Professional Documents
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Ducts and Diffusers Design
Ducts and Diffusers Design
• Questions:
75 Upper Limit For People Moving About Slowly- Retail and Department Store
Favorable
75-300 Some Factory Air Conditioning Installations-Favorable Factory Air Conditioning
Higher Velocities for Spot Cooling
Room Air Distribution –Cont.: Air Direction
• Group A: air outlets are mounted in or near ceiling that discharge air
horizontally
• Group B: air outlets are mounted in or near floor that discharge air
vertically in non-spreading jet
• Group C: air outlets are mounted in or near floor that discharge air
vertically in spreading jet
• Group D: air outlets are mounted in or near floor that discharge air
horizontally
• Group E: air outlets are mounted in or near ceiling that project air
vertically downward
Room Air Distribution –Cont.
Group A:
Group B:
• Perimeter-type outlets with
Non-Spreading:
• Satisfactory for Cooling
• Less Desirable for Heating
Room Air Distribution –Cont.
Group C:
Group D:
Group E:
• Walls
• Floors
• Ceilings
Room Air Distribution –Cont.
Terminologies:
• Primary Air
• Induced Air
• Entrained Air
• Terminal Velocity
• Throw
• Radius of Diffusion
• Drop
• Temperature Differential
• Diffuser
• Linear
• Square
• Round
• T-Bar
• Perforated
• Grille
• Register
• Damper
• Spreading Jet
• Non-Spreading Jet
Room Air Distribution –Cont
• Too load
• Unexpected
• Uncontrolled
• Happens at wrong time
• Contains pure tones
• Contains unwanted information
• Unpleasant
Sound in HVAC
• Noise criterion (NC) curves widely used to describe noise level of air outlets
• Level below NC of 30 considered quiet
• Level above NC of 50 considered noisy
Octave and 1/3 Octave Bands Series
NC Curves
Acceptable HVAC Noise Levels in Unoccupied Rooms
Linear Diffuser
Installation of Linear Diffuser
Installation of Linear Diffuser –Cont.
Zero-Bar Diffuser
Round Diffuser
Round Diffuser –Cont.
Perforated Diffuser
Grille
Square Diffuser
Slot-Bar Diffuser
Variable-Volume System (VAV)
• Find throw
• Make sure any other specifications are met (noise, pressure drop …
etc.)
Table: Characteristic Room Lengths for Several Diffusers
Circular ceiling diffuser (ceiling) Distance to closest wall or intersecting air jet
• Axial fan
» Vane-axial fan
» Tube-axial fan
Exploded View of Centrifugal Fan
Axial Fans
Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves
Typical performance Curves:
General considerations
• Computed using ∆P = Co ( v2 )
• Equal-friction method
• Balanced-capacity method
• Constant-velocity method
• Reduced-velocity method
• Static-regain method
Will cover only equal-friction method in detail and briefly cover balanced-capacity method
Equal-friction method
• Most duct systems have variety of duct runs ranging from long to
short
80 ft 60 ft
300 CFM 300 CFM
2 6
20 ft 25 ft 15 ft
1 3 5
a
4 60 ft 7 30 ft
• To select maximum air velocity in main after fan outlet (based on some
criterion)
• Using this velocity with flow rate, one can establish duct size of that
section and pressure loss per 100 ft
• Using this pressure loss per 100 ft for all sections, one continue to
find their diameters
Balanced-capacity method
• Principle of Balanced-capacity method, one makes loss in total pressure equal for all duct runs from fan to
outlets
80 ft 60 ft
300 CFM 300 CFM
2 6
20 ft 25 ft 15 ft
1 3 5
a
4 60 ft 7 30 ft
300 CFM
55 ft
400 CFM
2
45 ft
30 ft 25 ft 25 ft
a
1 3 5 6
4 85 ft 7
500 CFM
600 CFM 60 ft
Example # 2
80 ft 300 CFM 60 ft
2
6 300 CFM
20 ft 25 ft 15 ft
1 3 5 7
a
30 ft
4
60 ft
90° ELBOW
SHARP INLET
P = 0.04 IWG
10 ft diff
10 ft
20 ft 10 ft
PLENUM 5 ft
20 ft
P = 0.04 IWG
diff
200 CFM
90° ELBOW
Example # 4
80 ft 60 ft
300 CFM 300 CFM
2 6
20 ft 25 ft 15 ft
1 3 5
a
4 60 ft 7 30 ft
300 CFM
80 ft 60 ft
300 CFM
2 6
20 ft 25 ft 15 ft
1 3 5 7
a
30 ft
4
60 ft
300 CFM
300 CFM
Example # 6 Fan produce 0.7 IWG and 0.35 IWG lost pressure in coil, filter and
furnace, divide remaining pressure 65% for supply duct and 35% for return duct
Duct layout