09/10/2022

3º ESO

UD1: THE CELL

CONTENT The cell:

• Cell theory
• Cell types
• Basic cell structure and function
• Identification of cell types (Laboratory)
• Non-cellular organisms
Levels of organization
• Human tissues
• Organs
• Systems and apparatus

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A
E
B
c
F

The history of the cell theory

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A) Robert Hooke calls “CELLS” to the small D) Isaac Newton hated Hooke, so he
chambers in a sample of destroyed the only portrait of Hooke we had,
cork that he was studying and hid Hooke´s discoveries for a long time.
with his microscope.

E) Rudolf Virchow demonstrated that cells

B) Matthias Schleiden discovered that all come from pre-existing cells
plants were made of cells. (and do not appear
spontaneously).

C) Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek develops a

microscope which allows him to see small
“animalcules” in people´s mouth F) Theodor Schwann
discovered that all animals
were made of cells.

The 3 postulates of cell theory

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The 3 postulates of cell theory

The cell is the basic unit of

All living organisms are structure and organization. All cells come from
composed of one or Each cell conducts the 3 pre-existing cells
more cells vital functions.

Types of cells

HOW MANY TYPES OF

CELLS DO YOU KNOW?

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DNA inside the nucleus

DNA is free in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes are the only organelles With membrane-bound organelles

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The CELL COMPONENTS

https://wordwall.net/play/35084/226/954

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1. Plasma membrane:
• It´s a membrane that separates
the interior of the cell form the
outside environment.
• It consists of a lipid bilayer (two
PLASMA layers of phospholipids) with
MEMBRANE
cholesterol and proteins.
• The membrane proteins are used
to transport materials inside or
outside the cells and to
communicate with the
environment.

2. CYTOPLASM:
• It´s an aqueous fluid that fills the
inside of the cell.

• It contains several substances

CYTOPLASMsuch as proteins and salts.

• The cytoskeleton and the

organelles flow inside the
cytoplasm.

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3. NUCLEUS:
NUCLEUS • It´s membrane-bound organelle
thatcontains the geneticmaterial.
• The genetic material (DNA) can be
found in the form of chromatin
(when itis loose) or chromosomes.
• The nucleus is the control centre
of the cell.

4. Mitochondria:
• It´s membrane-bound organelle
with elliptical shape.
• It is in charge of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
respiration, by which the cell
takes up oxygen (O2) and produces
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O).
• As a result, the cell obtains
energy.

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5. RIBOSOMES:
RIBOSOME

• Small organelles, without

membrane, composed of two
subunits (large andsmall).
• They can be found free on the
cytoplasm or attached to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Their function is to make up
proteins.

ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM 6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:
• Membrane-bound organelle in the
form of an interconnected network
of sacs and tubules.
• There are 2types:
• Rough (rER): Stores and
transports the proteins produced
by the ribosomesattachedto it.
• SMOOTH (sER): synthesizes,
ROUGH transports and stores lipids.
SMOOTH

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7. GOLGI APPARATUS:

• Membrane-bound organelle in the form of flattened and stacked

sacs (Cisternae).
• They receive substances from the ER and store them into vesicles
for delivery to targetdestinations.

8. Lysosomes:
• Membrane-bound vesicles that
contain acidic substances.

• They contribute to degrading big

LYSOSOMES
molecules into simpler ones.

• They are common in animal cells and

rare in plant cells.

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9. CYTOSKELETON:

• Agroup of proteinfibres thatmaintainthe cell shape.

• Helps to move organelles and substances throughout the cytoplasm
(intracellular transport)

CENTROSOME

10. CENTROSOME:
• Composed by a couple of
CENTRIOLES, made of a group
of proteins.
• They help on cell division.
• Only present in animal cells.

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11. CHLOROPLAST: exclusive

CHLOROPLAST • It´s only presentin plant cells.

• It´s a membrane-bound organelle
with oval shape.
• Photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplasts, thanks to a pigment
called chlorophyll, that capture
lightenergy.
• During photosynthesis, light
energy and CO2 are converted into
nutrients and O 2.

12. VACUOLE Exclusive*

• Membrane-boundorganelle.
• Filled with water and inorganic
substances (salts andminerals)
• In plant cells they occupy most
VACUOLE of the cytoplasm. Help on
maintain the cell´s shape.
• In animal cells, vacuoles are
small organelles called
vesicles.

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13. CELL WALL exclusive

• Only presentin plantcells.

• Thick layer that protects the
plant cells.
CELL WALL • It is made of cellulose,
• Confers the cell a rigid
polygonal shape.

OTHER STRUCTURES: CILIA AND FLAGEllUM

FLAGEllUM

Long hair-like appendage
that provides motility to
the cell.
Normally one per cell
CILIA
Cilia are small hair-like
structures that move the
surroundingmedium.
Several per cell.

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1 Indicate the organ that performs each function

Synthesize proteins Ribosomes Stores water and occupy
most of a plant cell´s Vacuole
Photosynthesis Chloroplasts cytoplasm

Cell respiration Mitochondria Packages substances from Golgi

the ER into vesicles. apparatus
Maintain the animal
cells´ shape Cytoskelleton Help on cell division Centrosome

Provides a polygonal synthesizes, transports Smooth

Cell wall and stores lipids endoplasmic
shape to plant cells reticulum

Which organelles are exclusive of plant cells? Why are they important for
2 them?
• Chloroplasts- Photosynthesis occurs inside them
• Cell wall- Protects and confers the cell a polygonal shape
• Vacuole- Stores water and nutrients
3 What is the function of the proteins found in the plasma membrane?
• They transport substances across the cell
• Communication with other cells

4 What is the function of the cholesterol found in the plasma membrane?

• Provide stability to the plasma membrane

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5 Indicate if the following sentences are True or False:

1. The plasma membrane is composed of cellulose (F. The cell wall)
2. The cytoskeleton is responsible of intracellular motility. (V)
3. The chromosomes are DNA molecules found free in the cytoplasm. (F. Inside the
nucleous)
4. Flagellaare small and numerous hair-like structures that provides cell motility.
(F. cilia)
5. Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles that synthesize proteins. (F)
6. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its membrane. (V)
7. The centrosome controls the plantcell division. (F. animal)
8. The plasma membrane is made of two layers of lipids. (V)
9. Some animal cells have cell wall. (F. Animal cells do not have cell wall)
10.The Golgi Apparatus is only present in plant cells. (F. In plant and animal cells)

HOW THE CELL WORKS? 1. The nucleolus synthesizes

ribosomes
1-6 2 . Ribosomes produce proteins and
send them to the R ER.
3 . The smooth ER produces lipids
and packs them into v esicles.
1 4. Vesicles containing proteins and
2
6 lipids are sent to the Golgi apparatus.
5. The Golgi apparatus modifies the
lipids and proteins contained in the
vesicles.
3
6 . Lipidsand proteinsfrom the Golgi
4 apparatus are sent to their final
5
destination.
Energy produced by the mitochondria
is used in all of these steps.

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HOW THE CELL DIVIDES?

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
1x DNA
1x DNA
DNA duplicates DNA duplicates
2x DNA
2x DNA
Genetic material divides
1st division 1x DNA
into 2 daughter cells

1x DNA
The cell duplicates its genetic material and
divides it equally into two daughter cells.
Both daughter cells are identical to the
mother cell.
2 nd division
½ DNA
The cell duplicates its genetic material. Then
it divides twice, resulting in 4 daughter cells
with half the DNA.
These cells are called gametes.

NON-CELLULAR ORGANISMS: virus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI&ab_channel=PeekabooKidz

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viruses
• Viruses are small organisms composed of:
• Genetic material
• A protein structure
• An envelope (sometimes)
• They have the ability of assemble their
constituent parts.
• They are not able to autonomous
reproduction: they need to parasite a host
cell in order to make copies of themselves.

Levels of organization

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Levels of organization

Levels of organization

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ORGANELLE .- Aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by

membranes (except the ribosomes).
CELL .- The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in
living organisms.
TISSUES .- groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related
functions.
ORGANS .- collections of tissues grouped together performing a
common function.
ORGAN SYSTEM .- a higher level of organization that consists of
functionally related organs.

Levels of organization
POPULATION
All the individuals of
ORGANISM
the same species
Individual living entities. ORGANISM living within a specific
POPULATION area.
ECOSYSTEM
the sum of living COMMUNITY
organisms and the sum of populations
non-living things in inhabiting a particular
a particular area. ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY area.

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6 Identify and classify each image on a level of organization

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

8
9

Tissues: epithelial tissue Cells are very close to each other.

There are no spaces between them

Lining epithelium Glandular epithelium

(coverage and protection) (substance secretion)

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Tissues: connective tissue CELLS + MATRIX

Tissues: MUSCULAR tissue

Involuntary contraction Voluntary contraction Involuntary contraction

Ex.: Heart Ex.: Muscles attached to bones Ex.: Digestive system muscles

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Tissues: NERVOUS tissue

GLIAL CELLS
NEURONS
Support and protect
the neurons
Cells in charge
of processing
and
transmitting
the
information

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