Shear Scaling

Structural Irregularity Check

Drift / Stability Check

Structural Design w/ Load Combos
(ACI 318, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.)
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design:

Eigen-value Analysis
(e.g. Building Period, Mode Shape)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Base Shear Scaling

Structural Irregularity Check

Drift / Stability Check

Structural Design w/ Load Combos
(ACI 318, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.)
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design – Drift Check

In addition, maximum corner drift:

X-Dir: 0.78%
(1.2+0.5Ca.I)D+L+(100%Ex+30%Ey)

Y-Dir: 1.98%
(1.2+0.5Ca.I)D+L+(100%Ey+30%Ex)

(1.2+0.5Ca.I)D+L+(100%E1+30%E2)
Case Study

ETABS Model
Analysis & Design:

Eigen-value Analysis
(e.g. Building Period, Mode Shape)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Base Shear Scaling

Structural Irregularity Check

Drift / Stability Check

Structural Design w/ Load Combos
(ACI 318, AISC 360, AISC 341, etc.)
Case Study

Coupling Beam Details

Case Study

Coupling Beam Details

Case Study

Coupling Beam Details

Alternative Coupling Beam Details
Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Summary of the Five Types of Coupling Beams in RC Buildings

[Reference: Liao, S., and Pimentel, B. (2019), “Coupling Beam Types – Practical Reinforced Concrete Building
Design”, STRUCTURE Magazine, 8-13pp.]
Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Summary of the Five Types of Coupling Beams in RC Buildings

AISC 341-16 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Building (2016)

• Section H4 – Composite Ordinary Shear Walls (C-OSW)
• Section H5 – Composite Special Shear Walls (C-SSW)

[Reference: Liao, S., and Pimentel, B. (2019), “Coupling Beam Types – Practical Reinforced Concrete Building
Design”, STRUCTURE Magazine, 8-13pp.]
Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Conventionally Reinforced Coupling Beams

Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Diagonal Reinforcement with Full Confinement

Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Embedded Steel Plate

Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Embedded Steel Beam

Alternative Coupling Beam Detailing

Embedded Steel Beam

The Three Greatest “P’s”

Prof. Tom Paulay Prof. Bob Park Prof. Nigel Priestley

Thank you

Contact:
Dr. Methee Chiewanichakorn
Email: methee@meinhardt.net