22 Communications in Nonlinear Science & Numerical Simulation Vo1.3, No.1 (Mar.

1998)

2) When we t#ake X = 0, Eqs(33) and (34) become

3CCQccW + Wc(.Q) - 2(Q$‘+ W,Q) - fXQcWc = 0 (37)

gC'(QcI:cW
- J+'cctQ)
+ W(Q#’ - WxQP - C/a2)(Qcw - W ,Q)
+27C2(QccWc - WCC&[) + (2/c/3a3)QW = 0 (38)
where
F = (3ay + t5)“‘3aQ(C), G = (3oy -t- W’“WS)
3) When we take IE = 0, Eqs.(33) and (34) become

35(Qd4’+ WCC&)- 2(&$47 + W<Q)- f-KQcWc =0 (39)

9C2(Qc<:cW
- WCC&)+ WQcP - W,,QD - Ud(Q$’ - W ,Q)
+275s(Qccwc - wCCQC) = 0 (40)
where
F = exd/ dd&lQK)~ G = ex~[Sg(gr)dylW(C)
By means of the classical Lie approach, we obtain all the similarity reduction of the
modified KdV equations in bilinear form. How to get all the non-equivalent similarity re-
ductions of the modified KdV equations in bilinear form by using a direct method introduced
by Clarkson and Kruskal141 and generalized by Lou[~] recently should be studied further.
The author would like to thank Dr. S.Y. Lou and Pro. J.F. Zhang for their helpful
discussions.

References

[1] Olver, P.J., Applications of Lie Group to Differential Equations, Berlin, Springer, 1986.
[2] Hirota, R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1971, 27:1129; J. Phys. Sot. Jpn., 1972, 33:1459.
[3] Lakshmanan, M. and Kaliappan, P., J. Math. Phys., 1983, 24:795.
[4] Clarkson, P.A. and Kruskai, M.D.J., J. Math. Phys., 1989, 30:2201.
[5] Lou, S.Y., Phys. Lett., 1990, 151A:133; J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 1990, 23:1649.

Some Fundamental Results of Calculus on

Fractal Sets ’

Huikun JIANG and Weiyi SU

(Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China)
Abstract: This paper is devoted to study the derivatives and integrals on a fractal
set contained in R. The classical concepts and definitions of derivatives and integrals are
naturally extended to this fractal case. The ‘W-a.e. derivability of variational functions,
Newton-Leibniz type formula are obtained under some propriety and natural conditions.
Keywords: s-set, s-derivatives, s-integrals
IThe paper was received on Nov. 10, 1997
No.1 JIANG et al.: Some Fundamental Results of . . . 23

Introduction

A huge amount number of results on fractals have been appeared. But most results
in Mathematics are concentrated on the geometric aspect of fractal sets, and almost all
the results in sciences are concentrated on describing the phenomena occuring in various
practical problems by means of fractal sets. Only a few results are concerned with the
analytic properties of the functions defined on a fractal set and solving the practical problems
on various sciences by virtue of the analytic properties found. A main cause is that one did
not find an effective tool like the classical calculus and some related fundamental formulas,
since the available measures on a fractal set are usually not invariant under translation and
we have not found an appropriate algebraic operation on a fractal set like on a group. This
paper is devoted to establish the concept of calculus and some related fundamental formulas
on a fractal set, an s-set contained in R in a usual and natural way. Relevant discussions
on this topic can be found in [l], [2] and [3].
Given a subset E c R, for s, 0 5 s 5 1, the s-dimensional Hausdorff outer measure of
E is (as in [4])
x”(E) = liminf~,c{~~r IAil” : E C U&J&, IAil < 6)

Where (Ai] denotes the diameter of Ai. The restriction of a8 to the u-fields of a’-measurable
sets is called s-dimensional Hausdorff measure. The unique number s for which 7@(E) = 0
if t > s and tit(E) = 00 if t < s is called the Hausdorff dimension of E. We denote it by
dimHE. We say that E is an s-set if E is 3ts-measurable and 0 < X*(E) < 00, and we shall
only consider those functions defined on an s-set for 0 < s 5 1, since a O-set has at most
finite points.

1. The s-derivative of a Function Defined on an s-set

We first give the following proposition.
Proposition 1.1. Let E c R be an s-set, and

r*={s~E:?f~(Ef~[s,y])>Oforally>~}
I’ = {z E E : 7-ls(E rl [g, x]) > 0 for all y < z}

then we have

W(T* n I*) = W(E)

The s-derivative is given as follows.

Definition 1.2. Let E c R be an s-set, f be a function defined on E. We define the
s-derivative of f, on the right and on the left respectively, at a point zs E E as:

fi+(zo) = lim .,,,+ $$&f$$, if W(E n [zo,~]) > 0 for all z > 20

IEEI
fL-(20) = limz--rz- &$&$$, if W(E n [z, zo]) > 0 for all 2 < zs
SEE0

where these two limits exist. Moreover, if both limits exist and have the same value, then
this value is called the s-derivative of f at 20, and denoted by fl(ze).
We say that f is s-derivable on E if the s-derivative exists and is finite at Xs-almost
every point of E.
24 Communications in Nonlinear Science & Numerical Simulation Vo1.3, No.1 (Mar. 1998)

Example 1.3. Let E C R be an s-set, a E R, and H(E, a) : E --+ R defined by

-3-1”@ n [x, al), if x E E with x < a

H(E,a) =
i as@ n [a,41, if x E E with x > a

In virtue of definition 1.2 and proposition 1.1, it is easy to show that H(E, a) is s-derivable
at 3cs-a.e. point of E, and that

H(E,a)k(x) = 1 at 7-ls-a.e. x E E

Example 1.4. Let E c [O.l] c R be the classical Cantor set. It is well-known that E
is an s-set, s = s, and W(E) = 1. Let {F,}pZl be the sequence of functions on [OJ]
deduced from Fig.1. Then, the sequence {F,}FZ1 converges to the singular function F, i.e.
F is continuous and bounded variational, and the usual derivative of F is zero at all points in
[0, l] \ E. E could not be negligible according to Hausdorff measure, although it is negligible
under Lebesgue measure. Let function L be the restriction of F on the set E. It can be
easily proved that,

F(x) = ‘H’(E fl [0,x]) for all x E [0, l]

and

L(x) = ‘W(En [0,x]) = H(E,O)(x) for all z E E

Furthermore, Lb(xo) = 1 for all x0 E E ( at those 3-adic rational points it can be regarded
as one lateral derivative ). However, the derivative of L under usual definition:

L’(x0) = lirnZicZ ‘(‘~~~jZO)

is infinite for all x0 E E ( of course, at those 3-adic rational points it is only considered as
one lateral limit ).

7
/
F2

4
I; 1 --c

Fig.1

Remark 1.5. (a) By Proposition 1.1, we see that the definition of s-derivative makes
sense at ‘+ts-almost every point of E.
(b) If fi+(zo) is well defined and there is x E R, x < $0, such that W(E rl [~,a]) = 0,
then we also denote fi+(xo) by fi (x0). Analogously on f:- (x0).
No.1 JIANG et al.: Some Fundamental Results of . . . 25

(c) It is obvious that if f is derivable at a point 20 E E, then f is continuous at z. in

the sense that, Ve > 0, there exists 6 > 0, such that If(s) - f(z:o)l < t: holds for all 2 E E
with IH(E, a)(z) - H(E, u)(zo)/ < 6.
For the s-derivative we have the following basic property.
Theorem 1.6. Let E C R be an s-set, a E R and H(E, u) be defined as in the example
2.3. If the function F : (cx,~) --+ R, with H(E,a)(E) C (a, P), has usual derivative on
((Y, p), then the function f : E -+ R defined by

f(x) = F[ff(E, u>(x)1 is s-derivable on E, and

f:(x) = F’[H(E,u)(z)] at 3ts-a.e. x E E

The proof is normal (see [3]).

Example 1.7. Let L(z) be as in Example 1.4.
If f(s) = L”(2), n E R, then f:(z) = nLnP1 (z) for all z E E if n > 1 or for all
x E E \ (0) if n <: 1.
If f(z) = sin27rL(z), then f:(z) = 2x cos27rl(z) for all 2 E E.
Definition 1.8. Let E c R be an s-set, f : E --+ R be a function. We say that f is
?ifls-absolutely continuous on E if

2 If(bk)- f(Uk)l+ 0
k=l

whenever ‘Bs[U~EIEfl (& , bk)] ---+ 0 for any group of points with al < bl 5 u2 < b2 5 . . . 5
a, < b,, in E.
Remark 1.9. ‘?-P-absolute continuity can not relate with Lebesgue-absolutely continuity.
For example, let E c [0, l] be the classic Cantor set. Then L(z) defined in Example 1.4 is
Es-absolutely continuous but not Lebesgue-absolutely continuous; if let f(z) = 2, 5 E E,
then f is Lebesgue-absolutely continuous but not ?ts-absolutely continuous.
We can obtain the following results.
Theorem 1.10. Let E C R be an s-set,, 0 < s 2 1. Suppose that f : E --+ R is an
‘Hs-absolutely continuous function. If f:(z) is zero at 3ts-a.e. point of E, then f is constant
on E.
Theorem 1.11. Let E C R be an s-set, 0 < s 5 1. If f be a bounded variation function
on E, then f is s-derivable on E.

2. The s-integral of Riemann Type on an s-set

Definition2.1. Let E E R be a bounded ?/“-measurable set (0 < s 5 1) with a =

infEEEandb=supEEE, f: E+Rbeafunction. Let

F: a = x0 < 21 < * ‘. < x, = b, xi E E, i ==0, 1, . . . , n

be a partition of E n [a, b], let <i be a point of the set E n [xi- L, Xi], and consider the sum

S = Cy=l f (&)z:“(E n [xi-l y~61)

The number CJ is the s-integral of Riemann type off on E, if for each E > 0 there is a 6 > 0
such that
26 Communications in Nonlinear Science & Numerical Simulation Vo1.3, No.1 (Mar. 1998)

whenever [i E 5: n [q-i, xi] and Yf’(E n [zi-1, q]) < 6 for i = 1,2,. . . , n. Denote the
s-integral by
CT= f(t)dRH’(t)
JE
We call briefly u s-R integral of f on E.
We want to mention that the properties of s-R integral, such as linearity property and
additive property with respect to integrating domain, and so on, are valid. Furthermore, we
also have the following important properties and formulas.
Theorem2.2. Let E C R be compact s-set (0 < s < l), f : E ---+ R be a function. If
f is continuous at all points of E, then
(a) f is bounded on E, and for each c with inf&Ef(z) < c < supZeEf(z), there is at
least one point < E E such that f(c) = c.
(b) f is s-R integrable on E.
(c) ( The mean-value theorem for integrals ) There is at least one point 5 E E such that

I Ef(x)dRHs(x)
= f(5WW
Theorem2.3. Let E C R be a compact s-set (0 < s 5 l), f : E -+ R is continuous at
all points of E. Then
(a) If F(z) = J’nla,Zl f(t)dRP(t), z E E and a = min E, then

holds for 7fs-a.e. point x E E.

(b) If G : E --+ R is ‘H”-absolutely continuous on E, and G:(x) = f(x) at RS-a.e.
point x E E, then
f(t)dRF(t) = G(b) - G(a)
JE
where a = min E and b = max E.
Example 2.4. Let E c [0, l] be the classical Cantor set, L(x) as in Example 1.4.
(i) If f(z) = La(z), n > 0. then f is continuous at all points of E, and &L"+l is
US-absolutely continuous on E, so that using the theorem 2.3 we have

J
E
f(t)dRH’(t) = --&L"+'(t)I,$ = ---

(ii) If f(z) = sinIrL(z), then f and -7r cosnL(z) are tiS-absolutely continuous on E, so
that we have

J
E
f(t)dRH”(t) = - 7rcomL(t)l; = 27r

References

[l] Rgers, C.A. and Taylor, S.J., Functions Continuous and Singular with Respect to Hausdorff
Measure, Mathematika, 1961, &l-31.
[2] Faiconer, K.J., The Geometry of Fractai Sets, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
[3] Thomson, B.S., Derivatives of Interval Functions, Memoirs of ,4MS, 1991, 452.
[4] de Guzman, M., Martin, M.A. and Reyes, M., On the Derivation of Practal Function, Fractals
in the Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 1991.