A PROJECT REPORT

On
“GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY

2nd Year 3rd Semester

ABDUL SALAM (2152001)

MD ZISHAN AKHTAR (D202101962)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Debabrata Ghosh
Lecturer
Department of EE

BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, DURGAPUR

Bengal College of Polytechnic

 ABSTRACT

Gas Turbine plays a major role in power plant especially in cogeneration system

which consists of Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP) and also Gas District

Cooling plant (GDC). The main problem that a gas turbine engine encounter is that of

efficiency, and one of the ways to overcome this is by increasing the performance of

the engine itself before its waste (exhaust) being utilized through cogeneration system.

Efficiency of a gas turbine is rated from 23 % to 33 %, and the rest are loses of the

system and it being a waste through the exhaust. Cogeneration system has been

introduced to improve the efficiency which actually can increase the whole system’s

efficiency from 75 % to 85 %. By knowing the factors that leads and affect the

engines performance, the percentage of performance can be increased. In this paper

the performance of the gas turbine in cogeneration system, will be discussed. This

paper will also discuss on the methods to calculate the performance of a gas turbine’s

engine which consist of temperature in every stage, chemical reaction due to

combustion reaction and fuel composition, engine exhaust flow (expandation) and also

the output of the overall engine part.

Bengal College of Polytechnic

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This survey was supported by Dept. of Electrical Engineering , Bengal College of

Polytechnic Durgapur under guidance of Prof. Debabrata Ghosh (Lecturer of

Electrical Engineering Dept., BCP Durgapur). I am thankful to our colleagues who

provided expertise and greatly assisted the survey.

ABDUL SALAM / MD ZISHAN AKTAR

Bengal College of Polytechnic

 Index

 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………2.
 Literature review………………………………………………………………3.
 Open cycle gas turbine…………………………………………………………4.
 Closed cycle gas turbine……………………………………………………….5.
 Layout…………………………………………………………………………...6.
 Major parts…………………………………………………………………….7.
 Advantage / Disadvantage……………………………………………………12.
 Image Processing……………………………………………………………….13.
 Vortex Dynamics……………………………………………………………….13.
 Performance…………………………………………………………………..14.
 Result Analysis…………………………………………………………………15.
 3D Model……………………………………………………………………..…16.
 References………………………………………………………………………17.

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 INTRODUCTION
The gas turbine is unquestionably one of the most important inventions of the 20th
century, and it has changed our lives in many ways. Early gas turbines for power
generation applications were of low power and their thermal efficiency was too low to be
competitive. By the end of the 20th century, however, gas turbines were capable of output
up to 300MW with thermal efficiencies of 40 per cent and the gas turbine became widely
used in power generation.

The power plant usually consists of an air compressor, a heat exchanger, a combustion
chamber and a gas turbine. First, the air is being compressed by the air compressor and
then being raised its temperature by the heat exchanger before being combusted in the
combustion chamber. The air then undergoes expansion in the gas turbine and finally
being channel back to the heat exchanger before being released to ambient environment.

The gas turbine is used in a wide range of applications. Common uses include power
generation plants and military and commercial aircraft. In Jet Engine applications, the
power output of the turbine is used to provide thrust for the aircraft.

Gas turbines operate on the principal of the Brayton Cycle, which is defined as a constant
pressure cycle, with four basic operations which it accomplishes simultaneously and
continuously for an uninterrupted flow of power.

The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas turbine
engine that can be used in both internal combustion engines (such as jet engines) and for
external combustion engines. It usually consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber
and a turbine.

The four steps of the cycle are:

(1-2) Isentropic Compression-Ambient air compressed in the compressor

(2-3) Isobaric Heat Addition-Pressurized air heated in the combustion chamber

(3-4) Isentropic Expansion-Expansion of heated pressurized air in the turbine

(4-1) Isobaric Heat Rejection-Heat rejection to the atmosphere

Pressure ratio

Thermal efficiency of a Brayton cycle

Isentropic relation
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 Literature review

Every gas turbine has three fundamental elements in common, an axial compressor, a
combustor and a turbine. These elements work together to produce usable energy. First
it converts fuel energy into heat energy and then it harness as much of that heat as
possible and converts it into mechanical energy. The more heat it produces, the more
energy it can extract. However, basic cycle gas turbine can only achieve maximum
efficiency of less than 50%. Thus element such as regenerator, intercooler or reheater
can be added to increase its thermal efficiency and the power output.

• Invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle

• Patented in 1934
• First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during second
world war
• Currently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines
• Used for power generation
• Manufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls Royce,
Honeywell, Siemens – Westinghouse, Alstom
• Indian take: Kaveri Engine by GTRE (DRDO)

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 Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle, as shown in Figure 1. Fresh air at
ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and
pressure are raised. The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber,
where the fuel is burned at constant pressure. The resulting high-temperature gases
then enter the turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric pressure through a
row of nozzle vanes. This expansion causes the turbine blade to spin, which then
turns a shaft inside a magnetic coil. When the shaft is rotating inside the magnetic
coil, electrical current is produced. The exhaust gases leaving the turbine in the open
cycle are not re-circulated.

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 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

The open gas-turbne cycle can be modeled as a closed cycle as shown in Figure 2 by
utilizing the air-standard assumptions Here the compression and expansion processes
remain the same, but the combustion process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat-
addition process from an external source, and the exhaust process is replaced by a constant
pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.

A closed-cycle gas turbine diagram is very simple and contains components like a

compressor, heat chamber, and a gas turbine. The generator, compressor, and cooling
chamber are driven by the gas turbine. The diagram of this is shown below.
 The gas is compressed in the compressor.
 The compressed gas is heated in the heating chamber.
 The gas turbine helps to generate electricity.
 Electricity is generated by the generator with the use of gas turbine
 The cooling of gases passed from the turbine gets cooled in the cooling chamber.

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 Layout

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 Major Parts

1. Compressor

The compressor is used to compress the air to higher pressure. The type of compressors
which are commonly used is centrifugal and axial flow types. The centrifugal compressor
consists of an impeller and a diffuser.

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The impeller provides high kinetic energy to the air and the diffuser converts kinetic
energy into pressure energy. A centrifugal compressor consists of an impeller with a
series of curved radial vanes as shown in the figure. Air is sucked in near the hub,
called the impeller eye and is whirled round at high speed by the vanes on the impeller
rotating at high rpm.

2. Combustion Chamber

In an open cycle, GT plant combustion may be arranged to take place in one or two large
cylinder can-type combustion chambers (CC) with ducting to convey to the turbine.
Combustion is begun by an electric spark and once the fuel starts burning the flame is
need to stabilize.

1. Can-type Combustor With Swirl Flow Flame Stabilizer

A pilot or recirculated inflow to establish stable flame which helps to sustain zone is
created in the main flow to establish stable flame which helps to sustain combustion
continuously. The common methods of flame stabilization flow and by the bluff body.

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 The figure shows a can-type combustor with swirl flow flame stabilization. About
20% of the total air from the compressor is directly fed through a swirler to the
burner as primary air, to provide a rich fuel-air mixture. In the primary zone that
burns continuously, high temperatures gases produced.

2. Can-type Combustion With Bluff-body Flame Stabilizer

The figure shows a can-type combustor with a bluff body stabilizing the flame. The
fuel is injected upstream into the airflow and a sheet metal cone and perforated baffle
plate ensure the necessary mixing of fuel and air.

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The low-pressure zone created downstream side causes the reversal of flow along the axis
of the CC to stabilize the flame. Sufficient turbulence is produced in all three zones of the
CC for uniform mixing and good combustion.

3. Gas Turbines

Like steam turbines, gas turbines are also of the axial flow type as shown in the figure.
The primary requirements of turbines are high efficiency, light in weight, reliability in
operation and long working life.

Large work output obtained per stage with higher blade speeds when the blades are
designed to maintain higher stresses. More stages are always preferred in gas turbine
power plants because it helps to reduce the stresses in the blades and increases the
overall life of the turbine.

Cooling of gas turbine blades is necessary for a long life as it is subjected to high-
temperature gases. Blade angles of gas turbines follow the axial flow compressor
blades, where the degree of reaction is not 50%.

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It is usually assumed for any stage that the absolute velocity at the inlet to each stage
(V2) is equal to the absolute velocity at the exit from the moving blades (ie. V2) and
that the same flow velocity Vf is constant throughout the turbine.

The degree of reaction R, as determined for a steam turbine, is true for gas turbines
also. It is the ratio of the enthalpy drop in the moving blades to the enthalpy drop in the
stage.

4. Vortex Blading

It is the name given to the twisted blades which are designed by using three-
dimensional flow equations with a view to decrease fluid flow losses. A radial
equilibrium equation can be derived and it can be shown that one set of conditions
which satisfies this equation is as follows:

 a) Constant axial velocity along with the blades, i.e. Vf = constant

 b) Constant specific work over the annulus, i.e. Vb∆Vw = constant

 C) Free vortex at the entry to the moving blades, i.e. Vw1r = constant, where r is
the blade radius at any point.

Since the specific work output is constant over the annulus, it can be calculated at the
mean radius, and multiplied by the mass flow rate it becomes the power for the stage.
Since the fluid density varies along with the blade height, the density at the mean
radius can be used, so that m = ρmVfA, where A is the blade annular area.

 d) Ductwork: The ductwork consists of ducts between the compressor and the
combustion chamber, combustion chamber to the turbine, and the exhaust duct.
The ducts must be sized to minimize the pressure losses, as the loss in pressure
directly reduces the capacity of the plant.

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 Advantages/ Disadvantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant
Following are the advantages of a gas turbine power plant:

1. The work developed per kg of air is large compared to the diesel plant.

2. Less space is required.

3. Less vibration due to perfect balancing.

4. Low capital cost.

5. Higher mechanical efficiency.

6. The higher the speed of the turbine.

7. Low installation and maintenance cost.

8. Simple ignition and lubrication systems.

9. Poor quality fuels can be used.

10.Better torque characteristics of the plant.

11.No ash handling problem.

Disadvantages
1. Poor part-load efficiency.
2. Special cooling methods are required for cooling turbine blades.
3. Short life.
4. Special metals and alloys are required for components.

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 Image Processing

Simulation results

Vortex Dynamics

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 Performance

RESULT ANALYSIS

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 • Power Generation
– Fuel Economy
– Low Emissions
– Alternative fuels
• Military Aircrafts
– High Thrust
– Low Weight
• Commercial Aircrafts
– Low emissions
– High Thrust
– Low Weight

Fuel Economy

3D Model
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 References
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1. B. Zohuri, Innovative combined Brayton open cycle systems for the next generation
nuclear power plants, PhD Dissertation, Nuclear Engineering Department, University of
New Mexico, 2014
2. K. Rolf, F. Hannemann, F. Stirnimann, B. Rukes, Combined-cycle gas & steam turbine
power plants, 3rd edn. (PennWell Publication, Tulsa, 2009)
3. L.O. Tomlinson, S. McCullough, Single shaft combined cycle power generation system
(General Electric Power System, Schenectady, NY) GER-3767C
4. P.C. Putnam, Energy in the future, Ch 6 (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, 1953);
see also R.D. Nininger et al., Energy from uranium and coal reserves, U.S. AEC Report
TID-8207 (1960)
5. M. Boyce, Gas turbine engineering handbook, 2nd edn. (Gulf Professional Publishing,
Boston, 2002.) ISBN 0-88415732-6
6. Douglas Quattrochi 2006-08-06,
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/ notes/node27.html
7. B.L. Koff, Spanning the Globe with Jest Propulsion AIAA Paper 2987, AIAA Annual
Meeting and Exhibit, (1991)
8. C.E. Meece, Gas Turbine Technology of the Future, International Symposium on Air
Breathing Engines, paper 95-7006, (1995)

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