Unit of Competency II

Sector : Land Transport

Qualification Title : Driving NC II

Unit of Competency : Drive Light Vehicle

Module Title : Driving Light Vehicle

CAGAYAN DE ORO (BUGO) SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES

Bugo, Cagayan de Oro City

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 MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Drive Light Vehicle

MODULE TITLE: Driving Light Vehicle

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This unit involves the skills and knowledge and attitudes required to drive a
light vehicle safely including handling of passengers, systematic and efficient
control of all vehicle functions, monitoring of traffic and road conditions,
management of vehicle condition, and performance and effective management of
hazardous situations.

NOMINAL DURATION: 80 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

1. Perform light vehicle pre-starting and warm-up

2. Drive light vehicle
3. Monitor and maintain vehicle performance

Information Sheet No. 2.1-1

Inspection of vehicle safety devices & tools

Learning Objectives:

After reading this, the trainee/student must be able to performed vehicle

inspection as per manufacturer’s specification, safety harness/devices and tools
are checked according to LTO/LTFRB requirements.

What do they look for in a car inspection?

The "Test" checks the following: vehicle and owner identification

including vehicle registration plate; emissions; steering; underside; lights; brakes;
wheel alignment. Cars older than fifteen years are considered "antique", and must
be inspected every six months, and have additional inspection of the brakes done.

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What is included in a vehicle inspection?

The inspection includes checking of main car systems like brakes, suspension,
lights and steering, as well as emission and presence of mandatory equipment. An
additional, separate inspection is required for cars that are running on auto gas.
Pass of inspection is confirmed in registration certificates.

Sample of Vehicle Inspection checklist

7-Point Vehicle Inspection: A Must For Every Car Owner

1. Fluids – examine your vehicle on level ground and check its fluid levels,
especially its coolant, engine oil, and brake fluid. Top up fluid levels that go
below the ‘minimum’ line.

2. Battery – make sure that the battery clamps are tight, clean and free from
any signs of corrosion. Because batteries won't tell you if they are failing, it's
best to replace your car battery every three years to avoid breakdown.

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 3. Brakes – check that the brakes feel sharp and not mushy. Once you're out
on the road, make sure the vehicle doesn't pull to one side whenever you
apply your brakes. Otherwise, take your vehicle to a car technician to have
your brakes checked and fixed.

4. Tires – tire pressure and tread depth should be at optimal levels always.
Look at the inside of each tire for tread wear and signs of brake fluid or
grease leakage.

5. Lights – broken vehicle lights are illegal in the country, although you
wouldn't know it with so many of them around. Still, to avoid getting flagged
by the authorities, make sure your headlights, taillights, brake lights, and
turn signal lights are all operational, with no damage to their assembly.

6. Air Conditioner – your car's AC system is not only for your own personal
comfort. It can also be critical to your safety especially during heavy
downpours when your windshield starts to fog. If your AC has stopped
working well or quit working altogether, have it looked at immediately by a
professional.

7. Wiper Blades – in time, the wiper rubber will eventually become hard and
brittle, increasing the potential for annoying and visibility-reducing streaks
on your windshield when it rains. Wiper blades should be replaced every six
months to a year as soon as you notice a decline in driving visibility.

What is Early Warning Device?

It is triangular in shape and is made out of very

reflective plastic materials. These early
warning devices or EWD’s comes in pairs; one yellow
and one red. The red triangle should be placed
around six meters from the car and the yellow one
at around six meters away from the red EWD.

Seat Belt

A seat belt (also known as a seatbelt or safety belt) is

a vehicle safety device designed to secure the driver or a
passenger of a vehicle against harmful movement that
may result during a collision or a sudden stop.

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Why Should You Wear A Seatbelt?
Seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half,
according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The simple act
of wearing a seat belt is the single most effective way to reduce the risk of fatality
in a crash.

The Top Seven Benefits of Wearing a Seat Belt

 Provides safety to everyone in the vehicle and other motorists.

 Keeps you in place during impacts.
 Is designed to work with your airbags.
 Keeps you from receiving a fine for not wearing one.
 Reduces the risks of serious injuries and death.
 Affects auto insurance rates.

Dash cam
The purpose of the dash cam is to
carefully record every detail that takes
place both on the road and inside
the car, and it can be used for a
variety of purposes. And the main
reason for millions of car drivers
buying dash cams for their cars is to
reserve the first-hand evidence of a
car accident.

Important Benefits Of Dash Cams

1. You Have First-Hand Evidence Of A Car Accident

2. A Dash Cam Is The Perfect Solution For Undisciplined Drivers

3. You Can Record Your Entire Road Trip

4. You Can Efficiently Prevent Parking Accidents

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 Hand Tools
Box-End Wrench

Box-end wrenches are the opposite of open-end wrench in

that their ends come with a closed opening that wraps
around bolts or nuts. Typically, the interior sides of the ring
of these wrenches come with ridges that are meant for use
on hexagonal bolt heads.
There are other box-end wrenches for different bolt heads
like the eight-point wrench for square nuts and bolts, and
twelve-point wrenches for bolts with more sides.
Usually, box-end wrenches’ ends are off-set from the handle. This provides easier
access to a nut or bolt. Another usual feature of box-end wrenches is that they’re
usually double ended typically with the other end a size smaller.

Open-End Wrench

As the name implies, these are the opposite of box-

end wrenches because the part that grips the nut or
bolt is open. Like the box-end wrench, the open-end
wrench is also double-ended and features a bigger or
smaller sized opening at the other end.
Unlike the box-end wrench tough, the open-end
wrench doesn’t have an off-set handle but the open
ends are typically angled about 15 degrees for more
range of movement in tight spaces.

Combination Wrench

A combination wrench like the first two wrenches are

double-ended but with one end being a closed, box-end
wrench, and the other is an open-end wrench.
Usually, both ends of a combination wrench are the
same size.

Flare Wrench
While not common in the Philippines, flare nut
wrenches are similar to a box-end nut but the part
that holds bolts and nuts is not entirely closed. It’s
opening though is narrower than an open-end wrench
and it has a “jaw” which increases contact with the
nut or bolt.

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Ratcheting Box Wrench
Is a box wrench that has a ratchet which means it
has a reversing lever. By activating that lever, the
wrench can be flipped over to the reverse direction
for more leverage.
Unlike other ratchet wrenches, the ratcheting box
wrench’s socket cannot be interchanged.

Flex head socket wrench/Saltus Wrench

Like the ratcheting box wrench, the Saltus wrench,
otherwise known as a flex head socket wrench has a
permanently affixed socket to the handle.
The socket is linked to the handle with a rotating joint
which of course allows for access to tight, hard to
reach nuts and bolts. But there are others means to
reach that stubborn bolt.

Striking face box wrench

For hard to turn bolts, there’s the striking face box
wrench, otherwise known as the slugger wrench.
Unlike a normal open-end wrench, this features a
heavier, more robust handle with a block end which is
designed to be struck by a hammer. This type of
wrench also provides the shock to release stuck nuts
and bolts.

Breaker Bar

Just like the striking face box wrench, this wrench is

useful for loosening stuck bolts and nuts. Instead of
force, however, the breaker bar uses large amounts of
torque from its very long handle.
By classification, the breaker bar is a socket wrench so
typically it is business end has numerous sizes.

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Socket Wrench

Socket wrenches’ feature a hollow cylinder

which grabs a bolt head or the end of a nut.
Usually, socket wrenches also come as ratchet
wrenches and it generally has a built-in
universal joint that can couple into a number of
other socket wrench sizes.

Ratchet Wrench
The ratchet wrench uses a socket but what
makes it particularly useful is its one-way
mechanism which allows for a continuous
motion without removing the socket to turn the
wrench again.

So instead, the motion required for turning a

bolt or nut is a simpler backward and forwards
motion which is of course easier.

Speed Wrench

Features a crank shaped handle driving a socket.

Due to the handle, working on a nut or bolt is
faster due to the speed it can be turned.
The speed wrench, however, offers less leverage
than a ratchet wrench.

Torque Wrench
While its end usually has a socket wrench, the
handle of torque wrenches usually has a device
that measures torque. This is used in assembling
parts of the car that requires precision or a pre-
indicated, set amount of torque.

These include working on the cylinder heads,

head-studs, camshafts, brakes, and especially
crankshafts.

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Adjustable Wrench

Resembles the open-end wrench greatly except that

one side of the jaw can be adjusted by turning a
screw. This makes the adjustable wrench able to
handle different sizes of nuts and bolts.
Due to this feature, the adjustable wrench is a
crucial part of a toolbox kit that you can carry
around in your vehicle at all times

Screwdriver
While there are many common screw types out there,
the most common we have in-car models available here
in the Philippines are Philips screw heads which feature
a “cross” pattern, and the similar Frearson, and the slot
drive or “flat-head.”
There are also many types of screwdrivers out there but
the most common and the cheapest is the hand-
powered screwdriver

Allen Key/Allen Wrench

This key is used to turn bolt heads with a recessed

hexagonal pattern.
Usually, the Allen key comes in an L-shaped handle or
a T-handle which features a plastic or metal grip.

4-way lug wrench or tire spanner

A socket type wrench used to turn the lug nuts on a

car’s wheel.

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Strap or chain wrench

Primarily used to remove a cylindrical oil filter which

we all know are smooth surfaced and will provide
minimal grip. May come with a strap or a socket.

Impact Wrench

This tool is a powerful tool that uses quick successions

of torque to loosen up a bolt or nut. While electric
powered ones are common, there are examples that use
compressed air.
Impact wrenches are particularly useful for removing
that stubborn nut or bolt. Take note though that these
can also over-torque a nut or bolt and will damage its
threads.

Pliers
Pliers are an essential tool for many mechanics.
They’re used to hold objects firmly while others have
a cutting edge along the length of their “jaws” which
is, of course, useful for cutting wire, hoses, etc.
Other special pliers are insulated from electricity
due to their rubber clad handles. Others come with
a “slip-joint”, in other words, their part that provides
the fulcrum may be adjusted to accommodate for
larger objects
Jack

You might be familiar with jacks as many brand-new

and even used vehicles usually come with a set of tire
changing tools. If you didn’t know, Jacks are used to
elevating a motor-vehicle for better access to its
under-chassis or to raise its wheels when you need to
change them.

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Usually, the jacks bundled with those utilize a hydraulic system which one needs
to pump up. Other jack types called scissor jacks to use a screw.
Jack Stands

While Jacks are used to “jack-up” your car. Jack-stands

are used to keep your car up. As such, using jack-
stands is the safer alternative than just using jacks, or
worse, several pieces of wood to raise your vehicle.
You can also place jack-stands in case your jack
suddenly fails. Usually, jack-stands have an indicated
weight capacity so do check your vehicle’s gross weight
before buying a jack-stand.

Multi-Tool
Others who own smaller cars know that space can
sometimes become a premium. As such, they will find
ways to circumvent this especially when tools are
concerned. And one way they do this is carrying around
multi-tools.
Now multi-tools, as the name says, is a tool containing
other tools, much like a Swiss-Army knife. While these
are miniature versions of the bigger, full-size
counterparts, they are by no means reliable.
Brands to note are Leatherman, which is expensive but they’ll last you a lifetime.
Grease Gun

Used to shoot grease into a “nipple” or a grease fitting

which are usually found in different parts of a car’s
under-chassis. Typically, amateur home mechanics will
make use of a hand-powered grease gun.
There are however air-powered which uses air-pressure
and electrically powered ones which are more portable.

Automotive Diagnostic Tools

Another useful tool for detecting your car’s

problems is an OBD scanner. This tool talks to
the computer found inside your car. If there are
issues with your car, the OBD reader/scanner
will provide you with a summary of the problem.

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 Self-Check 2.1-1
Inspection of vehicle safety devices & tools
Instructions: Read the questions carefully. Write the best letter to each question in
your answer sheet.
1. It is triangular in shape and is made out of very reflective plastic materials.

a. Stand Jack c. Seat Belt

b. Early Warning Device (EWD) d. Dash Cam

2. A vehicle safety device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of

a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a
sudden stop.

a. Seat Belt c. Early Warning Device (EWD)

b. Dash Cam d. Stand Jack

3. To carefully record every detail that takes place both on the road and inside
the car, and it can be used for a variety of purposes.

a. Early Warning Device (EWD) c. Dash Cam

b. Seat Belt d. Stand Jack

4. The opposite of open-end wrench in that their ends come with a closed
opening that wraps around bolts or nuts.

a. Combination Wrench c. Box End Wrench

b. Open End Wrench d. Flare Wrench

5. The opposite of box-end wrenches because the part that grips the nut or bolt
is open.

a. Flare Wrench c. Open End Wrench

b. Box End Wrench d. Speed Wrench

6. It’s opening though is narrower than an open-end wrench and it has a “jaw”
which increases contact with the nut or bolt.

a. Speed Wrench c. Combination Wrench

b. Flare Wrench d. Box End Wrench

7. By activating that lever, the wrench can be flipped over to the reverse
direction for more leverage.

a. Ratcheting Box Wrench c. Flare Wrench

b. Speed Wrench d. Combination Wrench

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8. Like the ratcheting box wrench, otherwise known as a flex head socket
wrench has a permanently affixed socket to the handle.

a. Combination Wrench c. Box End Wrench

b. Flex Head Socket Wrench d. Open End Wrench

9. For hard to turn bolts, otherwise known as the slugger wrench.

a. Striking Face Box Wrench c. Flare Wrench

b. Flex Head Socket Wrench d. Speed Wrench

10. Just like the striking face box wrench, this wrench is useful for loosening
stuck bolts and nuts.

a. Ratcheting Box Wrench c. Breaker Bar

b. Box End Wrench d. Open End Wrench

11. Feature a hollow cylinder which grabs a bolt head or the end of a nut.

a. Socket Wrench c. Breaker Bar

b. Flare Wrench d. Speed Wrench

12. Uses a socket but what makes it particularly useful is its one-way
mechanism which allows for a continuous motion without removing the
socket to turn the wrench again.

a. Socket Wrench c. Combination Wrench

b. Ratchet Wrench d. Speed Wrench

13. Due to the handle, working on a nut or bolt is faster due to the speed it can
be turned.

a. Speed Wrench c. Combination Wrench

b. Flare Wrench d. Socket Wrench

14. This is used in assembling parts of the car that requires precision or a pre-
indicated, set amount of torque.

a. Socket Wrench c. Flare Wrench

b. Torque Wrench d. Speed Wrench

15. Resembles the open-end wrench greatly except that one side of the jaw can
be adjusted by turning a screw.

a. Adjustable Wrench c. Torque Wrench

b. Socket Wrench d. Flare Wrench

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 LTO/LTFRB safety requirements

INTRODUCTION:
Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT
a right but a privilege. This privilege is granted by the Philippines Government
through the Land Transportation Office based on the Republic Act no. 4136 and
Batas Pambansa No. 398.
A driver is license by the Land Transportation Office as proof of his proficiency in
driving and his knowledge of road rules and regulations a while operating a motor
vehicle. Upon proving this proficiency and knowledge he will be issued a document
in the form of either of these following licenses:
I LICENSE
STUDENT Permit- must be accompanied
by a professional driver holder

Age qualification – 16 yrs old and

above

Validity – 12 months

Non – professional

Age qualification – 17 yrs. old and above

Validity – three years

PROFESSIONAL
Age qualification- 18 yrs. old
and above but not exceeding 60
years’ old

Validity – three years

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INTERNATIONAL LICENCE
License given to driver who operate a moving vehicle outside the
country.

Restriction code base on Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)

 1 – Motorbikes or motorized tricycles

 2 – Motor vehicle up to 4500 kg GVW
 3 – Motor vehicle above 4500 kg GVW
 4 – Automatic transmission up to 4500 kg GVW
 5 – Automatic transmission above 4500 kg GVW
 6 – Articulated vehicle 1600 kg GVW
 7 – Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kg GVW
 8 – Articulated vehicle 4501 kg and above GVW
 Note: Gross Vehicle Weight is the weight limit set by the automaker. It
is the net weight of the vehicle plus the weight of any accessories,
cargo, and passengers.
 Restrictions 1, 2, & 4 only apply to non-professional driver's licenses.

Driver’s License Conditions

The applicant shall be assessed for certain conditions that might impair the driver’s
capability to drive a vehicle safely. E.g., A mandatory eye exam will determine if the
driver needs to wear eyeglasses (condition A) when driving.
 A – Wear eyeglasses
 B – Drive with special equipment for upper limbs*
 C – Drive with special equipment for lower limbs*
 D – Daylight driving only*
 E – Should always be accompanied by a person without hearing
impairment
 Note: *Special driving conditions and special equipment to be used
shall be the assessed by an LTO driver evaluator.
DRIVER’S EXAMINATIONS

Driver’s examination will be given by the LTO in compliance with

Republic Act 4136 and Batas Pambansa No. 398.
Written examination will contain questions concerning driving procedure,
road rules and regulations, emergency procedures etc. Number of questions will be
as follows:

1. Non-professional license – 30 out 40 questions

2. Professional license - 45 out of 60 questions

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II REGISTRATION:

An official receipt/ document issued to the owner of a certain vehicle. It

is accompanied by sticker, showing the current year of registration and it is
being place on a plate of vehicle.

Example:
UBY384

4- MONTHS

8- WEEKS

CODE: 123 – 1st week

456- 2nd week
78 – 3rd week
9 & 0- 4th week
SEC.6 application and payments for registration- shall be made personally or by
registered mail, and the date of cancellation of the postage stamp of envelope
containing money order or check shall be taken as the date of the application
and/or payment for registration. Provided that the application is properly prepared
and the payment for registration is sufficient as required by law.
SEC.7 Registration qualification- the qualification of vehicle shall be:

 PRIVATE- Motor vehicles registered under this classification shall not be

used for hire under any circumstances. White background and green mark.
 FOR HIRE- Motor vehicles registered for public convenience, or special
permits issued by the Board of Transportation and shall be subject the
provision of Public Service act and the rules and regulations issued there
under, as well as the provision of this act. Yellow background and black
mark
 GOVERNMENT- Motor vehicles owned by government of the Philippines or
any of its political subdivisions shall be registered. White background and
red mark
 DIPLOMAT- Motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their duly
accredited diplomatic officers in the Philippines and used in the discharge
of their official duties.

RENEWAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION:

 Original Copy of Registration Office

 Original copy of current official receipt of payment

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  Insurance certificate cover
 Actual inspection of Motor Vehicle and duly accomplished MVIR
(Stencils of motor and chassis number must be done of space
provided for)

 Smoke test result

III PERTINENT DOCUMENTS

a. certification of registration (cr)
b. deed of sale
c. certificate of ownership
d. mv official receipt (or)

IV EARLY WARNINGS DEVICE – use as warning sign in the road of vehicle has
problem. The shape is like a triangle and rectangle consist of two pieces. One red
and other is yellow

V. DRIVER’S OUTFIT/ATTIRE

PUJ / PUB – Blue polo, long pants and shoes

TAXI – White polo, long pants and shoes
PRIVATE – T-shirt/polo, long pants and shoes

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 Self-Check 2.1-2
Multiple choice
Instruction: Select the correct answer
1. How long is the validity of a student permit?
a. 12 months c. 5 months

b. 6months d. 3months

2. What is the requirement for an applicant who wants to be issued a student

permit?

a. 16 years old and above c. He/she must pass the road test
b. Mentally and physically fit d. He/she can read and write

3. Which of the following is the registration month for cars with plate number
ending 6?

a. March c. August
b. June d. October

4. What do you call an official receipt issued to the owner accompanied by sticker
of a certain vehicle?
a. Deed of sale c. Certificate of ownership
b. Registration d. Plate number reciept

5. An ideal driver is
a. Always clean a seatbelt c. Constantly scan the road for
potential hazard
b. Keeps within the advisory limit d. All of the above

6. Which of the following is the registration month for cars with plate number
ending 6?
a. March c. August
b. June ` d. October

7. Which of the following require salary wage while driving?

a. A professional c. Student
b. Non-professional d. International

8. Which agency approves granting of commemorative plate?

a. Office of the president c. MMDA
b. LTO d. LTFRB

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9. Motor vehicles registered under this classification shall not be used for hire
under any circumstances. White background and green mark.
a. Government c. For Hire

b. Private d. Diplomat

10. Motor vehicles registered for public convenience, or special permits issued by
the Board of Transportation and shall be subject the provision of Public Service
act and the rules and regulations issued there under, as well as the provision
of this act. Yellow background and black mark.

a. Diplomat c. Private
b. For Hire d. Government

11. Motor vehicles owned by government of the Philippines or any of its political
subdivisions shall be registered. White background and red mark.
a. For Hire c. Government
b. Diplomat d. Private

12. Motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their duly accredited

diplomatic officers in the Philippines and used in the discharge of their
official duties.

a. Private c. Diplomat
b. Government d. For Hire

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 Information Sheet No. 2.1-3

Pre-starting warm up procedure

Why you should let it warm-up?

Think firstly of the oil. When the oil gets cold, it gets thicker, and therefore
doesn't lubricate the parts in your engine as well. If you immediately put strain
on those parts by asking them to work hard, you damage your internal
components of the engine. If you let the engine get up to operating
temperature, you minimize these damaging effects by allowing the engine to
become well lubricated before you put a load on it and ask it to do work.

How to Properly Warm Up Your Car

1. Get into your car. Turn the ignition on but don’t start the engine just yet.
2. In 3-5 seconds, you should hear the fuel pump priming the engine. Start the
car when this happens.
3. Idle for about 10-20 seconds at the most.
4. Slowly ease out of your parking spot and ease into driving.

How to start a car

Starting a car for the first time can be a challenge especially when you're just
learning to drive. Luckily, the process for starting a car is designed to be easy,
whether your car has an automatic or manual transmission.
1. Get in the driver's seat and buckle up. Put on your seat belt. Do not drive
without wearing a seat belt as it is both unsafe and illegal in many places

2. Insert the key into the ignition. The ignition point is often located near the
steering wheel. It looks like a round piece of metal, often with writing on it,
with a keyhole in the center of it. Insert the key all the way into the ignition
after you find it.
 For most vehicles, you will need to take the key that came with the
vehicle. You can usually also use a spare, provided it has been made
properly.
 Some newer cars may not have a traditional key. You will need to find a
button to start the car on these vehicles; this is usually labeled
something like "engine start" and placed in a conspicuous location.

3. If you're starting an automatic car, put the gearstick in either the "P" or
"N" position. "Automatic" refers to a car's transmission. It means that you
don't have to change gears yourself — the car does it automatically.
 If the car has an automatic gearbox, there will be only two pedals. In
some automatic cars, a flat rubber pad is placed on the far left of the

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 driver's foot area; this is a "dead pedal" meant to be a place to rest your
foot and is not a pedal.

 Automatic cars have a device called a neutral safety switch that prevents
the starter from engaging unless the shift selector is in the "P" or "N"
positions ("Park" or "Neutral"). This prevents the car from starting in gear.

4. If you're starting a car with a manual transmission, put the gear stick
in neutral.
 If the car has a manual gearbox, the car will have three pedals; the one
on the left is the clutch pedal.
 It is important to make sure the car is in neutral — meaning that none of
the gears are engaged - before attempting to start the car. If the car is "in
gear" or sending power from the engine through the transmission to the
wheels when the engine starts, the car will lurch when starting up and
then stall. Damage to transmissions can also occur in some vehicles if
they are started in gear.
 You can verify that a manual transmission car is in neutral by lightly
jiggling the shifter; if it moves freely, then the transmission is not in gear.
If the shifter feels stiff, then the car is in gear. While depressing the
clutch with your foot, move the gearstick out of gear before starting the
car.

5. Twist the ignition key to start the car. You will have to rotate the key past
two stops and push against a spring-loaded third and final stop to start the
car. Use the same hand that you used to insert the key, and make sure you
don't pull the key out while twisting it.
 Release the key just after twisting to the ignition point. If you keep the
key turned as far as it will go after the engine is running, you will hear a
very ugly grinding sound that comes from the gears in the starter and the
gears in the engine grinding together. This is of course very bad for the
car.
 The first two notches are labeled 'ACC' for 'accessories' and the second
labeled 'ON'. The first position enables usage of the radio and other
electrical accessories; the 'ON' position is the position that the key
springs back to after pressing against the ignition.

6. If the engine won't start, try these tricks in order. Sometimes, after
turning your key in the ignition, a perfectly working car will fail to start.
Don't worry; it's not the end of the world.

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  If the key will not move past the first or second notch and the steering
wheel will not move, the car has a steering lock engaged. A steering lock
is a safety device designed to help make sure the car doesn't start
unattended. On these cars you may have to 'jiggle' or shake the steering
wheel back and forth a little to allow the keys to turn.
 If the car will not start, try pressing firmly on the brake pedal and/or
clutch pedal while then turning the key. This is a feature with some
newer cars intended to prevent them from taking off unpredictably when
they are turned on.
 If the car still will not start, try turning the key in the other direction.
Some older cars may not follow the same conventions as modern cars.

7. Be careful shifting into gear. Some (not all) manual transmission cars are
equipped with a clutch safety switch which interrupts the electricity to the
starter unless the clutch is fully depressed; this means that the clutch pedal
must be pressed for the car to start.
 Once the engine is running, do not release the clutch suddenly with the
engine in gear and no pressure on the accelerator; this will result in
sudden vehicle movement and most likely stall the engine, causing it to
suddenly stop running. You can prevent this from happening by ensuring
that the car is not in gear before starting.

8. Look into your mirrors to avoid any people, objects, or cars, and drive
safely. Be sure to follow the rules of the road, and be a defensive driver.

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 Self - Check 2.1-3

Pre-starting warm up procedure

Instructions: Read the questions carefully. Write the best letter to each question in
your answer sheet.

1. A safety tool which provides you with the safety net by way of added visibility
especially during an emergency stop on a road.

a. Dash Cam c. Early Warning Device

b. Flash Light d. Seat Belt

2. A safety device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of

a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a
sudden stop.

a. Dash Cam c. Early Warning Device

b. Flash Light d. Seat Belt

3. Carefully record every detail that takes place both on the road and inside
the car, and it can be used for a variety of purposes.

a. Dash Cam c. Early Warning Device

b. Flash Light d. Seat Belt

4. Early warning devices or EWD’s comes in pairs;

a. Green and Blue c. Red and Yellow

b. Red and White d. Pink and Green

5. How many meter should be placed the Early Warning Device from the car?

a. 10 meters c. 8 meters

b. 2 meters d. 6 meters

6. Which of the following the benefit of a dash cam?

a. Have evidence of a car accident c. Car decoration

b. Keep you in place during impact d. None of the above

7. How many seconds you should hear the fuel pump priming the engine before
you start the car?

23
 a. 10-15 seconds c. 3-5 seconds

b. 5-10 seconds d. 15-20 seconds

8. How many seconds to Idle a car at the most?

a. 10-20 seconds c. 20-30 seconds

b. 15-20 seconds d. 5-10 seconds

9. Which of the following the benefit of wearing a seat belt?

a. Have evidence of a car accident c. Prevent Fraud

b. Keep you in place during impact d. None of the above

10. What is LTFRB stands for?

24
 Information Sheet No. 2.2-1

Driving is performed in accordance with the Traffic Rules &

Regulations

DRIVING

is a huge responsibility that must be learned in steps and practiced over and
over. We have to drive safely, obey the traffic laws, and respect the rights of
other drivers. Not only should we concentrate on our own driving, we should
also be well aware of the other vehicles around us. Driving safely also includes
how and where we park our car. Passengers in our car put their safety in our
hands and expect us to drive safe as well. We shouldn’t be stressed, tired, or
distracted; driving should be our only focus. We need to be both mentally and
physically capable of controlling our vehicle.

Before learning to drive it is necessary for the driver be aware of the basic car
controls.

Dash board displays & warning lights - these can vary from vehicle to vehicle but
typically include the following:

Speedometer

Indicates the speed at which the vehicle is moving

Odometer

Shows the total distance the car has traveled

Fuel gauge

Indicates approximately the amount of fuel in the

fuel tank

25
Water temperature indicator

Shows the temperature in the engine cooling system

Oil pressure gauge/warning light

A red light comes on to indicate that the oil pressure has

dropped and needs topping up, or checking by the garage

Ammeter

Indicates whether the battery is charging. A red warning

light will show if there is a discharge and this indicates that
there is a problem

Ignition warning light

A small light that comes on when the ignition switch is

turned on

Signal lights

Indicates by a flashing light (and clicking noise) that

the indicator signal is operating

Full/dipped headlight

A small light that indicates whether the headlights are on

main (full) beam or are on dipped beam; these are
sometimes colour coded with green and blue lights

Switches

26
 The control switches vary from car to car and it is important to teach the driver
where they are located and how to operate them. They should be taught how to
switch on the lights and windscreen wipers, demist windows, how to indicate when
turning right or left (and cancel), sound horn, etc.

Steering wheel

It is used to turn the vehicle in the direction that

the driver wishes to travel but must be held and
used correctly. For example, drivers should always
use both hands, and use the “push-pull technique”
to turn the wheel

Gear lever

Used to engage and change forward or reverse gears

Clutch pedal

The pedal is located on the left-hand side of the

three pedals in a car with a manual gearbox. It
serves to disconnect the engine from the gearbox
and is used when engaging or changing gears and
when slowing/stopping the vehicle to avoid
‘stalling’ the engine

Accelerator

27
The pedal on the right is used to control the speed of the engine and vehicle, with
the speed of the vehicle increasing when the accelerator is depressed and that
releasing the accelerator which is spring loaded) will cause the vehicle to slow down

Foot brake

This is the middle pedal in a manual vehicle. In automatic transmission vehicles it

is the left pedal. It is used to slow and stop the vehicle - and is connected with a
switch that illuminates the red ‘stop' lights at the rear of the vehicle.

Hand brake

This is used to keep a stationary vehicle in one

place. It is usually positioned on the left hand
side. It should only be engaged when the vehicle
is stopped.

Driving mirror(s)

It is important to teach the driver about the

importance of the ‘rear view’ provided by the
driving mirrors. The mirrors enable the driver
to see the position and speed of vehicles behind
them. It is essential for safe driving that the
mirror (or mirrors) are checked regularly during
normal driving and especially before carrying
out any manoeuvre that may affect a vehicle
behind them.

Driving Etiquette: 5 Tips for Driving Safely in the Philippines

1. Never use hi-beam unless necessary

It’s annoying and it’s dangerous. On the road, a glaring light is all it takes to get
someone injured, or worse, killed. Only use it whenever the road is too dim or
when you have to warn pedestrians of your incoming vehicle.

2. Adjust according to speed limits

That means if the sign says you have to maintain your speed at 100km/h, you
have to maintain your speed at 100 kilometers per hour – no more, no less. This
tip should be especially heeded when driving under the rain.

28
3. Put a safe distance between your car and the one before you

It is a preventive measure to ensure that you won’t be touching bumpers when

something goes wrong. One of the common road mishaps is when a driver
misjudges his distance and end up hitting the bumper of the vehicle in front or
behind him.

4. Check your rearview/side mirror before changing lanes

Whenever you would try to switch lanes, always check your rearview mirror and
side mirror for incoming motorcycles in order to avoid the unwanted
consequences of vehicular accidents, whether you’re the victim or not.

5. Use proper turn signals at the right time

Drivers would start practicing regularly is the proper use of signals. Not only
does it keep you safe, but it also minimizes the burden of traffic. Being able to
see what the driver before you intends to do will allow us to come up with
decisions on the fly whether to overtake or stay the course.

Alas, the problem with signals is not confined by using them, but also by the
correct use. Some drivers generate hate from fellow drivers for using signals way
too soon or too late, which causes miscommunication or unwanted collisions. In
order to avoid this, always gauge the location where you intend to turn and
make sure you are using the correct signal at the right time.

29
 Self-Check 2.2-1

Driving is performed in accordance with the Traffic Rules &

Regulations

Instructions: Read the questions carefully. Write the best letter to each question in
your answer sheet.
1. Indicates the speed at which the vehicle is moving.
a. Speedometer c. Fuel Gauge

b. Odometer d. Ammeter

2. Shows the total distance the car has travelled.

a. Fuel Gauge c. Odometer

b. Ammeter d. Ignition Warning Light

3. Indicates approximately the amount of fuel in the fuel tank.

a. Speedometer c. Fuel Gauge

b. Ammeter d. Odometer

4. Shows the temperature in the engine cooling system.

a. Water Temperature Indicator c. Speedometer

b. Ignition Warning Light d. Ammeter

5. A red light comes on to indicate that the oil pressure has dropped and needs
topping up, or checking by the garage.

a. Ignition Warning Light c. Oil Pressure Gauge

b. Switches d. Speedometer

6. Indicates whether the battery is charging. A red warning light will show if
there is a discharge and this indicates that there is a problem.

a. Ammeter c. Speedometer

b. Oil Pressure Gauge d. Odometer

7. A small light that comes on when the ignition switch is turned on.

a. Odometer c. Fuel Gauge

b. Ignition Warning Light d. Switches

8. Indicates by a flashing light (and clicking noise) that the indicator signal is
operating.

a. Signal Lights c. Odometer

b. Switches d. Fuel Gauge

30
9. A small light that indicates whether the headlights are on main (full) beam
or are on dipped beam; these are sometimes colour coded with green and
blue lights.

a. Switches c. Signal Lights

b. Full/Dipped Lights d. Odometer

10. The control switches vary from car to car and it is important to teach the
driver where they are located and how to operate them. They should be
taught how to switch on the lights and windscreen wipers, demist windows,
how to indicate when turning right or left (and cancel), sound horn, etc.

a. Switches c. Speedometer

b. Signal Lights d. Odometer

11. It is used to turn the vehicle in the direction that the driver wishes to travel
but must be held and used correctly.

a. Accelerator c. Signal Lights

b. Steering Wheel d. Switches

12. Used to engage and change forward or reverse gears.

a. Gear Lever c. Steering Wheel

b. Accelerator d. Signal Lights

13. It serves to disconnect the engine from the gearbox and is used when
engaging or changing gears and when slowing/stopping the vehicle to avoid
‘stalling’ the engine.

a. Clutch Pedal c. Steering Wheel

b. Gear Lever d. Accelerator

14. Used to control the speed of the engine and vehicle.

a. Accelerator d. Clutch Pedal

b. Steering Wheel c. Gear Lever

15. This is used to keep a stationary vehicle in one place. It is usually positioned
on the left hand side.

a. Steering Wheel d. Gear Lever

b. Hand Brake c. Clutch Pedal

31
 Information Sheet 2.2-2

Driving hazard are identified and controlled through defensive driving

Learning Objectives:

After reading this, the trainee/student must be able to identified driving

hazard and controlled through defensive driving.

COMMON ROAD HAZARDS AND HOW TO HANDLE THEM

The best drivers are calm, collected, and prepared in case they encounter road
hazards. To clarify, road hazards are obstacles on the road that, if you don’t know
how to approach the, could cause serious repercussions. When faced with any of
the following road hazards, what’s important is to keep your calm as there is
always a rational way to approach the situation.

Potholes

Poor road conditions come as no surprise, and potholes are very common. Almost
all drivers have driven over a pothole at least once in their life. Potholes can cause
damage on the vehicle’s tires, rims or even suspension. It’s important that when
you face a pothole you have to have a firm grip on the steering wheel as it’s easy to
lose control of the car.

Animals Crossing

Various types of animals on the road are common when driving through wooded
areas or fields. Animals can also be found crossing roads in more urban areas as
well. The moment you become a driver you become responsible for the lives of those
in the car and every life you encounter on the road, human or animal. Make it a
point to constantly be aware of the road ahead and on the sidelines. If you’re on a
road where animals are likely to cross, never go full speed.

Water

Water on the road can be very dangerous as it can cause aquaplaning. This will
cause the vehicle to lose traction because of the water between the road and your
wheels.

First of all you should make sure that your wheels are properly maintained so that
your vehicle won’t be prone to this issue. If you encounter flood while driving, you
must know how to properly gauge if your vehicle is capable of going through it.

32
Other modes of transportation

Other modes of transportation on the road such as bicycles and motorcycles are
ones to really keep an eye on. Especially in the Philippines, motorists have a
tendency to swerve around cars at varying speeds, which is extremely dangerous.
While under no circumstances can you control other drivers, you have to take the
extra mile to be more careful.
How to deal with common road hazards and unsafe driving situations?

1. Poor weather and road conditions

 Slow down and drive at a safe speed that matches the flow of traffic.
 Keep more distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you.
 Keep your windshield and windows clear; weather conditions can make it
more difficult to see if a dirty window impairs your vision.
 Use your headlights at the appropriate times and the correct levels for
visibility levels.
2. Bad traffic
If you are driving in bad traffic, keep a more distance between your vehicle
and the vehicle in front of you, be prepared to stop, and watch out for the
vehicles that may suddenly pull in front of you.

3. Reckless drivers

Reckless drivers are:

 Distracted (e.g., on a cell phone or sending texts while driving).
 Under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
 Driving recklessly and slip between cars.
 Speeding much faster than the speed limit or flow of traffic.
 Driving much slower than the flow of traffic.

4. Reckless Pedestrians

Pedestrians who jaywalk, or recklessly cross a street are creating a hazard

for themselves and drivers. Know that even though a pedestrian is at fault, it
is a responsibility of the driver to do whatever he/she can to avoid hitting a
pedestrian. Hitting a pedestrian with a car can be fatal to the pedestrian and
have severe consequences.

5. When children are nearby walking or playing

Children do not have the sound judgment to know how dangerous moving
vehicles are and can suddenly run to chase a ball across the street, or
simply to go home.
Whenever you see children around while driving, slow down and prepare to
stop.

33
 6. Bicyclists

Some bicyclists tend to drive too closely to cars. Keep a safe distance from
bicyclists on the road.

7. Road debris in the middle of the road or highway

Look far in front of you for road debris and if you see any, slow down and try
to change the lane safely away from debris.

8. Vehicles that are hauling furniture, construction materials, or other

items that are not fully secured to the vehicle

If you notice a vehicle that is hauling furniture or other items that may
become loose, do not drive behind those vehicles and stay away as far as you
can. If you notice that a hauling vehicle has an unsecured load and may
throw debris on the road, exit the highway and call the highway patrol to
describe the unsafe vehicle.

9. Construction Zones

If you come across a construction zone, slow down and drive carefully. Be
prepared to safely change lanes and watch out for road workers.

10. Potholes

Potholes can cause distractions, and some drivers may swerve around a
pothole and cause accidents. When you see a pothole on the road, keep a
firm grip on your steering wheel, slow down and, if it is safe, try to drive
around the pothole.

11. Malfunctioning Traffic Lights

If you come across a malfunctioning traffic light at an intersection, watch

out for drivers who may not follow the rules and just drive through the light
without stopping. Make sure that all vehicles are stopped before proceeding.

Driving Hazard
1. Vehicular accident
a. loss of brake
b. side sweep
c. dragging
d. shifting failure
e. loss of direction
f. lost control
g. out balance

34
2. Vehicle condition
a. defective brake system
b. defective steering system
c. defective power train unit
d. worn and unbalance wheels and tire
e. insufficient car accessories
f. improper tire pressure

3. Driver illness
a. driver’s incapacity to drive due to sickness
b. mannerisms
c. hang over
d. worried
e. lack of rest
f. boredom

4. Drivers negligence
a. driver’s failure
b. violations
c. miscalculation
d. misbehavior/habit/arrogance

35
5.Road condition
a. sharp and dangerous bends
b. cracks and sinking roads
c. Falling rocks boulders. trees and debris
d. cracks and swinging bridges
e. stones and muddy roads
f. wet and slippery roads
g. dangerous bend curves

6. Weather condition
a. floods
b. immediate heavy rains
c. foggy places

7. Crimes and insurgencies

a. car napper

36
 b. road runners

8. pedestrian failure
a. lack of consideration
b. drunks
c. misbehavior
d. jay walking
e. ignorance

Driving Hazards

Many accident driving hazards can be prevented with a bit of forethought and
planning. A well-maintained vehicle, attentiveness while driving and on-road
courtesy go a long way to helping prevent a life-changing driving accident.

A list of the most common accident driving hazards follows. A quick review of this
list can very well help build awareness and hopefully help the reader become alert
and watchful for situations that can potentially cause a car accident crash:

 failing to check the blind spot before making a lane change;

 following too closely;
 being distracted with cell phone use, talking while driving, checking maps,
etc.;
 failing to adjust to changing road conditions;
 poor vehicle maintenance which results in sudden, dangerous on-road
vehicle breakdown;
 having a narrow, rather than a “big-picture” type driving focus;
 driving while impaired. This can include not only driving under the
influence of drugs or alcohol, but seemingly harmless conditions such as
sleepiness, hunger (prone to road rage) or while under high levels of stress;

Better than 80% of all car accidents are caused by driver error, which is the leading
cause of accidents. Driver error compounded by bad road conditions also accounts
for a high proportion of on-road accidents.

Other causes of driving accident are poorly-maintained roads or malfunctioning

traffic signals, jaywalking pedestrians, poor car design, construction, signage and
lighting issues.

37
 Self-Check 2.2-2

Driving hazard are identified and controlled through defensive driving

Enumeration:
Instruction: Give the reasons of having the following driving Hazard enumerated
below.

1. Vehicular accident
2. Vehicle condition
3. Driver illness
4. Drivers negligence

5. Road condition
6. Weather condition

38
 Information Sheet 2.2-3

Passengers, loads are transported, clearance permit done as per LTFRB/LTO

regulations

DRIVING PERMIT AND OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENT

INTRODUCTION:
Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT
a right but a privilege. This privilege is granted by the Philippines Government
through the Land Transportation Office based on the Republic Act no. 4136 and
Batas Pambansa No. 398.
A driver is license by the Land Transportation Office as proof of his proficiency in
driving and his knowledge of road rules and regulations a while operating a motor
vehicle. Upon proving this proficiency and knowledge he will be issued a document
in the form of either of these following licenses:
I LICENSE
STUDENT Permit-
Age qualification – 16 yrs old and above

Validity – 12 months
Non – professional
Age qualification – 17 yrs old and above

Renewal or validity – every three years

PROFESSIONAL
Age qualification- 18 yrs old and above

Renewal or validity – every three years

Code
1-Motorcycle

2-Light vehicle (4,500 kegs.)

3-More than 4,500 kegs. Vehicle

4-Automatic Transmission vehicle

39
RENEWAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION:

 Original Copy of Registration Office

 Original copy of current official receipt of payment
 Insurance certificate cover
 Actual inspection of Motor Vehicle and duly accomplished MVIR
(Stencils of motor and chassis number must be done of space
provided for)

 Smoke test result

III PERTINENT DOCUMENTS

e. certification of registration (cr)
f. deed of sale
g. certificate of ownership
h. mv official receipt (or)

IV EARLY WARNINGS DEVICE – use as warning sign in the road of vehicle has
problem. The shape is like a triangle and rectangle consist of two pieces. One red
and other is yellow.

DRIVER’S OUTFIT/ATTIRE
PUJ / PUB – Blue polo, long pants and shoes
TAXI – White polo, long pants and shoes

PRIVATE – T-shirt/polo, long

Rules of the Road

a. Light traffic urban/semi urban driving
b. Negotiating traffic lights.
c. Gear changing
d. Stop and go (using handbrake)
e. 90% angle park

2. Obey Speed Limits. It is better to drive at 40 and live at 80 than drive at 80

and live at 40.
Different road had different speed limits and different lanes require different
speed.

40
 Car/MC TRK/Bus
a. Open country roads with no blind corners
not closely bordered by habitations. 80 kph 50 kph

b. On “Through Streets” or Boulevards

clear of traffic with no blind corners. 40 30

c. City and Municipal Streets with light traffic

and not designated through streets. 30 30

d. Through crowded streets approaching

intersections, blind corners, school zone,
passing stop vehicle. 20 20

3. Know and obey traffic signs and pavement markings, white and yellow lines
on the road in whole or broken form as well as traffic lights and signs.

4. Respect the rights of other of other motorists. Be ready to yield the right way
to him.

5. Yield the right way to pedestrian at crosswalk. Do not pass a car that has
stopped to permit pedestrians to walk.

6. Observe “Stop” signs. Carefully observe stop and go signals.

7. Slow down and exercise special care on cross roads, crossing, curves, hills,
zigzag and bridges.

8. Overtake other cars of the left lane of a 2 lanes road, on the center lane of a
3 lane road. Be sure the road up ahead is clear when overtaking.

9. Do not increase speed when other car wants to pass you.

10. Always drive with traffic stream. Test yourself, if too many cars overtake
you, you are driving too slow, if you pass many cars, you are driving too
fast.

11. Follow other cars at a safe distance. Allow at least one car length interval for
every 15 km. speed. If your speed is 30 km per hour, your distance from the
vehicle in front of should be 2 cars or 12 meters etc. In short we should
always keep our distance from the vehicle we are following. As we increase

41
 our speed our distance to the vehicle to the vehicle we are following should
be wider.

12. Stay on your own lane, at intersections, railroad crossing, hills and curves
where you view is obstructed.

13. Make right or left turn only at correct turning lanes, right turn from lane
nearest to the curb; left turn from the lane next to the center line to the left.
Proceed to the turning lane from a reasonable distance. Every time we make
a turn either left or right, we should make a full stop at the corner and
slowly and with caution make the turn.

14. Signal you next move to the other driver. Also know how and when to give
the proper signal. The control for signal light is the lever just behind the
steering wheel at the left side of the steering column. Push the lever up and
your right signal light (both the front and the rear yellow light at the corner
of your vehicle will be on) to show your intention that you are going to make
a right turn. Push the lever down and your left signal light will be on before
making a left turn. If you can’t remember which, just follow the direction of
the steering wheel.

15. Always slow down at school zones, parks and play grounds. Children are the
most dangerous hazards on the roads.

16. When stopping or parking, always pull far right as the condition of the road
will permit-on the shoulders if any.

17. Start from a parked position only if the way is clear and only after you have
signaled you intention and such signal is acknowledging by other motorist.

18. Dim your lights to oncoming vehicle. This is one rule of the road every
motorist must observe

19. Vehicles on the road must have at least two brake systems, good windshield
and wipers, lights and good steering mechanism.

20. If you drink don’t drive, if you drive don’t drink.

21. If there is an accident, stop to help the injured, go to or report to the nearest
police station, see if any injured needs your help.

42
RIGHT OF WAY RULES
Right-of-way rule are an aid to safe and smooth traffic flow. They emphasize
courtesy, common sense, and cooperation. They apply to all road user including
Pedi-cab and bicycle users. NEVER INSIST ON TAKING THE RIGHT-OF-WAY. If
other drivers are not following the rules, let them have the right-of-way even if it
belongs to you. You will help prevent accidents and make driving more pleasant.

Do not always insist on other going ahead of you, either. If other driver
expects you to make your legal turn, you may delay traffic by stopping or slowing
unnecessarily for another person to go ahead of you.
1. If another car gets into an intersection before you do, it has the
right of way. Let it go ahead.
2. If you enter an intersection at the same time as that of another
car crossing your way, the car to the right has the right of way.

43
 SELF CHECK 2.2-3
A. Multiple Choices
Instruction: Read the items carefully and answer each question correctly. Write
only the letters on the space provided.
1. What is the requirement for an applicant who wants to be issued a
student permit?
a. 16 years old and above
b. Mentally and physically fit
c. He / she must pass the road test
d. He / she can read and write
2. How long is the validity of student permit?
a. 3 months
b. 5 months
c. 6 months
d. 12 months
3. Which of the following is the registration month for cars with plate
number ending 6?
a. March
b. June
c. August
d. October
4. Which of the following vehicle is best described as white background and
green marked?
a. Government
b. Private
c. For hire
d. Diplomat
5. What is the motor vehicle plate scheme color for government vehicle?
a. white background & red marked
b. white background and green marked
c. yellow background and black marked
d. none of these
6. What government agency approved granting of commemorate plate?
a. LTO office
b. Office of the president
c. MMDA
d. PNP_TMG

44
 7. What do you call an official receipt issued to the owner accompanied by
sticker of a certain vehicle?
a. Deed of sale
b. Registration
c. Certificate of ownership
d. Plate number receipt

8. An ideal driver is
a. Always clean a seatbelt
b. Keeps within the advisory limit
c. Constantly scan the road for potential hazard
d. All of these

B. Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the following:
A. TRAFFIC AUTHORITIES

B. TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS

45
 Light vehicle is parked, shutdown in accordance with traffic regulations and
manufacturer’s specification

Choosing a parking space

You will be legally responsible if any person is injured, or property is damaged,
because your car was parked incorrectly. Choose your parking space wisely and
make sure the vehicle is completely within the parking bay lines, if any are present.
Never park so closely to another vehicle that you are blocking it into a space.

Three different types of parking: Angle Parking, Perpendicular Parking and

Parallel Parking.

Angle Parking
Knowing about how to park a car by angle
parking way is the thing that every driver has
to know, particularly when they drive in
high-traffic areas such as high traffic areas
or parking garages or on one-way streets.
Learning to park at an angle is not easier but
it is not impossible for newbies. Here are 5
steps to do:

Step 1: Find your parking spot

The perfect parking spot for new car owners must be clear and no vehicles
surrounding. If there are no cars around, drivers will not be distracted while
parking.

Step 2: Analyze your car position

To be able for drivers to park your vehicle in the right spot while also maintain the
distance with other cars, analyzing the position is necessary. A simple trick to
remember for drivers while parking is the distance. Car owners should keep about
1.5 m – 2 m from other cars. If there are no cars next to your parking lot,
remember to keep the same distance calculating from the last point of the line in
the spot.

46
Step 3: Turn On Light Signal
The center point of the parking lot is the place you might want to parking. Also, it
is important to notice if there are any other drivers waiting to park in that spot or
stopping right behind you. After that, turn on the light signal.

Step 4: Turn The Wheel

When you reach to the suitable point, turn the steering wheel half its rotation and
slowly drive your car until it reaches the final line in the spot.

Step 5: Adjust the wheel

The wheels should be adjusted to be parallel with the car body in order to drive out
the parking lot easily.

Perpendicular Parking

Perpendicular Parking is not so hard as many

people often think. If you don’t know how to
use perpendicular parking to park your car,
let’s see 5 steps below:

Step 1: Analyze Your Position

In this type of parking, drivers need to make sure the distance between their car
and others is at least 2.5 m. This situation is also changed depending on the
position of the parking space, but it is essential to keep the right distance and not
overtake other driver’s parking space.

Step 2: Turn On The Light Signal

Drivers must make sure if there are any cyclists, walkers or objectives on your
way in order to avoid risk while parking. After that, you should drive forward until
your car’s head is parallel with the rear combination lamp of the car besides. Before
the turn, remember to signal other drivers.

After that, drivers begin to turn the wheel to move the car into its parking position.

Step 3: Drive Your Car Into Position

Car owner should check adjust the mirrors to calculate the distance with other
cars and make sure the car is inside the parking lot completely.

Step 4: Adjust The Wheel

If you do not want to adjust the wheel right away, you can do it when driving out,
but it is easy to forget which leads to unintentional impact or difficulty while
driving backward.

47
Parallel Parking
With some drivers, parallel parking can be a
nightmare for them, but you will master this type
of parking in no time with a bit of practice. Here
are 6 steps to help you know how to park a car by
using this method.

Step 1: Find Your Parking Spot

There are many areas require parallel parking, which is marked by white line. The
parking spot should be longer than the car length for about 1 m to 2 m. The longer
the parking lot, the easier for driving to park. If there are cars behind, drivers must
signal them to move backward or drive to the other side.

Step 2: Adjust Your Car Position

1 meter is a right distance to keep away from other cars in order to freely moving
and parking without the thought of damaging them.

Step 3: Move The Head

In order to drive in, car owners must drive backward until the head of the vehicle is
about 1 m to 1.5 m with the in front car.

In this step, checking the surrounding regularly to avoid incoming objectives is

essential. After that, drivers can release the brake, then turn the wheel all the way
to the right to slowly drive back in the parking slot.

The 1 m distance should be maintained and if the wheel touches the sidewalk, you
can gas on to move your car forward.

Step 4: Move The Rest

In order to do so, turn steering wheel to the left then drive your car backward. It is
wisely to drive slowly in order to adjust the position easier. Rear view camera will
also make your parking more comfortable.

After this step, the whole body of the car is inside the parking lots.

Step 5: Adjust The Position

Drivers can turn the wheel to the right and slowly drive forward. The car is now
parallel with the sidewalk and other cars so it is easy to adjust the vehicle. The
position of your car and the sidewalk should be about 30 cm when the car stops
parking.

48
Shutting down your car

Having positioned your car in a parking space, the first thing you should do is
activate the parking brake to check that it works. Keep your foot pressed down on
the brake pedal as you engage the parking brake. If the parking brake is doing its
job properly, the car should not move as you ease your foot off the brake pedal.
When you have confirmed that the parking brake is functioning, you may release it
while pressing the brake pedal, to finish parking.

Follow these steps each time you park your car:

1. When parking on a slope, turn your wheels toward or away from the curb as
necessary.

2. Activate the parking brake.

3. In an automatic car, shift the transmission to “Park”. Drivers with manual

transmission vehicles should leave the car in “Reverse” or first gear.

4. Switch off your engine and turn the ignition to the start position.

5. Remove your foot from the brake pedal.

6. Switch off all lights and accessories which may drain the car’s battery if left
active.

7. Check that your windows are closed properly.

8. Turn the ignition key to the “lock” position before removing it altogether.

9. Make sure all doors are locked as you leave the car.

49
Exiting the car safely

Do not exit your vehicle hastily as it may not be safe. Check for traffic approaching
from both directions when you have removed your seat belt, before opening the car
door. Get into the habit of opening the door with your right hand, so you can check
for traffic approaching from behind.
It is always safer to exit the vehicle from the passenger side rather than stepping
out into a lane of traffic. If you cannot exit from the passenger side, make sure you
collect all your belongings before leaving the car. Leaning back into the vehicle to
pick something up can be dangerous.
When navigating around your car to reach the sidewalk, walk along the driver’s
side toward the rear of the vehicle. This makes it easier to keep an eye on oncoming
traffic.

What is occupational health and

safety?

Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) standards
refers to a set of rules issued by
DOLE which mandates the
adoption and use of appropriate
practices, means, methods,
operations or processes, and
working conditions reasonably
necessary to ensure safe and
healthful employment.

What is occupational health and safety?

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards refers to a set of rules issued by
DOLE which mandates the adoption and use of appropriate practices, means,
methods, operations or processes, and working conditions reasonably necessary to
ensure safe and healthful employment.

50
What is Philippine OSH standard?

Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Written by Bureau of Working

Conditions Hits: 158815. The Occupational Safety and Health Standards was
formulated in 1978 in compliance with the constitutional mandate to safeguard the
worker's social and economic well-being as well as his physical safety and health.

What is Anti-Carnapping law?

Under RA 10883, otherwise known as the

New Anti-Carnapping Act, the length of
imprisonment imposed on a person found
guilty of carnapping has been increased 20
to 30 years of jail sentence, as compared to
the jail term of 14 years and eight months
to 17 years and four months under the
old law.

What are the element of carnapping?

The elements of carnapping are: (i) the taking of a motor vehicle which belongs to
another; (ii) the taking is without the consent of the owner or by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons or by using force upon things; and (iii) the taking
is done with intent to gain.

51
 Self-Check 2.2-4

Light vehicle is parked, shutdown in accordance with traffic regulations and

manufacturer’s specification

Instructions: Read the questions carefully. Enumerate the following answer in

each questions.

1. What are the different types of parking?

2. What the steps in Angle Parking?
3. What are the steps in Perpendicular Parking?
4. What are the steps in Parallel Parking?
5. What is OHS?
6. What is RA10883?

52
 Information Sheet 2.2-5

Defensive Driving and Driving Motoring Tips

Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to
identify a defensive Driver

A. Defensive Driving

Whether you are a person who travels to work every day on your own or whether
you are a person who uses public transport on a daily basis, what you need to
know are the basic rules of defensive driving. Today there are a lot of driving
schools that teach you these techniques apart from the actual driving classes that
they hold. These techniques not only help you become a good driver, but it also
teaches you how to be a responsible one as well.

These are some of the rules of defensive driving that can make driving a pleasure
both for you and for the rest the travelers on the road:

• If there is a speed limit on the road that you are travelling on, make sure that
you observe the limit. There is no fun in speeding along on a fast lane just because
you think you are going to be late for the meeting with your boss.

• Make sure you know all the traffic signs completely. You cannot claim
ignorance of the rules, when you make a mistake.
• Respect the laws of the land in which you travel. Of course, there are countries
like Burma or India, were rules are made, so that they can be broken as quickly
as possible. Though the law tries to enforce the rule in these places, corruption
levels are so high that it is very easy to breeze through traffic signals without
stopping at a red light, because you know there will be a cop at the other end who
would let you go in return for a small bribe.
• Respect the other drivers on the road and remember that they also have a job to
do. Nobody is driving just for the heck of it. Most of us have a job to go to or a
home to reach. Most of us are also in a hurry to get to where we want to.
Nevertheless, it is better that we respect each other and the traffic rules as well so
that driving is a more pleasurable experience.

• Do not horn or keep honking just for the sake of honking. It is very irritating and
unnerving to have a driver honking behind you. Remember he is doing it because
he is in a hurry. So, if you are in his place, you might be tempted to do the same
thing. Believe me; it does not help to keep honking. Traffic will move at its own
pace and no amount of honking is going to help.

53
B. Driving Motoring Tips

1. Gas saving tips

a. tune up engine regularly
b. avoid sudden speed change
c. do not refill gas to the brim
d. avoid jack rabbit
e. shut off engine while waiting
f. balance tire pressure
2. Dangerous driving practices
a. speeding -leave high speeding to the professional car racer
b. driving under the influence of liquor or any toxicated substances
c. discourtesy
d. reckless driving
e. road competitor
f. driving with defective vehicle
3. PRACTICE COURTESY

Steps:
1. Relax. Take a deep breath if you stressed. Leave early enough that you can
enjoy your r trip rather than feeling anxious. It’s better to arrive a few
minutes to your destination than endanger yourself of others on the road.
2. Follow good driving practices. Watch for road signs and obey the speed limit.
When we all obey the laws, the road is much safer.
3. Maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you. You can’t push them
out of the way, so just slow down a little. Pass if you have a safe and legal
opportunity to do so.
4. Use your turn sign signals several hundred feet ahead of your turn when
you’re on the highway
5. Respect others. Stop for pedestrian or bicyclist. Look for motorcyclist. Allow
others to go ahead of you. Allow others to maintain their speed when you
enter a roadway or change lanes.
6. Use your horn only when necessary. It’s not put on cars as a tool to “yell” at
others. Use the horn to signal others of your presence to avoid accidents.
7. Smile or wave at another driver. It makes their day and your day a little
brighter.

ATTITUDE
A Defensive driver must develop and demonstrate an attitude that;

 Shows concerns for other road users

 Recognizes that other road users will make mistakes
 Knows no journey is so urgent that a safe speed can be maintained
 Driving is a skill which requires the application of good techniques

54
  Believes that safe driving requires an alert mind at all times

BEHAVIOR

An ideal defensive driver;

 Always clean a seatbelt

 Keeps within the advisory limit
 Constantly scans the road for potential hazard
 Signal intentions at all times

RIGHT DRIVER ATTITUDE

A defensive driver always maintains a safe caution of distance in front

and behind his vehicle by;
a) Observing the four-second rule
b) Adopting a positive, and
c) Skilled mental approach.
Search – the road seen ahead, around and rear of vehicles
Identity- the potential and immediate hazard on the road
Predict – the actions of other road users

Decide – what to do to avoid an unsafe situation

DRIVER’S CODE OF ETHICS

1. I will never driver a vehicle with poor brake system because it will
endanger my life and passenger. I will always test the strengths of my
brake or breaking efficiency before I use the vehicle.
2. I will never apply the brake suddenly except in an emergency but will
always strive to use the brake lightly, gently and gradually.
3. I will also check the car handbrake efficiency for I know that in the case
the hydraulic brake system fails, the handbrake will stop the car.
4. I will avoid stepping the brake pedal with a jerk or stopping the vehicle at
a sudden stop, except on emergency. I have to bear in mind that some
vehicles might be following my car and a sudden stop might bump my car.
It may also cause some inconvenient to my passenger.
5. I will step at the brake pedal first when stopping my car and only step on
the clutch pedal when the car is about to stopped. Too much application
of the clutch pedal or clutch riding will cause rapid clutch lining wear.
6. I will always strive to observe road courtesy and follow the traffic code and
other laws.
7. I will observe when driving the RIGHT of WAY rules in order to avoid
conflict at intersection.
8. I will always give the proper hand signal to indicate when I stop light does
not operate until will apply the brake.

55
9. I will observe traffic policeman instruction and signals in order to avoid
traffic jam and accident. I will always show good sportsmanship and never
display any resentment to reasonable police signal.
10. I will always drive at the speed that is reasonable for the existing traffic in
any certain locality; I will also adjust my speed to the density of traffic, the
type of road, effect of rain in the pavement, the visibility and frequency of
pedestrians, intersection curve or hills.
11. I will stop for the red light in a position that the car does not block the
pedestrian crosswalk and will always permit the pedestrian to finish
crossing when gets caught in the intersection by a change of the traffic
signal light.
12. I will always dim my light for the convenient of the incoming driver.
Failure to dim my light may temporarily blind the incoming driver of some
painful annoyance to him.
13. I will never nose another car to space about to be occupied by him for the
same beating the other driver in the parking space.
14. I will use only my horn as a warning in emergencies gently as a polite
signal.
15. I will never be a “HIT and RUN” DRIVER, but always give assistance to my
victim and with the proper medical care.
16. I will never zigzag in a road or weave in and out traffic lane and
disregarding other drivers just for the sake of jockeying for a favorable
position.

56
 SELF CHECK 2.2-5
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TERMS

1. tune up _ _ _ _ _ _ regularly
2. I will never zigzag in a road or weave in and out _ _ _ _ _ _ _Lane
3. I will always _ _ _ my light for the convenient of the incoming driver
4. I will step at the _ _ _ _ _ pedal first when stopping

5. Driving under the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ of liquor or any toxicated substances

6. I will never drive a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with poor brake system
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ the road seen ahead, around and rear of vehicles
8. Shows concerns for _ _ _ _ _ road users
9._ _ _ _ _ _ _ the actions of other road users
10. Watch for road signs and _ _ _ _ the speed limit

57
 Information Sheet 2.2-6

Use of Steering Wheel, Clutch, Gas and Brake Pedal

THE VEHICLE DRIVING CONTROL UNIT

1. CLUTCH—a component part of the powertrain unit use to engage and

disengage the power from engine to the drivelines

2. STEERING WHEEL—used follow road path and guide vehicle direction

3. GAS PEDAL—a vehicle pedal control uses to accelerate and decelerate

speed and power of the engine to the drive lines

4. BRAKE PEDAL—use to control speed until it stop

5. SHIFTING LEVER—a part which use to shift the nescessary gear to be

used

BRAKE.!
Gas pedal

CLUTCH accelerator

Left Center Right

58
 Self-check 2.2-6
Identification

Instruction: Identify what are being asked.

-------—1.the vehicle part use to control speed until it stop

----------2. Use to follow road path and guide vehicle direction

----------3. a part which use to shift the necessary gear to be used

----------4. a vehicle pedal control uses to accelerate and decelerate speed

----------5. a component part of the power train unit uses to engage and

disengage the power from engine to the drivelines

59
 Information Sheet No. 2.3-1

Monitor and Maintain Vehicle Performance

A SCHEDULE OF PREVENTATIVE TASKS

To maximize the life and performance of your vehicle, here is a list of items you
should check depending on the time and season. Some of these parts of your
vehicle should be checked regularly, and others only in the long run. Be sure to
follow your vehicle’s maintenance schedule and service interval record.

SHORT TERM CHECK-UPS

For proper vehicle maintenance, inspect the following:

OIL AND COOLANT LEVELS

Every month, or every few gas fill-ups and especially

before any longer road trips, it’s a good idea to get
under the hood of your car and inspect both the oil
and coolant levels while the engine is cool. Low
levels of either can lead to engine problems if left
unchecked.

AIR FILTER

Your engine’s air filter is what regulates the air

that flows into your engine and helps keep out
debris and particulate. By making certain that
your air filter is flowing properly, you can improve
your fuel efficiency, decrease your emissions, and
help ensure the life of your engine.

TIRE PRESSURE AND TREAD DEPTH

Well-maintained tires are integral to a safe, fuel-

efficient ride, make it a habit to visually inspect your
tires often. Check the pressure in your tires every
month, and before long trips or carrying extra
load. Don’t forget the spare. A tire pressure gauge
will be needed to check your tire pressure.

60
HEADLIGHTS, TURN SIGNALS, BRAKE, AND PARKING LIGHTS

It’s important that the lights on your vehicle are properly functioning, but
oftentimes it can be easy item to overlook. Once a month, turn on your headlights
when you’re parked in front of a flat surface and check that both headlights are
working properly and well-positioned.

OIL & FILTER

The motor oil in your vehicle’s engine serves a whole

slew of functions: it lubricates the moving parts,
helps act as a sealant against debris, cools the
engine, reduces wear and tear, and helps prevent
engine corrosion. Keeping it clean is vital for good
engine health.

ROTATE TIRES

Depending on your vehicle alignment, usage, and

many other factors, the tread wear patterns on your
tires may vary between the front and back tires, or
even from one side of the tread to the other. Rotating
your tires will help to extend the service life of your
tires by more evenly balancing the tread wear, and
helping prevent noise and vibration problems.

LONG TERM CHECK-UPS

TRANSMISSION FLUID

Transmission fluid is a lubricant that helps keep all

of the moving parts inside of your transmission
functioning properly. Whether you’re driving an
automatic or manual transmission vehicle, it is
essential that you have your transmission fluid
checked and changed when needed to avoid costly
transmission damage or replacement.

INSPECT SHOCKS AND STRUTS

The shocks and struts on your car function to

control the impact and rebound as your vehicle
passes over bumps in the road and are an essential
part of your auto’s steering system.

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COOLANT FLUID EXCHANGE

The radiator in your car is a vital component that

helps keep your engine cool and functioning
properly. Having your coolant system flushed
regularly will help get rid of contaminants that can
build up inside as well as ensure that your radiator
is filled to a proper level.

SPARK PLUGS

The spark plugs in your engine ignite the gas

and air mixture that ultimately powers your
vehicle . If your spark plugs aren’t functioning
properly, your engine will lose power and won’t
run at optimal capacity.

SERPENTINE BELT

A simple piece of rubber, your vehicle’s serpentine

belt is essential to keeping your car running by
powering peripheral devices such as your
alternator, power steering pump, and air
conditioner compressor. Visually inspect the belt
to ensure that it is free of cracks or other wear and
tear.

FRONT AND/OR REAR DIFFERENTIAL

The differentials are devices that split the torque—or

power—from the engine and allow it to send power
to the tires. In front or rear-wheel drive vehicles,

62
there is only one differential, but in 4-wheel and all-wheel drive vehicles, there is
both a front and rear differential, and possibly even a center differential.

Automobile Technician Mechanic Job Duties:

 Keeps equipment available for use by inspecting and testing vehicles;

completing preventive maintenance such as, engine tune-ups, oil changes,
tire rotation and changes, wheel balancing, replacing filters.
 Maintains vehicle functional condition by listening to operator complaints;
conducting inspections; repairing engine failures; repairing mechanical and
electrical systems malfunctions; replacing parts and components; repairing
body damage.
 Verifies vehicle serviceability by conducting test drives; adjusting controls
and systems.
 Complies with state vehicle requirements by testing engine, safety, and
combustion control standards.
 Maintains vehicle appearance by cleaning, washing, and painting.
 Maintains vehicle records by recording service and repairs.
 Keeps shop equipment operating by following operating instructions;
troubleshooting breakdowns; maintaining supplies; performing preventive
maintenance; calling for repairs.
 Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading
technical publications.
 Accomplishes maintenance and organization mission by completing related
results as needed.

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 Self-Check 2.3-1
Monitor and Maintain Vehicle Performance

Instructions: Read the questions carefully. Write the best answer to each question
in your answer sheet.

1. To be inspected every month while the engine is cool.

a. Coolant c. Oil
b. Gasoline d. Air

2. It regulates the air that flows into your engine and helps keep out debris and
particulate .
a. Air Filter c. Coolant Level
b. Oil Filter d. Oil Level

3. It lubricates the moving parts, help act as sealant against debris, cool the
engine, reduces wear & tear and helps prevent engine corrosion.
a. Filter c. Gasoline
b. Coolant d. Oil

4. Control the impact & rebound as your vehicle passes over bumps in the
road.
a. Shocks c. Coil Spring
b. Brakes d. Struts

5. Ignite the gas & air mixture that ultimately power your vehicle.
a. Gasoline c. Water Pump
b. Spark Plugs d. Alternator

6. A simple piece of rubber to keep your car moving by powering peripheral

devices.
a. Pump Belt c. Timing Belt
b. Serpentine Belt d. None of the above

7. What are the peripheral devices of a vehicle?

8. It is the vital component of a car that helps keep your engine cool.

9. Devices that splits the torque or power from the engine and allow it to send
power to the tires.

10. What is PMS?

64
 INSTITUTIONAL WRITTEN TEST

A. Multiple Choices

Instruction: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answers.

1. ________are electrically-operated noise- makers used by the driver to provide a
loud warning signal.

a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers

b. Seat Belts d. Horns

2. ____ restrain the vehicle occupants if there is an accident.

a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers
b. Seat Belts d. Horns

3. _______are balloon-type devices that inflate automatically to protect the driver

(and front-passenger in some vehicles) if a front-end crash occurs.
a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers

b. Seat Belts d. Air Bags

4. ______ clean the windshield so the driver can see clearly while driving in rain or
snow.
a. Turn-signal lights c. Horns

b. Seat Belts d. Windshield wipers

5. _____ which indicate an intended change in direction by flashing lights on the
side toward which the turn will be made.
a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers
b. Seat Belts d. Seat Belts
6. ___are long-handled tool with fixed or adjustable jaws.
a. screw driver c. Hammer

b. Wrenches d. Pliers

7. _____ is a hand tool used for striking.

a. Hammer c. screw driver

b. Wrenches d. Pliers

8. Use the proper ____ to drive or turn screw.

a. screw driver c. Hammer

65
 b. Wrenches d. Pliers

9. ____are hand tools with a pair of adjustable pivoted jaws for cutting or gripping
a. Pliers c. Hammer

b. Wrenches d. screw driver

10. _______ are used to knock out rivets and pins.

a. Punches c. Hammer

b. Wrenches d. screw driver

66