C.rashid Thesis Edited by Abdishakur

Civil Service Institute
Department of Development Management
Importance of community participation on project’s success

in Hargeisa, Somaliland
By
Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim
ID: CSI-DM/011/665
Advisor: Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed
A research thesis submitted to the department of Development

Management Civil Service Institute, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor Degree in Development
Management
August, 2014
Hargeisa, Somaliland
Importance of community participation on project‘s success in Hargeisa, Somaliland
TITLE
Importance of community participation on project’s success

in Hargeisa, Somaliland
i
DECLARATION
I, Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim hereby declare that this submission is my own work and
that to the best of my knowledge and belief it contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma of the university or the institute of higher learning except where
due acknowledge has been made in the text and reference list.
Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim……………….signature………………date………………
This is to certainly that this thesis is the bona fide work of Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim
carried out under my supervision
Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed………….signature………………….date…………………….
ii
APPROVAL
This is to certify that thesis entitled Importance of community participation on project
success over ownership‘‘ submitted by Mr.: Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim to civil service
institute toward partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the bachelor
degree of arts in Development Management.
Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed ______________________ Signature __________________
Name of the external examiner ________________ Signature___________________
Mohamed Abdirahman Warsam________________Signature __________________
iii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to assess importance of community participation on project
success. It is to find the importance of community participation in the development
projects, community participation in the projects is very low that existing in the
developing countries. However in Somaliland there are big problem in the community
participation in the projects that is caused by many aspects including un awareness of
community to participate in the local projects, un suitable projects also poor policy
formulation, that implementers brought to the society without degrading their interests,
this resulting from un winning of projects. Hence this thesis obtained information from
twenty four(24) respondents from staff and managers in Hargeisa local government
through the use of questionnaires. The results indicated that, most of the respondents
were agree there is existing poor participation in the community in local projects and
challenges that faced community to participate in the projects therefore, the research
suggested to enhance the community participation in the projects, how to get fruitless of
the projects.
The research detailed the process that the study will go through and the steps of activity
for the conduct like designing population sampling size selection. Procedure and
instrument and source of data collection are mentioned. Data presentation analysis and
interpretation are conducted by using data and interpreted to information then wisdom.
At the end the research forwarding the recommendations. The project implementers must
make awareness to the community and tell them the advantage of the community
participation in the development projects and ensure sustainability of the projects after
ending. Project intervention must interesting community participation during projects.
The project implementers must provide training course to the community before project
starting, how to take part strongly in the development projects. Should make assessment
is very significant before the projects because it may be less important to the community.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim, the writer of this thesis paper hereby thanking to the people
who helped me whom this task wouldn‘t have been accomplished without them the
important persons and the type of assistance their provided to me are as follows: Ahmed
Abdi Mattan and Eng:Abdiwali Ahmed Jama whom have generously provided me
relevant papers to my thesis. I can‘t forget to take this opportunity to express out my
gratitude to my beloved parents, brothers and sisters who are always there for me and
made possible for me to successfully complete my studies and helped me emotionally
and financially throughout my studies. I wouldn‘t have avoided. I wish to appreciate the
assistance from my colleagues at the civil service institute with whom I have struggled
throughout the time. Burale and Abdidhere who were available whenever I need to print
the final draft. Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed who made the montage of the chapters. In
sequence and serial, from the bottom of heart am thanking to my advisor Abdirisaq Ali
Mahamed who was very helpful and anytime available.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ................................................................................................................................. i
Declaration ..................................................................................................................... ii
Approval ........................................................................................................................ iii
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. ix
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ x
List of Appendices........................................................................................................ xii
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Description of the study area: local government Hargeisa, Somaliland ................... 3
1.7 Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 6
2.1Theoretical literature .................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Types of participation.............................................................................................. 14
vi
2.3. Community participation and project sustainability .............................................. 14
2.4. Empirical literature ................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 19
3.1 Definition of Variables ............................................................................................ 19
3.1.1. Community participation .............................................................................. 19
3.1.2. Community ................................................................................................... 19
3.1.3 Participation................................................................................................... 19
3.1.4 Project success ............................................................................................... 19
3.1.5 Project ............................................................................................................ 19
3.1.6 Success .......................................................................................................... 19
3.2. Research types ........................................................................................................ 20
3.3. Research approach.................................................................................................. 20
3.4. Data collection instruments .................................................................................... 20
3.5. Sample design ........................................................................................................ 20
3.5.1. Population ..................................................................................................... 20
3.5.2. Sample size ................................................................................................... 20
3.5.3. Sampling techniques..................................................................................... 21
3.6. Sources of data ....................................................................................................... 21
3.6.1 Primary data sources ..................................................................................... 21
3.6.2. Secondary data sources ................................................................................ 21
3.7. Data Presentation Tools. ........................................................................................ 21
3.8. Data Analysis and Interpretation. ........................................................................... 22
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 23
4.1 Gender of Respondents ........................................................................................... 23
4.2 Age of the Respondents .......................................................................................... 23
vii
4.3 Marital Status of Respondents................................................................................. 24
4.4 Educational Level of Respondents .......................................................................... 24
4.5 The community intervention to the projects ........................................................... 25
4.6 The community participation in local projects ........................................................ 26
4.7 Involvement of the community in the decision making process of the development
of projects ...................................................................................................................... 26
4.8 The project success depend on community participation........................................ 27
4.9 Community participation increase the project success ........................................... 28
4.10 Challenges faced the community participation on local projects .......................... 28
4.11 The project implementers interest community participation................................. 29
4.12 Contribution of community in development projects ........................................... 30
4.13 community participation important of project successness................................... 30
4.14 Relationship between community participation and project success .................... 31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................ 32
5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................................... 33
Reference .......................................................................................................................... 34
Appendices A: Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 36
Appendices B: Research Time table ................................................................................. 40
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.2 Age of Respondents.………………...…………….….….…….…………... 23
Table 4.4 Educational level of Respondents.………...…………….….….…….…….. 24
Table 4.6 the community participation in local projects……………………………… 26
Table4.8 The project success depend on community participation………………...…. 27
Table 4.10 Challenge faced the community participation on local projects…………... 28
Table 4.12 Contribution of community in development projects……………………... 30
Table 4.14 Relationship b/w community and project success…………………………. 31
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Gender of Respondents…………………………………………………. 23
Figure 4.3Marital status of Respondents…………………………………………… 24
Figure 4.5 The community intervention to the projects…………………………….. 25
Figure 4.7 Involvement of the community in decision making process
of the development of the projects……………………………….……… 26
Figure 4.9 The project success depend on
community participation………………………………………….………. 28
Figure 4.11 The project implementers interest community participation…………….. 29
Figure 4.13 Community participation important in project successes…………………. 30
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
A. Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………… 36
B. Research time-table………………………………………………………………. 40
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PIC - Project Implementation Committee
UP - Union Parishad
UNDP - United Nations Development Program
LG - Local Government
MP - Member of Parliament
JPLG - Join Program Local Government
UN - United Nations
xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
The participation of community in a project has its importance to the success the project.
Community participation is about involving people in the development of the project,
sites and spaces that they use or are affected by community participation, we mean
people having an active role in your project, in particular taking part in decision-making
and delivery. These people could be your audiences, or potential audiences, people that
live or work locally, or people that have a stake in the heritage of your project because of
their background or experience. Community participation should be built in from the start
of your project and can run through its planning, management, delivery and evaluation.
Stone (1989) argues that people's participation in development projects may help bring
effective social change rather than impose an external culture on a society. Similarly,
referring to the experience of rural development programs (Sheikh Noor, 2010)
Community participation can enhance any project and should be considered as part of all
of your activities, from learning programmes, interpretation and events, to the
conservation and management of heritage assets, including historic buildings Community
participation can involve a significant shift from providing activities for existing and
potential audiences to involving them in the development of activities. The level you use
and the amount you are able to involve people will vary from project to project,
depending on the size of your organization, the type of project you are undertaking and
your previous experience of community participation. Participants have increased
commitment to the project and your organization, working together brings additional
resources, such as time and expertise. (Ibid, 2010)
New ideas and different approaches to delivering activities can motivate and inspire
existing staff and volunteers and increase the success of your project the people involved
can engage directly with your target audiences, helping to build their trust, attract first
timers and ensure they have good experience of heritage.The community becomes a
visible part of your project Shrimpton (1989) states that community participation in the
1
design and management of a project greatly enhances the likelihood of project success
due to improved goodness of fit and increased sustainability.
In Somaliland context, community have participated the JPLG saw support the design,
development and implementation of appropriate policies, institutional and regulatory
frameworks that facilitate participatory, transparent and equitable decentralized delivery
of services and good governance at the local level. It will build the capacity of districts to
engage communities in the planning, implementation and monitoring of public
investment in basic services in urban and rural areas, and improve delivery of and access
to basic services through public-private partnerships and relevant institutional
frameworks.(UNDP,2008)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The necessity of community participation was first felt when the Growth Model of
development failed to bring in desired result. The Basic Need Model of development
adopted by the developing countries in the 1970s emphasized on the fulfillment of basic
needs by diverting resources from the rich and urban sector to the poor and rural sector.
This approach practically faced resistance from both the urban and rural elites.
Consequently, by the late 1970s emphasis was imparted to ‗people‘s participation‘ in
planning and administration Since 1970s scholars, development practitioners, donors as
well as governments particularly those in developing countries, began to consider
community participation. Decentralization is regarded as a means to achieve people‘s
participation in development. Regarding to context of Somaliland the community
participation in project is too less and rate. There for this research is going to examine the
barriers and challenge against the utilization for community in projects in Somaliland.
(Ahmed,1987).
1.3 Research Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective

The general objectives of this research will be to study the importance of community
participation on project success using the local government hargeisa, Somaliland
2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

This research was focus on
I. To determine the level of community participation that involved in the decision

making process of development projects
II. To identify the factors /barriers that influence the community participation on
development project
III. To explore the community participation take part in the local projects
IV. To recommend on how to improve the community participation on project in
order to become successful.
1.4 Significance of the study
This study is valuable of knowing the importance of community participation on project

success; it is also importance in terms of ownership and sustainability. It‘s also being the
provision of knowledge and skills to a researcher. This study is also expected to have a
great value to academicians and practitioners in the field of project management, other
scholars and researchers will also use the study as literature review to investigate other
parameters within the same topics.
1.5 Scope of the study
This research focuses on:
The importance of Community participation on project success in local government. The

study is geographically concerned to Hargiesa, Somaliland specially local government
The city has five districts falling under its administration namely: 26thjune, Ga,anLibah,
Mohamud Moge, Ahmed Dhagah and Ibrahim Koodbuur.
1.6 Description of the study area: local government Hargeisa,

Somaliland
Local government of hargeisa was established 1991and its head quarter located down
market specially near Jameco wayn mosque in hargeisa, Somaliland
It has eight Departments
3
Admin and finance

Labor
Taxation
West management
Social affairs
Planning strategic
Land management
Transportation
1.7 Limitation of the Study
The limitation of the study may divide three factors.
Uncooperative with respondents
Most of the people which the research concerned was not ready to give Enough
information of their Organizations that you want because of lack of confidence or may
meet threat if they pay information from the top managers also the managers themselves
can‘t give suitable information to use you Data Collection according to time they given
me among so this one of the obstacles of may research
In adequate Information
Here in Somaliland it was difficult to find written information or Data that about you
topic because most of our community are Oral Society so that searching realistic
Information may become challenge to your research same time it is to find the
Individuals who may have information related to you topic so they may stay different
location or regions
Language Barrier
To mention another Obstacle or limitation on the research was the language barrier
because the language of the research will be English and Our most of Our community
don‘t speak English on that case the community or respondents may need to translate for
their Mather language (Somali) that is Obstacle to the researcher even if you don‘t
4
Translate to what they understand may not rightly answer you questioner according to
their understanding.
5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Theoretical literature
The concept of community participation is viewed as a basis for project success. The
World Bank (2004) defines participation as ―a process through which stakeholders
―influence and share control over development initiatives, and the decisions and
resources which affect them‖. The concept of community participation originated about
40 years ago from the community development movement of the late colonial era in parts
of Africa and Asia. To colonial administrators, community development was a means of
improving local welfare, training people in local administration and extending
government control through local self-help activities. However, during this era, the policy
failed to achieve many of its aims primarily due to the bureaucratic top-down approach
adopted by the colonial administrations (McCommon, 1993).
The objectives of community participation are the following: empowerment; building

beneficiary capacity; increasing project effectiveness; improving project efficiency; and
project cost sharing. The framework identifies four levels of intensity of participation
namely :information sharing; consultation; decision making; and initiating action
(Thwala, 2001). Community participation generally is more successful when the
community takes over much of the responsibility than when higher level public agencies
attempt to assess consumer preferences through surveys or meetings (Thwala, 2001). In
order for community participation to work, projects must include special components.
Villagers can be recruited to help in all phases of designing, implementing, maintaining,
supervising, and evaluating new water supply and sanitation systems, but only if the time,
effort and money is spent to do it right. Special attention must be paid to the development
of local committees and governance structures that can adequately oversee local
participation.
This framework has been largely accepted by development agencies worldwide.
However, a criticism of the model is that it is "project based" and does not include the
full spectrum of community participation approaches. (Ibid,1993)
6
Any attempt at the definition of the basic concept of community participation has to first
of all make a distinction between popular participation and community participation in
development. Although closely interrelated, the two terms are somewhat conceptually
different (Midgley 1986:23). Accordingly popular participation is concerned with broad
issues of social development andthe creation of opportunities for the involvement of
people in the political, economic and social life of a nation. Community participation, on
the other hand, refers to the direct involvement of ordinary people in local affairs. In this
way community participation has been defined to mean ―the creation of opportunities to
enable all members of a community to actively contribute to and influence the
development process and to share equitably in the fruits of development‖ (UN 1981).
Thus the concept of community in this context refers to people who have an interest in
what is happening in their village or part of the community. Such people depict a very
high level of awareness of what is taking place around them and have an urge to
participate and contribute to what is going on. Working from the above premises the
UNDP (1993:21) has defined community participation to mean that the people are closely
involved in the economic, social, cultural and political processes that influence and
concern their lives. As clearly put up by Hanchett (1997:278) community participation
should be seen as an artificial opening up of communication between two or more levels
of a social hierarchy, a mutual commitment of unequal partners to speak to and listen to
each other. This also means that people at the top of the hierarchy must agree, to some
extent, to allow people at the bottom of the hierarchy who otherwise would have no role
in making decisions to make decisions that affect them. (Wellington, 2010)
Community participation therefore constitutes a partnership between a development

project initiator and planner and members of a particular community or group of people
called the beneficiaries. Both the community participation planner and the community
have knowledge and expertise related to the issue. The planner knows how to facilitate
the process and can help the community members analyze the problem under review.
However, the planner only provides the tools and suggests strategies to collect
information concerning the issue or problem (Hauser, 2000).On the other hand, the
7
community is an important partner in the process as it can bring community perspectives

to the issue or problem.( Ibid, 2010)
The community is an expert on its part - - in the community‘s culture and priorities. It
recognizes the community‘s resources and constraints. During the process of community
mobilization people become more knowledgeable on the issue and more vested in
identifying and implementing successful strategies to find solutions to the problem or
issue. The process therefore helps the community to take ownership of both the problem
and the solutions to it. In so doing community mobilization also improves program
success and sustainability. In short, the concept of community participation refers to
process through which beneficiaries are involved in the development process ranging
from the conceptualization to the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
a particular development project hence total community ownership and long term
sustainability of any particular development project and process. (Ibid, 2010)
Nick Wates (1984) defines the word community in the Community Planning Handbook,
as a group of people sharing common interests and living within a geographically defined
area. Nabeel Hamdi (with Reinhard Goethert), Action Planning for Cities: A Guide to
Community Practice, points out that the term community has both social and spatial
dimensions and that generally the people within a community come together to achieve a
common objective, even if they have certain differences (Hamdi, Action ).Charles
Abrams (1964) defines community participation as the theory that the local community
should be given an active role in programs and improvements directly affecting it. It is
only rational to give control of affairs and decisions to people most affected by them.
Besides, since no government or authority has the means to solve all the public problems
adequately, it is necessary to involve people in matters that affect them (Abrams,
Language 63). Nabeel Hamdi defines community participation as a powerful idea which
refers to the process by which professionals, families, community groups, government
officials and others get together to work something out, preferably in a formal or informal
partnership (Hamdi, Housing 75).
8
Communities‘ responsibilities in projects include providing required contribution,

owning the projects, participating in project security, participating in the implementation
of the project activities, monitoring of project activities, receiving and discussing reports
and attending meetings in order to give suggestions and ideas to improve project
performance. Participation to development has been proliferating in third world countries
since 1980‘s and they are now accepted components of project design among mainstream
donor agencies. The advocates and practitioners of the concept proclaim that people‘s
empowerment, local knowledge and community ownership are indispensible ingredients
of project success and sustainability, under label such as people‘s participation, public
involvement, community participation, social mobilization; self help development and
grassroots development. Projects have been initiated on smallholder crop and livestock
development, irrigation and water supply alike (Bastian,1996).
Sustainability is a highly topical issue and one of the top concerns in development efforts
more broadly: as one commentator notes it has become one of the most over used and
abused words in the development vocabulary (Sugden, 2003). The concept of
maintaining a service or benefit over time is not new, and sustaining the results of any
effort or investment has been the focus of attention in a wide variety of disciplines over
many years. Sustainability is a concept that has arisen from the debate on sustainable
development, which became current from the 1970‘s onwards. However, for many
organizations in the development sector, the United Nations document written in 1987
entitled ―Our Common Future‖ and also known as the Brundtland Report, is probably the
most widely quoted definition. It is significant in that it marks an important shift away
from the idea of sustainability as primarily on ecological concern to one that emphasizes
the economic and social processes of development (IISD, 2003).
Sustainability refers to the ability of project beneficiaries to maintain and sustain project
activities, services and any measure initiated by a project so as to last long after expiring
of the funding period (Kasiaka, 2004).
Kimberly (1998) maintains that sustainability in projects means ensuring services and
interventions continue to operate satisfactorily and they generate benefits over time as
expected. He further pointed out that, sustainability is all about ability to operate and
9
maintain initial project service standards. However, to achieve this it has to be planned
from the very beginning of the project so as to ensure prerequisites for long term
sustainability and strategies are aimed at seeing that sustainable projects are in place and
are in good working order. (Wesberg ,1992) acknowledges the following key features of
a successful participation and sustainability: Involve people from the beginning in project
design and implementation. Decisions about the degree of beneficiary involvement in
project implementation can have an important effect on their later support or lack of
support for the project. ( Thwala,2001).
Procedures for participant selection should be clear and transparent. Make sure there are
relevant benefits which have to be distributed equitably to all members targeted by the
project. The benefits should be quick and secure for long-term. Use of appropriate
technology and the organization of the project. Long-term commitment to popular
participation. Most of the projects fail because there has been neglect of the participatory
element and the neglect of the social, economic and political dynamics of the rural
communities. On the other hand, lack of continued financial support from the
government, donor or the community will lead to the collapse of the project. External
factors operating at the local, national and international levels which include economic
changes, social changes and political changes. The responses of intended and actual
project beneficiaries. (Ibid, 2001)
According to Friedmann (1992), it is difficult to implement and maintain projects

successfully without the participation of the community. In order to get nearer to
sustainability, a participatory approach has to be followed (Mikkelsen 1995). It should be
remembered that the participatory approach is not unproblematic and frequently gives
rise to as many problems as it brings solutions (Nghikembua, 1996).
According to Oakley and Marsden (1984), community participation is a key element in

development. Raniga and Simpson (2002) highlight the fact that community participation
is an essential feature of any community development initiative. It enhances the
capacities of individuals and communities to mobilize and help themselves (Midgley et al
1986). Theron (2003) states that people will only participate if they have a direct stake in
the project. Delivering development is not an easy process and it cannot become
10
sustainable unless the community participates in the conceptualization, planning,

implementation and monitoring of development projects. For projects to be sustainable
there must be community participation. This is because, according to Musa (2000),
through participation, the community develops skills for collective action, maintenance
and sustainability. In his own contribution. Mosse (1992) in an in depth study of tank
management in India, found out that the maintenance of community infrastructure is
crucially dependent on external agents. The need to making participation work therefore
is to create forms of downward accountability and simultaneously to maintain close links
between the higher levels of government and the community. Second, the community
leaders must also accept the challenge for project sustainability and carry the whole
community along. (Kimberly, 1998),
Ali (1983) found that community participation is the basic tool for achieving national
goals of development. In order to implement governmental policies in right perspectives,
the people the real clients of the governmental operations, are to be involved at all stages
of development intervention. But because of bureaucratic preponderance and distrust by
the successive governments to the people, people‘s participation in a large scale in local
development process remained beyond the reach of the ordinary people .Aminuzzaman
(2008) notes that some invisible but serious issues characterize the quality and process of
participation and governance of the rural local government. (Khan, 1991).
Most critical ones include: continued centralized control over the UP- maintained through
theadministration and the limited resources at its disposal the critical and often hiddenrole
of the MPs and other political stakeholders in development planning and management;
and lack of effective institutional mechanism which gives poor andmarginalized to take
part in the development project planning, supervision and orimplementation. All such
factors have a direct impact on the level and quality of locallevel accountability and
popular participation of the common people into the affairs of the LG.
Aminuzzaman also observed that women and marginalized are excluded from
majordecision-making arenas in the rural power play and privileged distribution. Another
study on community participation on development projects was conducted by
KhanandAsaduzzaman (1995). This study revealed that community participation in
11
development projects through local government is still a misnomer. The inclusion of

local people in the PIC, as part of culturing participating practices is basically a political
maneuvering. By this way, UP chairman has to accommodate other UP members and
local elites in order to diffuse factionalism and strengthen his own power. In fact, such
inclusion did nothing but to fulfill the requirements of rules and regulations. The same
study also revealed that patronclient relationship pervades the political relationship,
resulting in factional politics. This specific cliente list rural politics provides ground for
the national leaders for developing clientelist network with the rural factional leaders.
This chain of relationship has implications for development intervention. Thus the UPs
remain under the domination of these local elites who usurped the development resources
for personal aggrandizement. To materialize their desire, they are always dead against the
mass people‘s involvement in local development projects.(Nazneen,2004)
found that the participation of the poor and the marginalized in rural development
projects has not increased significantly rather some touts and intermediaries have enjoyed
more access to those projects and grasped its fruits. In equalities as regards involving,
owning development projects and sharing project benefits between the community people
and local elites is a ubiquitous reality in rural Bangladesh.There is a general assumption
that the interest of the poor and the disadvantaged cannot be safe guarded in the
exploitive social structure unless it is protected by legislation. In this context, the study
revealed that despite the oversupply of legislations to protect the rights of the
underprivileged, the rural elites have been consolidating their strong repressive influence
on local development interventions. Legal coverage, therefore, does not provide any
meaningful role in integrating local people into development project cycle. (Afsar, 1999)
in her study shows that poor community participation in local development activities is
very limited; community participation in the decision-making process has been very
minimal. Because of the over-class bias and widespread corruption there has been severe
neglect of the poor and the disadvantaged in the decision-making process. Khan (2009)
identifies bureaucratic domination in the local councils, lack of knowledge, and lack of
expertise in technical matters are the root causes for non-participation. Local elites form
12
connivance with local administration for their own interests and bypasses the needs of the
mass. So the scanty participation that exists is limited only to the rich and participation of
the rural poor is minimal. (Hossainet al.1978) examines that people‘s participation in
planning and implementation of development projects has been very limited. Siddiquee
(1995) observes the samefindings in his study. His study also reveals that poor people are
hardly included in PICs.Committees are mostly dominated by people with strong socio-
economic or political background. In addition, project committees have largely been used
as mechanisms of patronage distribution. Development projects have been a means for
the local representatives to build a future for themselves. He further identifies that
prevailing socio-economic and political contexts act as important deterrents to
grassroots‘participation in the development process. (Asaduzzaman, 2008)
found that people‘s participation in development projects is still anelusive golden deer‘
that the nation sought persistently but could not find during the lastthree decades or more.
His study however, emphasized that clientelism which is a direct product of the
undemocratic political culture of Bangladesh, is a major threat to people‘s participation in
local development programs /projects. In addition, the study also identifies political
reluctance and bureaucrat resistance as major challenges to community participation in
development intervention in Bangladesh. Community participation in development
programs/projects has been gaining momentum as a new strategy for development since
1970s. In post-independent Bangladesh, almost all the development projects ever taken at
grass-root level have been initiated and implemented under the supervision of UP. But
the livelihood of poor villagers, the real beneficiary or victim of development initiatives
has not been significantly improved. The participatory culture has not been
institutionalized at UP level till today. One of the reasons behind this contention may be
improper addressing of the issue through extensive research. In fact, there is lack of
empirical evidence on the extent and status of community people‘s participation in UP-
led development projects and identification of the major factors for non-participation and
its possible solutions. Therefore, the study is undertaken to fill up the gap of the
knowledge of participatory practices in grass-root level development project cycle.
13
2.2 Types of participation
i- Passive Participation is a type of participation whereby people participate by

living in the area of the project. They may be told what is going to happen or
has already happened but will have no other input.
ii- Participation for Material Incentive is also another type whereby people
participate by being paid for labour in food or cash, for a pre-determined
project. This may be as a community or as groups.
iii- Participation by Resource contribution, also another type where people
participate by contributing a resource such as labour or money, to a pre-
determined project.
iv- Participation by Consultation is also type of participation where people
participate by being consulted perhaps with options on projects where the
majority of the decisions have been made. Their view may/may not be
considered.
v- Interactive Participation is also another type where people participate by
joining with external professionals in analysis of their situation, developing
action plans and determining common projects.
vi- Spontaneous Mobilization is also another type where people participate by
taking their own initiative independent of external professionals to change
their situation. This may lead to self-help projects or requests to other
institutions for assistance.
2.3. Community participation and project sustainability
When communities are involved in project initiation and implementation, there is the
assurance of sustainability subject to some conditions unlike when they have no idea
about the project or when it is imposed on them. There ought to be genuine demand by a
community or groups within it for all projects whether aided or non-aided by the
government or any international agency. This eliminates the tendency to abandon the
projects when they are half-way completed and sustains the interest of communities or
groups within them in maintenance and protection of those projects. The project is not
seen on a stranger. Development assistance is not eternal or indefinite. In most cases, it is
14
for a period of between five and ten years after which the beneficiaries are expected to
continue the funding, maintenance and eventually sustaining the projects. Necessary
machineries must therefore be put in place before the funding is over. They either put in
place a community management organization to manage the project or contribute for the
funding of the sustainability (Mikkelsen 1995).
2.4. Empirical literature
The value of community participation is often asserted in popular as well as academic

publications.The concept is compelling because it acknowledges that permanent
improvements in living standards are seldom attainable without the involvement and
cooperation of the beneficiaries.( De Berry, 1999) suggests that the participatory
approach .credits people with the ability, even in the most extreme circumstances, to
engage with the issues that face them According to this approach the beneficiary is given
more information, responsibility and decision making power in diverse project areas
including the project. focus the targeting of beneficiaries, the implementation strategy
and assessment. Although initially inspired by the ideas of (Gandhi,1962) and (Freire
1970), Mansuri and Rao (2004a) claim that community participation.s current popularity
is largely attributable to the 1980s disenchantment with large-scale government-led
development projects. The writings of (Chambers, 1983), (Escobar, 1995).
(Scott,1998) and Sen. (1985, 1999) amongst others have helped raised support for a
bottom-up approach. The problem is that the community-based approach has achieved its
status and reputation mainly based on the attractiveness of the ideas underpinning the
approach, without providing evidence of benefits. The approach is widely used and
regarded as a best practice in the development field, yet it is not clear that it deserving of
these accolades.3 Evidence on the performance of this approach is scant, but the work
that is available suggest that practioners may be overoptimistic and naïve about the
benefits of the approach (Mansuri and Rao, 2004).
The empirical literature on community participation acknowledges that there may be a

large gap between the idealized textbook representation of the concept and nonprofit
organizations. experiences with the approach. Case studies show that . for a variety of
15
reasons .the textbook benefits do not always materialize. Given that participatory
processes are known to be expensive, demanding and time-intensive, it is vital to better
understand patterns of success and failure in the application of the community
participation approach. Although it is clear that community participation has the potential to
improve the outcomes of development projects, there is not much systematic and scientific
evidence on its track record to date. In fact, Mansuri and Rao (2004a:57) conclude that .little is
known about the impact of community-based projects.. They attribute ignorance on this matter to
a lack of thorough and systematic evaluations with counter factual.They add that robust evidence
regarding the influence of community participation is required urgently.
This paper attempts to address this gap in the literature. For a representative sample of
nonprofit organizations in Uganda it compares the outcomes with community
participation to that of a constructed counterfactual to consider whether the community
participation approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of development projects.
Although there are certainly also other types of benefits5 associated with community
participation, the author argues that the focus on economic efficiency and effectiveness is
warranted due to the high economic costs of implementing such an approach.
Uganda is an interesting case to consider in this regard. The country has deep roots with
respect to community-led development. Nyangabyaki et al (2004) note that Uganda has a
long history of self-help organizations dating from pre-colonial society where strong
networks existed among clans and family members. However, after independence most
of these grassroots self-help organisations were either centralised or wiped out by the
government in power Nyangabyaki et al, (2004). Conditions for NGOs improved
dramatically when YoweriMuseveni came to power in 1986. Under Museveni.s more
tolerant regime the NGO sector expanded rapidly, with the growth partly fuelled by a
significant rise in unemployment, which helped to boost the attractiveness of starting an
NGO (Nyangabyaki et al, 2004). Despite the increasing bureaucratisation of the sector,
Ugandan NGOs remain very reliant on volunteers from the community. It is estimated
that 23% of the adult population is engaged in volunteer work Nyangabyaki et al, 2004:
142). This is much higher than the across-country average of 10%. Consequently,
16
volunteers also represent a far bigger proportion of total staff than it does for other
countries (59% for Uganda vs. the 36-country sample average of 38%).
There are several difficulties relating to the evaluation of the impact of community
participation in the context of donor-funded development projects in developing
countries. To start with, it is notoriously difficult to quantify the outputs and outcomes of
development projects. Additionally, as discussed earlier, it is difficult to verify and
measure community participation. Even in cases where reliable measures of project
outcomes and community participation are available, the task remains complicated.
Ideally, what is required is a counterfactual so that the outcomes or outputs of a project
with community participation The study is based on rational participation theory; it has
been used in the analysis of political participation ever since Downs‘ seminal work (an
economic theory of democracy). According to Downs, a rational man can always make a
decision when confronted with a range of alternatives. He can rank the alternatives and
can always choose from among the possible alternatives that which ranks in his
preference ordering. A rational man can always make decisions each time he is
confronted with the same alternatives (Downs, 1957).
There are many logical arguments for beneficiary participation in development projects.
First are the economic justifications. Public participation will mobilize greater resources
and accomplish more with the same project budget. It is also economically efficient in
that it uses generally under-utilized labor and, to a lesser extent, can build upon
indigenous knowledge which also tends to be underutilized. Thus more services are
provided at less cost. Another benefit of participation is better project design.
Participation ensures that felt needs are served. Presumably beneficiaries will shape the
project to their specific needs in ways that outside planners cannot. A sense of immediate
responsibility and ownership by beneficiaries puts pressure on a project to be truly
worthwhile. Then there are the spinoff arguments. Participation can become a catalyst for
mobilizing further local development efforts. There tends to be greater spread effects as
villagers communicate with kin and associates in other villages. Another form of spinoff
are the benefits from participation itself. It creates local-level awareness, competence,
and capacity where it did not exist before. Participation is not a totally unmixed blessing,
however. Using existing patterns of local power and organization can reinforce existing
17
inequities rather than stimulate desired system change; (Kolawole, 1982). It favors
villages better able to produce plans, local elites, those already better off, and so forth.
Some times. Participation faces political opposition in countries where most beneficiaries
have not been included in the political system. Such organizing can be seen as
threatening to political leaders, or as otherwise upsetting the political balance and
generating demands and pressures that governments cannot or do not want to respond to.
The main obstacle to participation, however, is the difficulty of implementing it in
practice. (WARREN A. VAN WICKLIN, 1987)
It takes additional time and resources to mobilize less developed communities. One has
continuously to consult with far more people than if the project were executed without
their involvement. Participatory projects can slow down or run out of energy. Fragile
projects may become overburdened and collapse due to organizational complexity or the
frustration of those involved. A strong case can be made for providing much-needed
assistance as simply and quickly as possible and not jeopardizing projects with the
difficulties and complexities of participation. Delivering aid efficiently is the overriding
priority for donor agencies, especially multilateral and bilateral organizations such as the
World Bank and AID. Participation is secondary and often not congruent with the
political and organizational imperatives of conventionally managed projects. (Ebid, 1987)
18
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Definition of Variables
3.1.1. Community participation

Community participation is independent variable of the thesis, it means that the people
are closely involved in the economic, social, cultural and political processes that
influence and concern their lives. (UNDP, 1993:21)
3.1.2. Community
Group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
3.1.3 Participation
Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express
opinions - and ideally exert influence - regarding political, economic, management or
other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of
human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e.
participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management),
cultural(Glass,1979)
3.1.4 Project success

Project success is dependent variable of the thesis, it means evaluated continuously by various
measure, numbers, ratios, values and attributes. Project success can be measured before during and
after project completion. (David Espina, 2011)
3.1.5 Project
Project is defined as a collaborative enterprise, involving research or design, that is
carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.
3.1.6 Success
Achievement of an action within a specified period of time or within a specified
parameter. Success can also mean completing an objective or reaching a goal. Success
can be expanded to encompass an entire project or be restricted to a single component of
aproject.
19
3.2. Research types

The research design employed in this study was descriptive design with correlative type
of relation. This design is preferred because it helps in establishing relationship between
variables. The design is also be proposed for this study because it helps discovering
causal relationships through provision of mainly precise quantitative description.
3.3. Research approach
Depending on type of research and nature of data to be received determines which

approach to follow. This research is descriptive and variables have causal relationship.
The data collection was analyzed in quantitative and qualitative manner. The qualitative
approach is used to measure percentages and ratios of the situations similarly the
quantitative approach is selected to quantify the responses of the questioners.
3.4. Data collection instruments
Questionnaire will be the data collection mechanism to gather the primary data from the
issue under investigation. In this study the research questions were also being closed-
ended, so that respondents could give relevant choice since different options is given.
Different options were given and respondents were allowed to tick where necessary and
appropriately. Questions regarding the study variables have made in a way that the
respondents can either 1: Yes 2: No 3: I don’t know, or another idea and this was
done by numbering one of the choices outlined above.
Direct observation of the target sample population was also being possible to their
respected areas.
3.5. Sample design
3.5.1. Population
The study population comprises of workers of local government which are in Total 80
employees who worked in the head quarter of Hargeisa.
3.5.2. Sample size

In ensuring proper and better representation of the total population, by used rule of
thumb, the rule of thumb says if the populations less than 1,000 take 30%.
20
to establish the sample size. This method was used because there is need to get
appropriate and fair representation of the total population that can help in capturing
substantial information for this study. 80*30%= 24
Following this formula, the established sample size were 24 respondents from population
of 80 and this was make fairly a large proportion of the target population involved for
effective data collection on the topic under study.
3.5.3. Sampling techniques

The sampling technique that researcher was used in this study was simple random
sampling. This sampling technique was being employed because it is simple and avoids
cases of biasness in sampling. Using simple random sampling, the populations were equal
chance to be selected to include the sample taken. The researcher was then randomly
sample 24 respondents from 80 targeted populations. Thereafter, self administered
questionnaires (SAQs) were administered to the respondents with the help of some
research assistants and after filling in, the researcher collected the instruments to prepare
data on issues under investigation.
3.6. Sources of data
3.6.1 Primary data sources

The research addressed issue not yet covered by other researchers, the researcher tried to
gather primary data related with the issue under study. The sources of the data were from
the respondents of the sample size. This is made data primary up-to-date and first hand
information.
3.6.2. Secondary data sources

As far as the sources of secondary data are concerned, the possible sources were collect
documents prepared by Authors and Academicians
3.7. Data Presentation Tools.
Presenting Data needed tools are used to show how variables interrelate or affect each
other. Depending on the nature of the study decided what type of tools required
presenting the data. This study had correlation type of relation between variables. One of
the means was present to used tables and graphs.
21
3.8. Data Analysis and Interpretation.
As far as data analysis and interpretation is concerned, the data was analyzed in
descriptive manner, since it was analyze the two variables at the same time and
determining how they were depends each other; the researcher was used Bi-varaite.
22
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher is going to analyze data collected from fields in different
districts. The researcher used questionnaires for collecting the data.
4.1 Gender of Respondents
Figure 4.1
79.2%
20.8%
Source: Primary Data
As the figure above (4.1) indicates the total number of respondents were 24. The
percentage of male and female respondents were 79.2% and 20.8% respectively. Male
respondents are greater in number than females because organizations prefer males to
improve man power.
4.2 Age of the Respondents
Table 4.2
Age Respondents Percent Cumulative Percent
20 -29 18 75.0 75.0
30-39 4 16.7 91.7
40-49 2 8.3 100.0
Total 24 100.0
23
As the table above (4.2) indicates the total number of respondents was 24. 75% of the
respondents‘ age was 20-29, 16.7% age was 30-39 and 8.3% age was 40-49. Therefore
the majority of the respondents were age 20-29, this tells that organizations prefer this
age as they are adults and have the capacity to do their work.
4.3 Marital Status of Respondents
Figure4.3
16.7%
83.3%

As the figure above (4.3) indicates the percentage of respondents who are single and
married are 83.3% and 16.7% respectively. This proves us that organizations like workers
who are not married as they have no any other responsibility and concentrate their work
only.
4.4 Educational Level of Respondents

Table 4.4
Level Respondents Percent Cumulative Percent
Certificate 2 8.3 8.3
Diploma 5 20.8 29.2
First Degree 17 70.8 100.0
Total 24 100.0
Source: primary data
24
As the table above (4.4) shows the total number of respondents is 24. 8.3%, 20.8% and
70.8% of respondents have Certificates, diploma and first degree respectively. This gives
us an impression that the workers of the organizations are educated. Most of them have
taken their first degree. Education is an indicator of the development of the society.
4.5 The community intervention to the projects
Figure 4.5
70.8%
25%
4.2%
2

The intervention of the community in projects has great importance to its success. The
researcher asked the respondents ―Are there any project intervention in the community‖
As the Figure above (4.5) shows 70.8% of the respondents have answered Yes, 25% of
the respondents answered No and 4.2% of the respondents answered I don‘t know. This
result shows that community intervention in projects exists. Interventions of the
community in projects improve the society in many aspects like education, health status,
water supply and sanitation. Based on this there has to be something encouraging
community to be part of different projects taking place in the society. Mass media can be
part of this by telling community the importance of these projects for the people and the
nation as whole.
25
4.6 The community participation in local projects
Table 4.6
Participation Respondents Percent Cumulative Percent
Fairly 2 8.3 8.3
Normal 17 70.8 79.2
No 5 20.8 100.0
Total 24 100.0
Source: primary data
The fully participation of community in local projects is key element of its success.
Based on this, the researcher asked the respondents, ―How does the community
participate local projects.‖ As the table above Table (4.6) shows 8.3% of the respondents
answered, ―We participate fairly.‖ 70.8% of the respondents answered, ―We participate
normally.‖ while 20.8% of the respondents answered, ―We do not participate‖. The
majority of the respondents answered, ―We participate normally.‖ Fully participation of
the community in projects increases the efficiency of the project. The project produces
the required effect in the society.
4.7 Involvement of the community in the decision making process of the

development of projects
Figure 4.7
58.3%
33.3% 8.3%
26
The involvement of the community in the decision making process of the projects is a
fundamental factor which contributes to the success of the projects. Thus the researcher
asked the respondents, ―Does the community involves the decision making process of the
projects.‖ As the Figure above (4.7) shows 33.3%, 58.3% and 8.3% of the respondents
answered (Yes, No and I don‘t know) respectively. The majority of the respondents
answered (No) which means that community participation in decision making process of
the projects is low. Their involvement should be increased because this protects many
mistakes which occur when the project is going on. Also sharing ideas between the
community and the implementers of the projects increases the effectiveness and the
success of the projects.
4.8 The project success depend on community participation
Table 4.8
Respondents Percent Cumulative Percent
Yes 20 83.3 83.3

No 4 16.7 100.0
Total 24 100.0
The project success depends on the extent of community participation. If there is high
level of community participation, the project becomes fruitful and improves the standard
of living of the society. The researcher carried out a questionnaire and asked the
respondents, ―Does the project‘s success depends on community participation.‖ As the
Table above (4.8) shows, 83.8% of the respondents answered (Yes), while 16.7% of the
respondents answered (No). The majority of the respondents answered (Yes). This is
shows that the people are aware of the importance of community participation in projects.
They just need encouragement to be part of the projects.
27
4.9 Community participation increase the project success
Figure 4.9
91.7%
8.3%
%

Community participation increases the success of the project, so the researcher asked the
respondents, ―Does the community participation increase the project success.‖ The figure
above (Figure4.9) shows 91.7% of the respondents answered (Yes), where as 8.3% of the
respondents answered (No). The majority of the respondents answered (Yes). This shows
the important of community participation in local projects because it increases the
sustainability of the projects.
4.10 Challenges faced the community participation on local projects
Table 4.10
Yes 18 75.0 75.0

No 4 16.7 91.7
I don‘t kwon 2 8.3 100.0
Total 24 100.0
28
There are a lot of challenges facing the community participation on local projects. The
researcher carried out a questionnaire asked to the respondents, ―Are there any challenges
faced the community participation on local projects.‖ As the Table above (4.10) shows
75%, 16.7% and 8.3% of the respondents answered (Yes, No and I don‘t know)
respectively. This information emphasizes the presence of challenges which go against
the smooth running of projects. These challenges include illiteracy, lack of man power
and lack of experience.
4.11 The project implementers interest community participation

Figure 4.11
62.5%
29.2%
8.3%

The implementers of the projects are the backbone of the implementation of projects. The
implementers must have enough knowledge and experience for the implementation of the
projects. The researcher asked the respondents, ―Does the project implementers have an
interest in community participation.‖ as the figure above (4.11) shows 62.5%, 29.2% and
8.3% of the respondents answered (Yes, No and I don‘t know) respectively. The majority
of the respondents answered (Yes). This information indicates that implementers have an
interest in implementation of projects. This leads the success and the smooth running of
the projects. The implementers should have the knowledge and the skill to run their job.
29
4.12 Contribution of community in development projects
Table 4.12
Labor 10 41.7 41.7
Land 8 33.3 75.0
All 6 25.0 100.0
Total 24 100.0
Contribution of the community in the development of projects is one the major factors
that affects how far projects become successful. There are many things which community
can contribute like labor, land and money. The researcher asked the respondents, ―Is there
any contribution of the community in the development of the projects.‖ As the table
above (4.12) indicates 41.7%, 33.3% and 25% of the respondents answered we contribute
Labor, land and both respectively. This information shows the contribution of the
community is very importance on the local projects because they give mechanism that
help the project‘s success such as capital, land and labor that increase the sustainability of
the projects.
4.13 community participation important of project successness
Figure 4.13
8.3%
91.7%
30
Community participation is important for the project success because the community is a
key element of the project‘s success. The researcher asked to the respondents, ―Do you
believe community participation important for the project‘s success.‖ As the figure above
(4.13) shows 91.7% of the respondents answered (Yes) and 8.3% of the respondents
answered (No). This information shows community participation is very importance on
the development of projects. Thus lead to mobilize the community and share information
before the project began
4.14 Relationship between community participation and project success
Table 4.14
Yes 21 87.5 87.5

No 1 4.2 91.7
I don‘t know 2 8.3 100.0
Total 24 100.0
The relationship between the community participation and project‘s success are direct
proportional; when the community participation increases the projects become successful.
The researcher asked the respondents ―Is there any relationship between community
participation and project success.‖ As the Table above (4.14) shows 87.5% of the
respondents answered (yes), 4.2% of the respondents answered (no), while 8.3% of the
respondents answered (I don‘t know). Therefore this information shows that there is great
relationship between the community participation and project success. As the number of
community participants increases, the projects become fruitful. Because this encourages
sharing ideas between the community and the administration of projects.
31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
This research paper tries to find out the importance of community participation on project
success.
In fact this study discovered that community participation be included in the

development projects in the city by providing employment, Educational, social
infrastructure, Dams and other important things.
Involvement of the community need to be increased because this protects many
mistakes which occur when the project is going on. Also sharing ideas between the
community and the implementers of the projects and increases the effectiveness and
the success of the projects.
The research found that there is an awareness of the importance of community
participation in projects. They just need encouragement to be part of the projects.
The research discovered that community participation in decision making process of
the projects is low. Therefore involvement should be increased because this protects
many mistakes which occur when the project is going on.
The research found that there are many challenges which face the smooth running of
projects. These challenges include illiteracy, lack of man power and lack of
experience.
The research discovered that implementers of the projects are the key element of
projects success. They have great interest in the implementation of the projects. This
leads the success and the smooth running of the projects. The implementers should
have the knowledge and the skill to run their job.
The research indicated that contribution of the community is very importance on the
local projects because they give mechanism that help the project‘s success such as
capital, land and labor that increase the sustainability of the projects.
The research discovered that the relationship between the community participation
and project‘s success are direct proportional; when the community participation
increases the projects become successful.
32
The research found that community intervention in projects exists. Interventions of

the community in projects improve the society in many aspects like education, health
status, water supply and sanitation. Based on this there has to be something
encouraging community to be part of different projects taking place in the society.
Mass media can be part of this by telling community the importance of these projects
for the people and the nation as whole.
5.2 Recommendation
Fully participation of the community in projects increases the efficiency of the

project. The project produces the required effect in the society. Therefore
implementers of projects should encourage the people to take part local projects
The project implementers should make awareness in the community and tell them the
advantage of the community participation in the development projects
The projects implementers must ensure sustainability of the projects after ending
Project intervention must be interesting community participation during projects.
The project implementers should make training course to the community how to take
part strongly in the development projects.
The project implementers must make assessment is very significant before the
projects because it may be less important to the community.
The community participation in the city is very poor; therefore the project
implementers must make full awareness in the urban or rural society how to make
contribution local projects.
Projects success is very vital. So, project implementers must ensure sustainability of
the projects during and after.
The project implementers should increase community participation in the projects,
because increasing community participation it develops project success.
To solve the challenges faced on by the community during projects .
The project implementers must understand the community ownership of the project
because they are beneficiaries.
The project implementers must brought suitable projects in the society or community
to increase community development.
33
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35
APPENDICES A: QUESTIONNAIRE
Profile Characteristics of the Respondents
My name is Abdirashid Ismail Ibraahim, I am in Bachelor Degree in Development
Management candidate of Civil Service Institute. Part of requirements for the way for
award is a thesis. My study is entitled, Importance of community participation on
project success, within this context, may I request you to participate in this study by
answering the questionnaires? Kindly do not leave any option unanswered. Any date you
will provide shell be for academic purposes only and no information of such kind shall be
disclosed to other.
SECTION A: Personal data, Kindly use the scoring system below
(PleaseTick)
1. Gender of Respondents.
1. Male
2. Female
2. Age of Respondents (Years)
1. 20 – 29 2. 30 – 39
3. 40 – 49 4.50 and Above
3. Marital status
1. Single 2. Marriage
3. Divorce 4. Widower
3. Educational Level of Respondents.

1. Certificate 2. Diploma
3. First Degree 4. Masters Degree
5. PhD 6. Other
36
Section B: Research questionnaire, Kindly use the scoring system below

(Please Tick)
1. Are there any project intervention in the community?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
2. How does the community participate local projects?

1. Highly participate
2. fairly participate
3. Normally participate
4. Not participate
3. Does the community participation involves in the decision making process of

development projects?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
4. Are there any factors that influence the community participation on development
project?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
37
5. Does the project success depend on community participation?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
6. Doesthe community participation increase the project success?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
7. Are there any challenges faced of community participation on local projects?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
8. If yes what are the challenges?
1. Time consuming
2. Fun challenge
3. Skill challenge
9. Does the project implementers interest community participation?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
10. Is there any contribution of community in development projects?
1. Capital
2. Labor
3. Land
4. All
5. Others
38
11. Do you believe that community participation improve project successful?
4. Yes
5. No
6. I don‘t know
12. Is there any relationship between community participation and project success?
1. Yes
2. No
3. I don‘t know
39
APPENDICES B: RESEARCH TIME TABLE
Date(s) Activities
1/6/2014 Meeting with the advisor
1/6/2014---19/6/2014 Writing the proposal and its submission
19/6/2014 Proposal hearing
20/6/2014—27/6/2014 Extension of the literature
28/6/2014---5/7/2014 Research questionnaire development and approval
6/7/2014—20/7/2014 Data collection
21/7/2014—5/8/2014 Data analysis
6/8/2014—10/8/2014 Conclusion and recommendation
23/8/2014 Submission of the final draft
40

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Civil Service Institute

Department of Development Management

Importance of community participation on project’s success

Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim

Advisor: Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed

A research thesis submitted to the department of Development

Importance of community participation on project’s success

Abdirashid Ismail Ibrahim……………….signature………………date………………

Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed………….signature………………….date…………………….

Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed ______________________ Signature __________________

Name of the external examiner ________________ Signature___________________

Mohamed Abdirahman Warsam________________Signature __________________

Approval ........................................................................................................................ iii

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables ................................................................................................................. ix

List of Figures ................................................................................................................ x

List of Appendices........................................................................................................ xii

List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 2

1.3 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 2

1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................... 3

1.4 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................... 3

1.7 Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 6

2.1Theoretical literature .................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Types of participation.............................................................................................. 14

2.3. Community participation and project sustainability .............................................. 14

2.4. Empirical literature ................................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 19

3.1 Definition of Variables ............................................................................................ 19

3.1.1. Community participation .............................................................................. 19

3.1.2. Community ................................................................................................... 19

3.1.4 Project success ............................................................................................... 19

3.1.5 Project ............................................................................................................ 19

3.1.6 Success .......................................................................................................... 19

3.2. Research types ........................................................................................................ 20

3.3. Research approach.................................................................................................. 20

3.4. Data collection instruments .................................................................................... 20

3.5. Sample design ........................................................................................................ 20

3.5.1. Population ..................................................................................................... 20

3.5.2. Sample size ................................................................................................... 20

3.5.3. Sampling techniques..................................................................................... 21

3.6. Sources of data ....................................................................................................... 21

3.6.1 Primary data sources ..................................................................................... 21

3.6.2. Secondary data sources ................................................................................ 21

3.7. Data Presentation Tools. ........................................................................................ 21

3.8. Data Analysis and Interpretation. ........................................................................... 22

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 23

4.1 Gender of Respondents ........................................................................................... 23

4.2 Age of the Respondents .......................................................................................... 23

4.3 Marital Status of Respondents................................................................................. 24

4.4 Educational Level of Respondents .......................................................................... 24

4.5 The community intervention to the projects ........................................................... 25

4.6 The community participation in local projects ........................................................ 26

4.8 The project success depend on community participation........................................ 27

4.9 Community participation increase the project success ........................................... 28

4.10 Challenges faced the community participation on local projects .......................... 28

4.11 The project implementers interest community participation................................. 29

4.12 Contribution of community in development projects ........................................... 30

Abdirisaq Ali Mohamed ____ Signature

Name of the external examiner Signature___

Mohamed Abdirahman WarsamSignature __