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TVE- Technical Drafting Grade P a g e | 1

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TECHNICAL TERMS

Aligned system is a dimensioning system where all dimensions are parallel to the line
being measured.
Angle is a geometrical figure composed of two straight lines intersecting at one of
their extremities.
Circle is a closed curve where all points are equally distant from the center.
Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a common center.
Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in passing
through a fixed point.
Dodecahedron is a solid shape with twelve pentagons.
Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
Heptagon is a polygon with seven sides.
Hexahedron is a solid cube.
Hexagon is a polygon with six sides.
Icosahedron is a solid shape with twenty triangles.
Nonagon is a polygon with seven sides.
Octagon is a polygon with eight sides.
Octahedron is a solid shape with eight triangles.
Pentagon is a polygon with five sides.
Polygon is a plane geometric figure bounded by straight lines.
Prism has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.
Pyramid has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a
common point called vertex.
Quadrilateral is a four-sided plane geometrical figure.
Radius is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point
on the circumference of a circle.
Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
Solid is a three-dimensional figure.
Sphere is generated by a circle revolving around each diameter.
Tetrahedron is a solid with four triangle

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INFORMATION SHEET # 1

MELCS NO. 1 Select measuring instruments

GEOMETRIC FIGURES

The geometric figures commonly used in drawing pictures are lines, angles,
triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and arcs and solids.
LINE. A line is a set of points. A portion of the line between two distinct points is a
called a line segment. The following are the different kinds of lines.
1. Straight line. It is the shortest distance between two points.
2. Parallel lines. These are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter
how long you extend them.
3. Perpendicular lines. These are two intersecting lines which form right angles.

STRAIGHT LINES
PARALLELL LINES

PERPENDICULAR
LINES

ANGLE. An angle is a figure formed by two rays with common end point. Angles are
classified according to their measures. The following are the different kinds of angles.
1. Straight angle. It is an angle whose measure is 1800.
2. Right angle. It is an angle whose measure is 900.

3 Acute angle. It is an angle whose measure is less than 900.

4. Obtuse angle. It is an angle whose measure is more than 900 but less than
1800.
5. Complementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 900.
6. Supplementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 1800.
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1800
A 900
LESS THAN 900
B

STRAIGHT ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE ACUTE ANGLE

1800 900
MORE THAN 900 A
A
B B

OBTUSE ANGLE SUPPLEMENTARY COMPLEMENTARY

ANGLES ANGLES

POLYGON. A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end

points. The line segments are called sides of the polygon. Polygon is classified
according to the number of sides. The following are the different kinds of polygon.

1. Triangle. It is a three-sided polygon. The different kinds of triangles are as follows:

a. Equilateral has all three sides equal.

b. Isosceles has two of the sides equal.
c. Scalene- has three sides of unequal length.
d. Right is where one of the angles is a right angle

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QUADRILATERALS AND TRIANGLES

RECTANGLE SQUARE RHOMBUS

TRAPEZOID TRAPEZIUM ISOSCELES RIGHT EQUILATERAL

TRIANGLE TRIANGLE TRIANGLE

2. Quadrilateral. It is a four sided polygon. The different kinds of quadrilaterals are as

follows:
a. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides parallel
and equal.
b. Rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle.
c. Square is a rectangle with four equal sides.
d. Rhombus is a parallelogram with a right.
e. Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel in
which one of them is longer than the other.
f. Isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with its nonparallel sides equal.
g. Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no equal angles.
3. Pentagon. It is a five-sided polygon. If all the sides and angles of the pentagon are
equal, it is a regular pentagon. The measure of each included angle is 1080.

4. Hexagon. It is polygon with six sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is a
regular hexagon. The measure of each included angle of a regular hexagon is1200.
5. Heptagon. It is a polygon with seven sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is
a regular heptagon and the measure of each angle is approximately equal to 128.560.
6. Octagon. It is a polygon with eight sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is
a regular octagon and the measure of each angle is 1350.

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7. Nonagon. It is a polygon with nine sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is a
regular nonagon and the measure of each angle is 1400.
8. Decagon. It is a polygon with ten sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is a
regular decagon and the measure of each angle is 1440.

REGULAR POLYGONS

PENTAGON OCTAGON
HEXAGON

EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE SQUARE

CIRCLE. A circle is a closed curve, all points are equally distant from the center. An
arc is a portion of the circumference of the circle. The following are terms related to
a circle or parts of a circle.
1. Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a
2. Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
3. Ellipse is an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and the major axis.
4. Radius is a line segment from the center to any point on the circle.
5. Chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
6. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center.
7. Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
8. Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
9. Circumference is the distance around the circle. The circumference is equal
to the diameter multiplied by 3.1416.
10. Quadrant is one-fourth of the entire area of the circle.

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KINDS AND PARTS OF CIRCLE

CIRCUMFERENCE
ANGLES

TANGENT

RADIUS
CHORD
QUADRANT
900
CENTER RADIUS

ARC

SEGMENT
SECTOR
DIAMETER

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES ECCENTRIC CIRCLES

SOLID. A solid is a three-dimensional figure. The three dimensions are the length, width
and height. The following are the different kinds of solids.
1. Sphere is a three dimensional figure whose points are located at a constant
distance away from the center.
2. Prism is a three dimensional figure with a polygonal base and triangular lateral
faces.
3. Cube is a prism whose faces are congruent squares. An example of a cube is
a dice.
4. Cylinder is a solid figure with two circular bases in parallel plane and parallel
line segments connecting to these bases. An example of a cylinder is a tin can.
5. Cone is solid figure with a circular base and a surface formed by line segments
joining every point on the edge of the base to a common point in a parallel
plane.
6. Tetrahedron is a solid figure composed of four equilateral triangles.
7. Dodecahedron is a solid figure bounded by twelve equal regular pentagons.
8. Icosahedron is a solid figure bounded by twenty equilateral triangles.

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COMMON GOEMETRIC SOLIDS

CYLINDER TETRAHEDRON HEXAHEDRON OCTAHEDRON OCTAHEDRON

PRISM

SPHERE DODECAHEDRON ICOSAHEDRON CONE PYRAMID

SELF CHECK # 1

Select measuring instruments

Directions:

A. Identify the correct word that has the same relationship to the word as the first
pair. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Quadrilateral: Rhombus ; ____________: Isosceles

2. Circle: Sphere ; Square: ____________
3. 1080: Hexagon ; 1440: ____________
4. Straight: Polygon ; ____________: Circle
5. Line: Triangle ; ____________: Compass

B. Identify the following geometric figures and solids below.

6._____________ 7._____________ 8._____________ 9._____________

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10._____________ 11.____________ 12.____________ 13.____________

_ _

14.____________ 15.____________
_ _

INFORMATION SHEET # 2

Select measuring instruments

Measuring Tools used for the purpose of measuring dimensions, measuring tools
are imperative for implementing any work with precision. The measuring tools are also
used largely for carrying out different types of measurements.
Importance of measuring tools
Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or semi- finished
product. The inspection or examination operations include checking, or testing an
object based on the required dimensions given on a diagram or a sketch. Again the
measurements taken must be accurate.
Types of measuring tools

1. T-Square is used a guide in drawing horizontal lines and in measuring up to

48” straight line.

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2. Triangles are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. They are usually made
of celluloid or plastic and come in various sizes. The most commonly used
triangles are the 45 and the 30x 60. Illustrations below show the proper use of
drawing lines and measuring angles using the T-square and triangle.

TRIANGLE

3. Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is usually 6 or 12 inches in

length. It is needed for measuring sizes and distances.

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4. Triangular Scale is used in general drawing. Its main purpose is to reproduce

the dimension in full size or to reduce or enlarge them on a drawing.

TRIANGULAR SCALE

5. Protractor is used for measuring and setting of angles other than those
obtainable with the triangles.

PROTRACTOR

6. Tape or tape ruler is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1" wide
and 6 to about 300 feet in length, coiled inside a carrying case. Metric tape
ruler comes in comparable widths and lengths up to 10 meters. It provides an
easy means for accurately measuring curved surfaces.

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How to Take Care of Drafting Measuring Tools

Tools will last longer when properly kept and maintained. A good worker or
draftsman keeps and takes care of these tools. The following are some pointers:

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in working
condition.This can be detected when there is ease and speed when in use.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry with
another piece of cloth before keeping it.
3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the hole to a nail
(attached to a wall) at the end of its blade.
4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
5. Avoid throwing tool to anybody instead hand it over
6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new
position each time, because slight errors in the measurements may
accumulate and give rise to a large error.
7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles across the drawing. Pick up
the triangle by their tips and tilt the T-square blade upward slightly before
moving.
8. Report defective tool and any hazard to instructor immediately.

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SELF CHECK # 2

Select measuring instruments

A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B

1. A measuring tool used to layout an angle or an a. Triangle

arc.
2. Most popular type of measuring tools, usually 6 or b. Tape Ruler
12 inches in length.
3. Its main purpose is to reproduce, reduce or enlarge c. T-Square
the dimension of size on a drawing.
4. It is used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.
5. It provides an easy means for accurately measuring
d. Scale
curved surfaces.
e. Ruler
B. List down at least five uses and care of drafting
or measuring tools.

1. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

INFORMATION SHEET # 3

Select measuring instruments

Formulas for Computing Volume, Area and Perimeter of a Plane and Geometric
Figures

Perimeter formula
Square 4 x side
Rectangle 2 x (length + width)
Parallelogram 2 x (side1 + side2)

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Triangle side1 + side2 + side3

Regular n-polygon n x side
Trapezoid height x (base1 + base2) / 2
Trapezoid base1 + base2 + height
x [csc(theta1) + csc(theta2)]
Circle 2 x pi x radius
Ellipse 4 x radius1 x E(k,pi/2)
E(k,pi/2) is the Complete
Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind
k = (1/radius1)
x sqrt(radius12 - radius22)
Area formula
Square side2 or S2
Rectangle length x width or LW
Parallelogram base x height or bh
Triangle base x height / 2 or bh/2 or 1/2bh
Regular n-polygon (1/4) x n x side2 x cot(pi/n)
Trapezoid height x (base1 + base2) / 2
Circle pi x radius2 or 6S2
Ellipse pi x radius1 x radius2
Cube (surface) 6 x side2
Sphere (surface) 4 x pi x radius2 or 4Пr2
Cylinder (surface of perimeter of circle x height
side)
2 x pi x radius x height
Cylinder (whole Areas of top and bottom circles
surface) + Area of the side
2(pi x radius2) + 2 x pi x radius
x height
Cone (surface) pi x radius x side
Torus (surface) pi2 x (radius22 - radius12)
Volume formula
Cube side3 or S3
Rectangular Prism side1 x side2 x side3
Sphere (4/3) x pi x radius3 or 4/3Пr2
Ellipsoid (4/3) x pi x radius1 x radius2

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x radius3
Cylinder pi x radius2 * height or Пr2h
Cone (1/3) x pi x radius2 x height or 1/3 Пr2h
Pyramid (1/3) x (base area) x height
Torus (1/4) x pi2 x (r1 + r2) x (r1 - r2)2

Using the precise measuring tools and accurate formulas, computing for
volume, area and perimeter of a plane and geometric figures can be attained.

Example No. 1
Compute the volume of a rectangular prism with the given dimensions.

5.00 m
10.00 m

3.00 m

V= HxWxL

Given
H = 3.00 m
W = 5.00 m
L = 10.00 m

Solution:
V = HxWxL
= 3.00 x 5.00 x 10.00
V = 150.00 cu.m

Example No. 2

Compute the volume of a cylinder with the given dimensions.

5.00 m

10.00
m

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V = ∏r2h where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height.

Given
r = 2.50 m
h = 10.00 m

Solution:
V = ∏r2h
= (3.1416)(2.50)2(10.00)
= (3.1416)(6.25)(10.00)
= (19.635)(10.00)
V = 196.35 m3

Example No. 3

Compute the area of a rectangle with the given dimensions.

6.00 m

3.00 m

Given: W= 8m
L=12m

Solution:
A = L x W
= 6.00m x 3.00m
= 18.00 m2

SELF-CHECK # 3
Select measuring instruments

Directions:
1. Find the total volume of columns located in your drafting room. Select
appropriate measuring tools to be used.
2. Compute the total area of your drafting board.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4

MELCS NO. 2 Carry out measurements and calculation

TRADE MATHEMATICS/MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION

The word measurement comes from the Greek word "metron," meaning limited
proportion. The metre (U.S.: meter) was standardized as the unit for length after the
French Revolution, and it has been adopted throughout the world. Metric scale is
applied when the meter is used for linear measurement. Accurate measurement is
essential in many fields, and since all measurements are necessarily approximations,
a great deal of effort must be taken to make measurements as accurate as possible.

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate

measurement would mean waste of time, effort and materials. The development of
the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read measurements.

Two systems of measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English system which originated in
England and the Metric system or Systems International (S.I) which originated in
France.

The basic unit in the S.I. measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided into
100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated
as follows:

Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m

In the English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest
graduation is read 1/16
In the English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest
graduation is read 1/16

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
1 1 1 3
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 1 1
6 6
1 3 5 7
8 8 8 8 11 1
1 3 8
4 1 4 4
2
0 1 INCH

To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller graduations, it

is read and written as: 2 4/16 or 2 ¼.

1 Foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14 3/16

In the S.I measurement , the meter is divided into 10 millimeters. as shown

below:

mm mm mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30

0 1 2 3
cm cm cm

SELF-CHECK # 4

LO2. Carry out measurements and calculation

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Directions: Write the correct measurements starting from the end of ruler at the left
to the points as indicated by extension lines. Use a separate sheet of paper.

A. English System
2

1
3

1 INCH

1 2 INCH

B. Metric System
8

1 2 3 4 5 CM
10
9

1 2 CM
OPERATION SHEET # 2.1

SELF-CHECK # 4

LO2. Carry out measurements and calculation

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A.
Directions: Solve the following geometric problems by applying the four
fundamental operations. Write the solution on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Given the diameter equal to 75 mm, draw a regular pentagon.

2. Draw an arc tangent to two unequal circles.

Given 2 circles of unequal radii and the radius r

R1 = 15 mm
R2 = 25 mm
R = 20 mm

B.
Directions: Draw the following geometric figures applying the freehand drawing
technique.
1. Square
2. Rectangle
3. Circle
4. Ellipse
5. Polygon
6. Simple geometric solids such as cube, prism, pyramid and cylinder

INFORMATION SHEET # 5

LO2. Carry out measurements and calculation

DIMENSION

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Dimension is the numerical value that is being assigned to the size, shape or
location of the feature being described. Dimensions are indicated in drawings by
dimension lines and numerical figures. A properly dimensioned drawing helps ensure
that the part produced in the manufacturing phase matches the part asked for.

Before we begin to study the rules for dimensioning, let us learn first the
anatomy of a dimension (Please see figure below).

FIG. 1 Anatomy of a dimension.

KINDS OF DIMENSION

a. Size Dimension tells how large or small an object is.

b. Location Dimension locates a feature of an object.

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Location and size dimension

DIMENSIONING SYSTEM

a. Aligned system are figures aligned with the dimension lines so that they may
be read from the bottom or from the right side of the sheet. (Note: Dimensions
and notes shown with leader lines are aligned with the bottom of the page.)

b. Unidirectional system are figures and notes lettered horizontally on the sheet
and read from the bottom of the drawing.

/ ALIGNED

System of placing dimensions

OVERALL DIMENSIONS are the total thickness or height, width and length of an
object.
DETAILED DIMENSIONS are the thickness, length and width of each part of the
same object.

RULES IN DIMENSIONING

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The following rules provide some simple guidelines to be followed when placing
dimensions on a drawing.

 The dimension should be applied in the view that provides the best description
of the feature being dimensioned. For example, holes should be dimensioned
in a view where they appear round. Generally the dimension is placed
between views.

Sample illustration of placing dimensions

 Apply dimensions in a view where the feature appears in its true size.

 Reference dimensions should be placed in parenthesis. This means that it is not

required. The total length is known because the radius of the curve on the left
side is given.

Parenthesis is placed in reference dimension

 The dimension should be centered between the extension lines.

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 The dimension may be placed outside of the dimension lines if there is

insufficient space. The arrows may point out depending on the available
space.

The dimension should be centered between the extension lines.

 Place larger dimensions towards the outside so that extension lines don’t cross
dimension lines.

Avoid crossing dimension lines

 Do not over-dimension. Each feature should be dimensioned once.

 If aligned dimension is used, dimensions must be read from the lower or right-
hand side of the sheet. If unidirectional system is used, all dimensions must be
read from the bottom of the sheet.

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 Dimension lines should not end at object lines. Use extension lines to relate the
dimension to the feature being described.
 Do not place dimensions in the view. Use extension lines from the feature and
locate the dimension outside of the view.

Using extension lines in dimensioning

 Use the diameter dimension to specify the size of holes and cylinders. Precede
the dimension with the diameter symbol Ø.
 Use the radius to dimension an arc. The radius dimension is preceded by the
symbol R.

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For round holes, dimension with the diameter symbol Ø. For arcs, use radius
dimension preceded by the symbol r.

 Concentric circles should be dimensioned in a longitudinal view.

Dimensioning concentric circles.

 Stagger the dimensions if they are stacked.

 Dimensions should be uniformly spaced.

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 Circular features should be located by dimensioning the centerlines

Circles are located through dimensioning the centerlines.

 Avoid dimensioning hidden lines. Create a section view if necessary to

dimension an object line.

Dimensioning hidden edges

OTHER DIMENSIONING RULES

 Dimensions should generally be placed between views.
 Avoid repetition of dimensions.
 Dimension lines should be parallel to the edge or line being measured.
 The flares of the arrowhead should be properly made.
 The fine line in a dimension line must be strictly observed.

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 The figures or numbers in a dimension line should be legible and properly

located.
 Use an outside dimension if the space is limited and use inside dimension if the
space is ample or wide.
 Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
 Staggered dimensioning should be used when the spaces for the dimensions
are narrow.
 A dimension line may be terminated by a projection or center line.
 Dimension lines should not be extended beyond the edge of line being
measured.
 Arrowheads should point to the terminating line and not to the dimensional
figure.
 Let no workman add or subtract dimensions.
 When giving the location dimensions for round holes, measure the center-to-
center distance between holes and from the center line of the holes to the
two nearest visible lines.
 Never crowd dimensions.
 Give the diameter of a circle or round hole and radii of arcs.
 Projection or extension lines and other alphabet of lines used in dimensioning
should be properly drawn.

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SELF-CHECK # 5

Carry out measurements and calculation

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong then write the
word/s that makes it correct. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. All lettering and numerals must be perfectly legible.

2. Standard height of numerals is 1”.
3. Dimension should generally be placed between views.
4. Notes are not always placed parallel to the right side of drawing.
5. Use lower case letters in dimensioning notes.
6. Avoid repetitions of dimensions.
7. Use an outside dimension if the space is limited and an inside dimension if the
space is ample or wide.
8. Continuous dimensioning should be used whenever possible.
9. Extension lines should end exactly at the arrowhead.
10. A dimension line may be terminated by a projection, visible, hidden or center
line.

II. IDENTIFICATION
A. Identify the basic dimensions of an object B. Name the elements of dimension

14
11
_____ 11. 2.00
_____ 12. 12
15
_____ 13.
_____ 14.
_____ 15. 13

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B. Identify the kinds of dimension by placing L for location dimension and S for size
dimension
A
B

_____ 16. Dimension A C D E

E A A
_____ 17. Dimension B
_____ 18. Dimension C
_____ 19. Dimension E
_____ 20. Dimension F
F H
A G G
INFORMATION SHEET # 6

Carry out measurements and calculation

RATIO AND PROPORTION

 Proportion
A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It is a
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statement that two ratios are equal. Example: 
4 8
When one of the four numbers in a proportion is unknown, cross products may
be used to find the unknown number. This is called solving the proportion. Question
marks or letters are frequently used in place of the unknown number.

Example:
1 n
Solve for n:  .
2 4
Using cross products, we see that 2xn=1x4=4, so 2xn=4. Dividing
both sides by 2 n=4÷2 so that n=2.

 Ratio
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers. We generally separate the two
numbers in the ratio with a colon (:). Suppose we want to write the ratio of 8 and 12.
We can write this as 8:12 or as fraction 8/12, and we say the ratio is eight to twelve.

Examples:
Jerson has a bag with 3 videocams, 4 marbles, 7 books, and 1 mango.

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1. What is the ratio of books to marbles?

Expressed as a fraction, with the numerator equal to the first quantity and the
denominator equal to the second, the answer would be 7/4.
Two other ways of writing the ratio are 7 to 4, and 7:4.
2. What is the ratio of the videocams to the total number of items in the bag?
There are 3 videocams, and 3+4+7+1 = 15 items total.The answer can be expressed
as 3/15, 3 to 15 or 3:15.

SELF-CHECK # 6

Carry out measurements and calculation

I. Directions: Solve the following. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. 1 = N
5 10
2. 3 = 6
4 N
3. 2 = N
5 20

II. Find the ratio of the following

Gemir has a box with 4 sets of drawing instruments,8 pcs of drawing papers, 2 boxes
of craypass and 7 drawing pencils
4. What is the ratio of the box to the drawing instruments?
5. What about the ratio of the box to the drawing pencils?

INFORMATION SHEET # 8

LO2. Carry out measurements and calculation

PERCENTAGE , FRACTION AND DECIMAL

How To Compute Percentage
The simplest way to compute percentage is to divide the given amount by the
total and then multiply the answer by 100.

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The equation can be put up as follows:

(Given amount /Total amount) x100

For example, if John scores 60 out of 75 in Drafting Technology, we can find the
percentage of his marks by dividing 60 by 75 the answer is 0.8, then multiplying it by
100 the percentage of his marks is 80%.

Example: (60/75) x 100= 80%

ROUNDING OFF DECIMALS

Metric measurements in decimals are often long numbers. They must often be
rounded to a convenient number of digits. In this text most metric dimensions are
either whole millimeter or two-places decimals that have been rounded off. To help
you round off your own calculation, rules of rounding are discussed below.

1. If the first number to be eliminated is less than 5, simply drop it (and the number to
the right of it) and let the last significant digit stand.
Example:
Round off 25.4 mm to whole millimeter.
Solution: Simply drop the .4
Answer: 25

Example : Round off 0.3125 (5/16) into two significant digits.

Solution: The first number to be eliminated is 2: Simply drop it and all
numbers to its right(5)
Answer:0.31

2. If the number to be eliminated is 5 or more, drop the number, then add one to the
last digit retained.
Example:
a. Round off 78.6 into its nearest ones.
Solution:

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The number to be rounded off is 6 which is greater than 5, drop

6 and add one to the last digit retained.
Answer: 79

b. Round off 92.65 into its nearest tenths.

Solution:
The number to be rounded off is 5, drop 5 and add one to 6
which is the last digit retained.
Answer: 92.7

Millimeters Equivalent of Decimals and Fractions of an Inch.

Fractions Decimals Millimeter

1/16 0.0625 1.588

1/18 0.1250 3.175

3/16 0.1875 4.762

1/4 0.2500 6.350

5/16 0.3125 7.938

3/8 0.3750 9.525

7/16 0.4375 11.112

1/2 0.5000 12.700

9/16 05625 14.288

5/8 0.6250 15.875

11/16 .0.6875 17.462

3/4 0.7500 19.050

13/16 0.8125 20.638

7/8 0.8750 22.225

15/16 0.9375 23.812

1 1.00 25.400

This table is used to find the equivalent decimal numbers and millimeters of a given
fraction

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SELF-CHECK # 7

Carry out measurements and calculation

Directions: Convert the numbers into Decimals. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Practice Activity
.5
Sample :
½ =N 2 1.
10 0
0

TEST I. Answer the next activity based from the sample

1. ¼ to decimal _____________
2. ¾ to decimal _____________
3. 7/16 to decimal _____________
4. 3/8 to decimal _____________
5. 1/8 to decimal _____________

TEST II. Round off the following numbers to their nearest hundredths.

1. 76.3456 _____________
2. 93.674 _____________
3. 27.009 _____________
4. 4.6245 _____________
5. 5.2532 _____________

TEST III. Change the following decimals to percent.

1. 0.78 _____________
2. 8.2 _____________
3. 0.86 _____________
4. 9 _____________
5. 1 _____________

TEST IV. Change the following percent to decimals.

1. 92.5% _____________
2. 78% _____________
3. 2% _____________
4. 50% _____________
5. 2. 5% _____________

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INFORMATION SHEET # 9

Carry out measurements and calculation

UNIT OF CONVERSION

System International (SI) to English

1 meter = 39.37
= 3.28083 Feet
0. 3048 meter = 1 Foot
1 centimeters = 0.3937 inch
2.54 Centimeters = 1 inch
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch
2.54 centimeter/25.4 mm = 1 inch
1 Kilometer = 1093.61 yards

COVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER

A simple guide is adopted so that anybody could easily determine the

equivalent values of the English to metric system or vice versa.
Example:
1. To convert meter to feet, divide the length by .30
say 6.0m = 20 ft.
.30
2. To convert feet to meter, multiply by .30
say 30ft x .30 =9.0 meters
3. To convert inches to meter, follow the additional conversion table below:
1inch = .25m
2 inches= .050m
3inches = .075m
4inches = .10m

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SELF-CHECK # 8

Carry out measurements and calculation

Directions: Convert the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of

paper.Round off your answers into two decimal places.
1. 25 cm to ………………………………… inches
2. 63 mto …………………………………... feet
3. 50 ft to …………………………………… meters
4. 13 inches ……………………………….. meters
5. 10 mm to ……………………………….. inches

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