COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

AND HEAT TRANSFER

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Experimental investigations
Based on direct measurement of physical quantities,
Give more reliable information about a physical process if
proper measurement has been taken.
Drawbacks:
 Relatively expensive,
 Time consuming,
 Difficulties in measuring,
 Inaccuracy in reading instruments , and
 Inaccuracies of measuring equipment's.
Theoretical calculations
• Rely on mathematical models,
• Relatively cheap,
• Require less time,
• Ability of providing complete information,
• Simulate realistic conditions, and
• Simulate ideal conditions.
Theoretical calculations-limitations:
• Wrong mathematical models result in wrong output.
• In cases of complex geometry and strong non linearities it can be difficult(if
impossible) to obtain theoretical solutions.
• In cases of problems for which adequate mathematical description has not
been obtained, it is impossible to rely on the results of theoretical
calculations.
Analytical methods
• Analytical models work out he consequences of a mathematical
model which represents he behavior of a system.
• The mathematical model representing the physical process
mainly consist of a set of deferential equations.
• Various assumptions and simplifications need to be made to
enable the analytical solution of differential equations
representing the physical situation.
• This limit the applicability of this methods to simple problems,
or limits the validity of the solutions.
• They can be used as a first stage of in the validation of CFD
models.
 What is CFD?
• (CFD);- is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer,
chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving the mathematical
equations which govern these processes using a numerical process.
• It is the use of computers and numerical methods to solve problems
involving fluid flow and Heat transfer.
• provides a qualitative (and sometimes even quantitative) prediction of fluid
flows by means of
 mathematical modeling (partial differential equations)
 numerical methods (discretization and solution techniques)
 software tools (solvers, pre- and post-processing utilities)
• CFD enables scientists and engineers to perform ‘numerical experiments’
(i.e. computer simulations) in a ‘virtual flow laboratory
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•.
 Applications areas of CFD
• Fluid machine applications (compressors, turbines,
flow ducts, airplanes, …).
• Air conditioning applications.
• Automobile and engine applications (external air
flow over vehicles, internal flow in engines, …)
• chemical engineering (combustion of fuels, biomass,
…).
• Civil engineering applications (fluid-structure
interactions, …).
• Thermal system equipment's (heat exchangers,
boilers,refrigerations, …)
1.2. Governing Equations of Fluid Mechanics
and Heat Transfer
• The numerical solution of heat transfer, fluid flow ,and other related
processes can begin when the laws governing these processes have been
expressed in mathematical form (differential equations).
• These governing equations represent mathematical statements of the
conservation laws of physics:
The mass of a fluid is conserved
The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the forces on a fluid
particle (Newton’s second law).
The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the rate of heat
addition to and the rate of work done on a fluid particle (first law of
thermodynamics)
Cont.…..
• The fluid will be regarded as a continuum. We describe the behavior of
the fluid in terms of macroscopic properties, such as velocity, pressure,
density and temperature, and their space and time derivatives.
• We consider such a small element of fluid with sides δx, δy and δz
(Figure 1.1).

• Figure 1.1 Fluid element

for conservation laws
 cont. …
• The center of the element is located at position (x, y, z). A systematic account of
changes in the mass, momentum and energy of the fluid element due to fluid
flow across its boundaries and, where appropriate, due to the action of sources
inside the element, leads to the fluid flow equations.
• All fluid properties are functions of space and time so we would strictly need to
write ρ(x, y, z, t), p(x, y, z, t), T(x, y, z, t) and u(x, y, z, t).
• The element under consideration is so small that fluid properties at the faces can
be expressed accurately enough by means of the first two terms of a Taylor
series expansion.
• For example, the pressure at the W and E faces, which are both at a distance of
1
δx from the element center, can be expressed as.
2
 Cont. …
• The three basic governing equations of fluid mechanics
and heat transfer these are:
1. Continuity equation-conservation of mass.
2. Momentum equations-Newton’s second law of motion.
3. Energy equations-energy is conserved
1. Continuity equation-conservation of mass.
• It state that the time-rate-of-change of the mass of the fluid element
is zero as the element moves along with the flow.

• Fig.1.2 Mass flows in and

out of fluid element
 Cont. ..
• From Fig. 1.2 it can be seen that the net rate of flow of mass into the
element across its boundaries is given by
 cont. …
• The continuity equation in the form of a partial differential equation can
be represented as follows;

…………………………..[1.1]

• Or in more compact vector notation

………….………………..[1.2]

• Equation (1.2) is, the general mass conservation or continuity equation.

• Therefore, the above Equations hold in general for the three-dimensional,
unsteady flow of any type of fluid, inviscid or viscous, compressible or
incompressible.
2. Momentum equations - Newton’s second law of motion.
• Newton's second law is frequently written as
• F=ma …………………………………….[1.3]

• or ………………….…..………[1.4]

Equation (4) represents the second fundamental principle upon which

theoretical fluid dynamics is based.
 Physical principle Force = time rate of change of momentum
• We will apply this principle to the model of a finite control volume fixed in
space as sketched in Fig .1
• We obtain expressions of partial differential equations of momentum
Equation as follows
 Cont. …
• The rates of increase of x-, y- and z- momentum per unit volume of a fluid
particle are given by

• The state of stress of a fluid element is

defined in terms of the pressure and the
viscous stress components
shown in Figure 1.3.
• The pressure, a normal stress, is denoted by p.
• Viscous stresses are denoted by τ.

Fig 1.3 Stress components on three faces of fluid element

 Cont. …
• First we consider the x-components
of the forces due to pressure p and
stress components τxx, τyx and τzx
shown in Fig 1.4.
• The net force in the x-direction is
the sum of the force components
acting in that direction on the fluid
element.
Fig. 1.4 Stress components in x - direction
 Cont. …
• The net force in the x-direction On the pair of faces (E, W) we have

• The net force in the x-direction on the pair of faces (N, S) is

• Finally the net force in the x-direction on faces T and B is given by

 Cont. …
• The total force per unit volume on the fluid due to these surface
stresses is equal to the sum of (1.5a), (1.5b) and (1.5c) divided by the
volume δxδyδz:
• …………..[1.6]

• Without considering the body forces in further detail their overall

effect can be included by defining a source ρƒ per unit volume per
unit time.
• The x-, y-, and z- component of the momentum equation is found by
setting the rate of change of momentum of the fluid particle equal to
total force in each direction on the element due to surface stresses plus
the rate of increase of x-momentum due to sources.
……..[1.7]

….….[1.8]

…..…[1.9]
 3. Energy equations-energy is conserved
• Physical principle Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can
only change in form.
• This physical principle is embodied in the first law of thermodynamics.

…………………………………[1.10]

• Or in more compact vector notation

………………[1.11]

• The above equation is a partial differential equation which relates the

flow-field variables at a given point in space.
 Generalized form of the governing equations,
• If the dependent variable is denoted by Ǿ, the general differential equation is

• …………………………[1.12]

• Where; - Γ the diffusive coefficient

• - S source term

The four term in the general differential equations are the unsteady term, the
convection term, the diffusion term and the source term.
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