INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Your integumentary system is your body's outer layer. It's made up of your skin, nails, hair
and the glands and nerves on your skin. Your integumentary system acts as a physical
barrier — protecting your body from bacteria, infection, injury and sunlight.

Skin
Skin is the largest and fastest-growing
organ in the body. The outermost layer,
the Epidermis, is composed of stratified
squamous epithelial tissue. Below this
layer is the Dermis, which contains the
cutaneous glands, hair follicles, and most
of the skin’s nerve endings. The
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
consists of loose connective and adipose
tissue.

Cutaneous Glands
Cutaneous glands within dermis include
sebaceous and sweat glands. Sebaceous
glands secrete sebum, an oily substance
that waterproofs and lubricates the skin.
Sweat glands help cool the body through
evaporation of sweat.

Fingernails
Fingernails and toenails are made of
densely-packed cells covered in keratin.
The cuticle, found at the base of nail,
provides a barrier between the skin and the
nail. The body of the nail appears pink due
to numerous blood vessels in the nail bed
underneath. Nails protect the fingers and
toes and can be used for stratching.

Hair
Hair is a pigment filament formed by mostly
keratinized cells. Human hair follicles can
be divided into 3 main segments: the bulb,
root and shaft. The shaft (the visible part of
hair) consists of 3 layers: the cuticle, cortex
and medulla. The cortex defines texture
and contains the pigments that gives hair
its color.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle
fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to
bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for
movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle
contraction.

FUNCTIONS

Movement
- Skeletal muscles pull on the
bones causing movements at
the joints.
- Skeletal muscles pull on the soft
tissues of the face causing facial
expressions.
- Movement caused by the
respiratory muscles enables
breathing.

Support
- Muscles of the body wall support
the internal organs.
- As these muscles lose their tone,
the internal organs of the
abdominal-pelvic cavity may
bulge outward as seen in some
individuals as they age.

Heat generation Blood circulation

- Heat is a waste product of
muscle metabolism, which helps
maintain an internal body
temperature of 98.6 F.
- Shivering is a mechanism of the
muscular system that generates
heat to warm an overly cooled
body.
- Cardiac muscles aid
pumping action of
the heart by aiding
blood circulation. Protection
Skeletal muscles, particularly of
the body wall, cushion the body's
internal organs (abdominal
cavity) from force applied to the
exterior of the body.