HEAT ENGINE

by
Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, PAE, Fellow PSAE
Associate Professor and Chair
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental
Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
Email: atbelonio@yahoo.com
 Objectives of the
Presentation
Define the different terms related to ICE
Describe the principle of ICE
Describe the different classifications of
internal combustion engine
Identify and describe the function of the
various parts of internal combustion
engine
Explain the principle of spark ignition
and compression ignition
Solve the indicated horsepower, brake
horsepower, thermal efficiency,
compression ratio, other design and
performance parameters of an engine
Explain the use of engine performance
curve.
Presentation Overview
Definition of Terms
Uses of ICE
Classifications of ICE
Parts of ICE
Principle of Operation
Operational Parameters
Engine Performance Curve
 Definition of ICE

A heat engine that burns fuel and air

inside a combustion chamber located
within the engine proper.
A machine use to power tractors,
combine harvesters, and other self-
propelled equipment
 Definition
Heat engines are machine that uses
heat energy from fuel to generate
mechanical power for any useful
purposes such as driving machines and
for electrical power generation.
 Major Classification
Internal – It burns
fuel and air inside
the cylinder of the
engine
External – It
burns the fuel and
air outside the
cylinder of the
engine
 Classifications of
Internal Combustion
Engine
Piston or
Reciprocating
Rotary
Gas turbine
Jet Engine
Rocket Engine
 Classification of
External Combustion
Engine
Steam Engine
Stirling Engine
 Uses of Internal
Combustion Engine

Diving Power Tillers

Power Source for

Tractors

Power Source for Harvesters

Engine for Deep Well Pumping of Water
Engine Used to Drive Generator
 Classifications of ICE
According to Ignition of Fuel
Spark-Ignition Engine
 uses a spark to ignite fuel
 Gasoline is use as fuel
Compression-Ignition Engine
 Uses high compression to raise
the temperature of the air in a
chamber and ignites the injected
fuel without spark
 Diesel is use as fuel
According to Number of
Stroke

Two-Stroke Cycle Engine

 Produces power in one
revolution of the crankshaft
Four Stroke Cycle Engine
 Produces power in two
revolution of the crankshaft
According to
Number of
Cylinders

Single-Cylinder
 One piston
Multiple-Cylinder
 More than one piston
(3, 4, 6, 8, 12)
According to the Drive
Shaft Position
Horizontal Drive Shaft
– Drive shaft is in
horizontal position Horizontal Drive
Shaft
while the piston is
upward position
Vertical shaft – The
drive shaft is vertical
position while the
piston is in sideward
position

Vertical Drive Shaft

Basic Component Parts
of ICE
Main Engine System
Cylinder Head – It houses the valves, spark
plug or fuel injector, and serves as cover of
the cylinder block
Cylinder Block – It encloses the piston and
confines the expanding gases
Valves – It allows the flow of fuel, air, or
exhaust gases
Piston - It is a hollow cylinder with closed top
upon which the expanding gases act and
transmit force to the crankshaft
Cylinder Block
Engine Alternator
Cylinder Block
Engine Parts
Engine Cut-Away View
Engine Cut Away View
Engine External Parts
Engine Valves
Engine Models
Engine Performance Curve
Camshaft
 Cylinder Head

Cylinder Sleeve

Cylinder Block
Piston

Valve
Engine Pump
Fuel Injector
 Connecting Rod

Crankshaft
Crankshaft – It receives power from the piston
and transmit it to the other parts to do useful
work
Piston Rings (compression and oil rings) – it
retain compression, reduce cylinder wall contact
thereby reducing friction losses and wear
Piston pin – it joins the connecting rod and the
piston
Flywheel – it is the energy storage device of the
engine to keep it at uniform speed when the
crankshaft is not receiving power to the piston
Crankcase – it encloses and supports the
crankshaft and serves as reservoir for the
lubricating oil
 Engine Subsystems
Ignition System – responsible for supplying heat
for combustion of fuel
Fuel System – responsible for supplying fuel in
the combustion chamber
Starting System – responsible to starting-on the
engine
Cooling System – responsible to keep the
temperature of the engine lower
Exhaust System – responsible to discharge
combustible gases from the combustion chamber
Transmission System – responsible for transfering
the power generated from the combustion
chamber to the drive shaft
 Valves
Fan
Cylinder
Head

Piston

Crankshaft

Crankcase
Oil Pan
Cylinder Block
Crankshaft

Connecting Rod
Flywheel Piston

Connecting
Rod

Crankshaft
Air Cooled Engine
 Engine Terminology
Bore – size of the opening of the cylinder
almost equal to the the diameter of the piston
plus the rings
Stroke – distance traveled by a piston from
the TDC to the BDC
Top Dead Center (TDC) – the uppermost
position of the piston during the compression
and exhaust stroke
Bottom Dead Center (BDC) – the lowest most
position of the piston during the intake and
power stroke
Engine Displacement (PD) – volume displaced
by a piston in one stroke
Clearance Volume (CV) – volume in the
combustion cylinder when the piston is at the
TDC position
Compression Ratio (CR) – ratio of the total
volume to the clearance volume
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) – amount of
pressure generated during the power stroke of
the engine
Revolution – one complete rotation of the
crankshaft
Cycle – series of event occurring one after the
other in a definite order and repeats the event
after the last one has occurred
Firing Order – The sequence of piston power
in multiple cylinder in delivering the power
stroke
Indicated Horsepower – the power generated
at the combustion chamber
Brake Horsepower – power available at the
drive shaft or the crankshaft of an engine
Friction Horsepower – power loss due to
friction of piston and other component parts
of the engine
Rated Horsepower – power as specified by
the manufacturers
Mechanical Efficiency – ratio of the brake
horsepower and the indicated horsepower
Thermal Efficiency – ratio of the brake
horsepower to the power available at the fuel
Firing Order – sequence of delivering of
power stroke by the piston in multi-cylinder
engine
Specific fuel consumption – amount of fuel
consumed by brake horsepower of the engine
 Cycle of Events
Intake Stroke – fuel and air or air alone is suck in
the combustion chamber as the piston moves in
downward direction
Compression Stroke – fuel and air or air is
compressed by the piston as it moves in upward
direction
Power Stroke – fuel and air is ignited to produce
power at the downward movement of the piston
and transmitted it into the crankshaft of the
engine
Exhaust Stroke – burn fuel and gases is
discharged from the combustion chamber
 Downward Stroke – fuel and air mixture enters
Upward Stroke – fuel and air compressed
Downward Stroke – spark plug ignite and produced power
Upward Stroke – burn gases is discharged

Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power
Downward Stroke – air enters the combustion chamber
Upward Stroke – air is compressed by the piston to raise its
temperature enough to burn fuel
Downward Stroke – fuel is injected to produced power
Upward Stroke – burn gases is discharged
Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power
 Upward Stroke – Compression
Downward Stroke – Power, Exhaust, and Intake

Note: Only one rotation of the crank shaft to produce power

 Firing Order
It is the sequence of movement of the
piston as it produces power
No. of Cylinder Order of Firing

O 
2 No. 1 – No. 2
O O 
3 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3
O O  
4 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 4 – No. 3
O O O   
6 No. 1 – No. 5 – No. 3 – No. 6 – No. 2 – No. 4
Vertical Engine V-Engine

Horizontal Engine

Running Mates and Firing Order

 Fuel Injection
A fuel feeding method for most diesel
and newer models of gasoline engines
where high-pressure electric pump
mixes precisely measured amount of
filtered fuel and air. The mixture of fuel
and air is then sprayed into the
cylinders by fuel injectors
 Turbochargers
This uses heat from exhaust gases to power
a turbine that forces additional air and fuel
into the cylinders when the engine is running
at high speed providing a power boost of up
to 30 percent. A gate directs exhaust gases to
the turbo charger when extra power is
needed and away from the turbo charger
once maximum power has been achieved.
 Supercharger
They do the same with the turbo
charger except that they are engine
driven rather than exhaust gas driven.
Piston Displacement
 D2
PD = ----------- L n
4

PD – piston displacement, cm3

Dp – piston diameter, cm
L – length of stroke, cm
N – number of cylinders
Compression Ratio

PD + CV
CR = -----------------
CV

CR – compression ratio
PD – piston displacement, cm3
CV – clearance volume, cm3
Indicated Horsepower

P LA N n
IHP = --------------
33000 c

IHP – indicated horsepower, hp

P – mean effective pressure, psi
L – length of stroke, ft
A – area of bore, in2
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
N – number of cylinder
c - 2 for four stroke engine and 1 for two stroke
engine
Brake Horsepower

BHP = IHP x m or

= IHP - FHP

BHP – brake horsepower, hp

IHP – indicated horsepower, hp
m – engine mechanical efficiency,
decimal
FHP – friction horsepower, hp
Suppose a 4-cylinder engine has a
bore of 3.5 in. and a stroke of 4.0 in,
what is the piston displacement of
the engine?

Given: No. of cylinders = 4

Piston diameter = 3.5 in.
Stroke = 4.0 in.

Required: Piston displacement

Solution:
PD =  (3.5 in)2/4 x 4.0 in x 4
= 153.9 in3
Calculate the indicated
horsepower of a six- cylinder
engine, 4" bore and 4" stroke,
1500 rpm, 80 psi mean effective
pressure.
Given: No. of cylinders = 6
Bore, D = 4 in.
Stroke, L = 4 in.
RPM, N = 1500 rpm
Pressure, P = 80 psi
Required: Indicated horsepower
Solution:
L = 4 in. x 1 ft/12 in. = 0.34 ft
A = /4 x D2 = /4 (4)2 = 12.57 in2
IHP = PLANn / (33, 000 x 2)
= (80 x 0.34 x 12.57 x 1500 x 6) / 33, 000 x 2
= 46.61 hp
Seat Work:
An engine has the following specifications:
Brake Horsepower = 50 hp
Mechanical Efficiency = 80%
Mean Effective Pressure = 80 psi
Length of Stroke = 4 inches
Number of Cylinders =6
Engine Speed = 1500 rpm
Number of Stroke =4
Determine the following:
Diameter of Piston
Piston Displacement Volume
Clearance Volume if CR is 8
Suppose that an engine has a piston
displacement of 38.4 in3. If the
clearance volume of the cylinder in 2.5
in3, what is its compression ratio?

Given: PD = 38.4 in3

CV = 2.5 in3
Required: Compression ratio
Solution:
CR = (38.4 in3 + 2.5 in3 ) /
2.5 in3
= 16.4
The indicated power of an engine is
69 horsepower. The brake
horsepower is 54. What is the
mechanical or engine efficiency?

Given: IHP = 69 Hp
BHP = 54 Hp
Required: Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
Mech Eff = BHP / IHP
= 54 Hp / 69 Hp
= 78.26%
The engine fuel tank was completely
filled with gasoline fuel before testing.
After 4 hours of continuous test 3.7
liters of fuel was used to reload the
tank completely. Test has shown that
the engine shaft power was 10 hp.
What is the specific fuel consumption
of the engine?
Given: Fuel - gasoline
Operating time - 4 hours
Fuel consumed - 3.7 liters
Shaft power - 10 horsepower
Required: Specific fuel consumption
Solution:
SFC = (3. 7 liters x 0.743 kg/liter gasoline x 1000 g / kg) /
(4 hours x 10 hp x 0.746 kW/hp)

= 92.13 g/kW-hr
An engine was tested on a
brake dynamometer at a speed
of 2000 rpm. The brake arm of
the machine is 1.2 meters and it
registered a load of 5 kg. What
is the shaft power of the
engine?

Given: Engine speed - 2000 rpm

Brake arm length - 1.2 meters
Force registered - 5 kg
Required: Engine shaft power
Solution:
Ps = T x N / 974
= 5 kg x 1.2 m x 2000 rpm / 974
= 12.3 kW x Hp / 0.746 hp
= 16.51 hp
 Engine
Specification

It gives the
physical
features and
performance
characteristics
of an engine in
terms of power,
fuel
consumption,
and efficiency
 Engine Specification of
Some Engines
Brand ACME Ducati Honda Robin

Model AON 48W IS 7 GX 160 EY 15 D

Type 4-stroke vertical 4-cycle vertical 4-cycle air Air cooled, 4

air cooled diesel air cooled cooled, gasoline cycle gasoline,
horizontal shaft horizontal,
PTO shaft
Bore x Stroke 85 mm x 85 mm 75 mm x 78 68 mm x 45 mm 63 mm x 46
mm mm
Displacement 482 cc 345 cc 163 cc 143 cc

Output Power 11.3 hp/3000 7.5 hp / 3200 5.3 hp/3600 rpm 3.5 hp/4000
rpm rpm rpm
Maximum 2.52 kg-m/2058 1.1 kg-m/2500 0.68 kg-m/2800
torque rpm rpm rpm
Ignition system Direct injection Transistor

Maximum fuel 2.66 li/hr 193gts/hp-hr 240 g/hp-hr

consumption
Dry Weight 55 kg 48 kg 14 kg 13.2 kg
 Engine
Performance
Curve
It gives the
characteristics
of an engine in
terms of the
power, fuel
consumption,
and torque for a
given operating
speed
 Brand and Made of
Some Engines
Engine Made

ACME Engines ACME Motori S.PA 31049 Valdobbiadene, Travisoo, Italy

Honda Engines Honda Motor, Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Kohler Engines Kohler Co. Koohler, Wisconsin, 53044 USA

Kubota Engines Kubota, Ltd 2-47 Shikitsuhigashi 1- chome, Nanuaku, Osaka, Japan

MAG Kerosene Motosacoche SA, Geneva, Switzerland

Engine
Mitsubishi Katsura Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd Taiwan, Republic of China
Diesel Engine
Robin Engines Fuji Heavy Industries LTd. Engine and Machinery Division, Subam Building 1-
7-2 Nistru-Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 160 Japan
Yanmar-Yeh Hsing Yanmar Group Yeh Shing Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. No. 106 1-sec, Chung
Diesel Engine Hsiao, W. Road, Taipei

Ducati Air Cooled Ducati Meccanica S.P.A. VIA A.C. Ducati, 3 Borgo Panigele – 40100, Italy
Diesel Engine
 Definitions

Heat engines that burns the fuel outside

the cylinder.
 Steam Engine
They are heat engines that uses pressurized
steam from a boiler to drive piston.
They convert heat energy from burning fuel
into mechanical energy.
Pressurized steam from a heated boiler
expands in the cylinder and forces the piston
to along the cylinders. A connecting rod and
crank turn back and forth motion of the piston
into a rotation of a shaft.
 Steam Turbine
A heat engine that uses expanding steam to
make a shaft rotate at ah high speed.
It has the advantage over piston engines in
that they produce rotational motion directly
rather than needing a connecting rod and
crank to turn a shaft.
They runs more smoothly than piston engines
and are more efficient and requires lesser
space at the same power
 Stirling Engine
It is a perfectly balanced one-cylinder engine.
The working gas (e.g. hydrogen) heated by
by an external source flows back and for
between the cold space and the hot space.
The tandem displacer and the power pistons
drives two yokes that are linked to twin
connecting rods which in turn drive two output
shaft in opposite directions. The yoke-rod
arrangement also regulates the stroke timing
of the pistons.
 References
Miller, R. and R. Miller. 1984. Small
Gasoline Engines. Theodore Audel and
Company. Boston. 632pp.
Schulz, E. J. 1977. Diesel Mechanics.
McGRaw-Hill Inc. U.S.A. 420pp.
Stephenson, G.E. 1984. Small
Gasoline Engines. 4th Ed. Delmar
Publishers Inc. Canada. 279pp.