Periodic test 1 solution

1. Answer:

2. Ionisation energy : The energy required to knock out an electron from an atom is
called ionisation energy of the atom. For hydrogen atom it is 13.6 eV.

3. Answer:

4. The work done in moving a charge of 10 µC between two diagonally opposite points
on the square will be zero because these two points will be at equipotential.
5. Kinetic energy, Ke = + T.E. = 13.6 eV
Potential energy, Pe = 2 T.E. = 2 (-13.6) = – 27.2 eV
6. Light should travel from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium.

The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle
for the two media.
7. Electric field inside the conductor = 0

8. As the revolving electron loses energy continuously, it must spiral inwards and
eventually fall into the nucleus. So it was not able to explain the atomic structure.

9. For third excited state, n2 = 4, and n1 = 3, 2, 1 Hence there are 3 spectral lines.
10. When dipole moment vector is parallel to electric field vector
11. B to C
12.

13. Charge on inner surface : – Q

Charge on outer surface : + Q

Electric field at point P1 (E) = 1/4πε0(Q/r2)

14. Consider an electric dipole consisting of two points charged -q and +q and seperated
by distance 2a. Let P be a point on the axis of the dipole at a distance r from its centre
O.

Electric potential at point P due to dipole is,

V = V1 + V2
 15. Answer:

OR
(i) These transitions belong to :
1. Balmer series,
2. Lyman series

ii) Advantages of reflecting

telescope over a refracting telescope:

1. Due to large aperture of the mirror used, the reflecting telescopes have high resolving
power.
2. This type of telescope is free from chromatic aberration (formation of coloured image
of a white object).
3. The use of paraboloidal mirror reduces the spherical aberration (formation of non-
point, blurred image of a point object).
4. Image formed by reflecting telescope is brighter than refracting telescope.
5. A lens of large aperture tends to be very heavy and therefore difficult to make and
support by its edges. On the other hand, a mirror of equivalent optical quality weights
less and can be supported over its entire back surface.

16.
17. Given : R1 = 10 cm,
R2 = -15 cm,
f = 12 cm
Using lens maker’s formula, we have

Refractive index of the material of the lens :

18. Given : f = -10 cm; Magnification, m = 2
To calculate : u = ?

19.

20.
It lies in the ultra-violet region.
 20. In Balmer series, an electron jumps from higher orbits to the second stationary orbit
(nf = 2). Thus for this series :

21. Forward biasing : If the positive terminal of a battery is connected to a p-side and the
negative terminal to the 72-side, then the p-n junction is said to be forward biased.
Here the applied voltage V opposes the barrier voltage VB. As a result of this

 the effective resistance across the p-n junction decreases.

 the diffusion of electrons and holes into the depletion layer which decreases its width.
Reverse biasing : If the positive terminal of a battery is connected to the 72-side and negative
terminal to the p-side, then the p-n junction is said to be reverse biased.
The applied voltage V and the barrier potential VB are in the same direction. As a result of
this

 the resistance of the p-n junction becomes very large.

 the majority charge carriers move away from the junction, increasing the width of the
depletion layer.

22. As soon as a p-n junction is formed, the majority charge carriers begin to diffuse from the
regions of higher concentration to the regions of lower concentrations. Thus the electrons
from the n-region diffuse into the p-region and where they combine with the holes and get
neutralised. Similarly, the holes from the p-region diffuse into the n-region where they
combine with the electrons and get neutralised. This process is called electron-hole
recombination.
23.

24. Working of a full wave rectifier :

1. A full wave rectifier uses two diodes and gives the rectified output voltage corresponding
 to both the positive and negative half-cycle of alternating current.
2. The p-side of the two diodes are connected to the ends of the secondary of the transformer
and, the n-sides of the diodes are connected together.
3. Output is taken from between the common- point of the two diodes and secondary of the
transformer. Hence, the secondary of the transformer is provided with center tapping and is
also called the centre-tap transformer.
4. Let, the input voltage to A with respect to the centre be positive and, at the same instant,
voltage at B being out-of-phase will be negative. Therefore, diode D 1 is forward biased and
starts conducting whereas, D2 being reverse biased does not conduct.

25. Gauss’ Law states that “the total flux through a closed surface is 1ε0 times the net charge
enclosed by

Let σ be the surface charge density (charge per unit area) of the given sheet and let P be a
point at distance r from the sheet where we have to find E→

Choosing point P’, symmetrical with P on the other side of the sheet, let us draw a Gaussian
cylindrical surface cutting through the sheet as shown in the diagram. As at the cylindrical
part of the Gaussian surface, E→ and dS→ are at a right angle, the only surfaces
having E→ and dS→ parallel are the plane ends

…[As E is outgoing from both plane ends, the flux is positive.

This is the total flux through the Gaussian surface.
 This value is independent of r. Hence, the electric field intensity is same for all points near the
charged sheet. This is called uniform electric field intensity.
26. Let C be the capacitance of a capacitor
Given : C1 = C2 = C3 = C When connected in series:

OR
Let us say that capacitor has an initial energy

When the first capacitor is connected across the second capacitor, let the
common potential be V’

Then charge on each capacitor q’ = CV’

By charge conservation
q’ = q2
Hence total energy stored in the capacitors,

27.
 (i) Beam of α-particles get deviated at various angles with different
probabilities.
(ii) α-particles with least impact parameter suffers larger scattering –
rebounding on head on collision.
(iii) For larger impact parameter, the particle remains almost undeviated.
Explanation:
The fact that the number of incident particles rebounding back is only a small
of fraction, means that numer of α-particles headon collision is small. This
implies that the entire positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a small
volume. This confirms that the nucleus of the atom has an apper size limit.
28. Similar to 17
29.

30. A ray PQ is incident on the face AB of prism at ∠i and effected along QR at

∠r. The angle of incidence (from glass to air) to the second face is Y and the
angle of refraction or emergence is i’.

The angle between the emergent ray RS and incident ray in the direction PQ
is called the angle of deviation δ.
 In the quadrilateral AQNR,

31. Answer:
(a) Consider a parallel plate capacitor with plate area ‘A’ and separation
between the plates equal to ‘d’. Suppose at any instant of time charge on the
capacitor plate is ‘q’ and potential difference due to this charge is V. To supply
a charge ‘dq’ further to the capacitor amount of work required is
 (a) When a charge of one coulomb produces a potential difference of one volt
between the plates of capacitor, the capacitance is one farad.

(b)
Capacity of a parallel plate capacitor. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two
large plane parallel conducting plates separated by a small distance. We first
take the intervening medium between the plates to be vaccum. Let A be the
area of each plate and d the separation between them. The two plates have
charges Q and – Q. Since d is much smaller than the linear dimension of the
plates (d2 << A), we can use the result on electric field by an infinite plane
sheet of uniform surface charge density. Plate 1 has surface charge density σ
= Q/A and Plate 2 has a surface charge density -σ, the electric field in
different region is:

In the inner region between the plates 1 and 2, the electric fields due to the
two charged plates add up, giving

The capacitance C of the parallel plate capacitor is then

32. (a) (i) To find out electric field at a point outside a spherical charged shell we imagine a
symmetrical Gaussian surface in such a way that the point lies on it.