MODULE III

IMPACT OF ENERGY ON ENVIRONMENT

WHY STUDY ABOUT ENERGY?

• Major factor for development

• Need for energy in daily life

➢ Residential uses
➢ Commercial uses
➢ Transportation

• Energy controls GDP and drives economic growth of countries

• Energy creates global problems like pollution – STOP unsustainable technologies

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1. HOW CAN ENERGY BE CLASSIFIED?

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1.1 COMMERCIAL AND NON-COMMERCIAL
ENERGY
COMMERCIAL ENERGY

Energy sources available in the market for a price (Electricity, coal, oil, natural gas)

Indicates economic development of the country

NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY

Energy sources not available in the commercial market for a price

Indicates the living standard of people of country

Called traditional fuels and are used for domestic purposes

▪ Firewood, cattle dung, agricultural wastes in rural areas

▪ Solar energy for water heating, drying crops ; animal power for transport

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1.2 RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

• RENEWABLE ENERGY
Replaced by natural processes in a short span of
time OR recyclable

No harm to environment

• NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
Take millions of years to be replaced OR can’t be
replaced

High harm to nature because of harmful emissions

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DOES RENEWABLE ENERGY HAVE DISADVANTAGES?

• Availability depends on location

• Not reliable - weather dependent

• Expensive to setup, store – high capital cost

• The efficiency of renewable technologies is low

• Renewable energy sites require a lot of space

• Not completely pollution free

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IS NUCLEAR ENERGY RENEWABLE ?

• SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS • OPPOSING ARGUMENTS

• If low carbon emission is the criteria to • Fuel used for fission is uranium –
classify an energy source as renewable, exhaustible
nuclear energy is renewable
Nuclear energy is a result of heat produced
• Available Uranium deposits can generate
by fission process
nuclear energy for another 1000 years
only • Harmful nuclear waste from nuclear
power reactor
If other sources of Uranium are found,
nuclear energy will be renewable!

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1.3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY

• PRIMARY ENERGY
Consists of unconverted or original fuels

Can be mined/reaped/extracted directly from nature

• SECONDARY ENERGY
Resources that have been converted or stored

Can’t be harnessed directly from nature

More convenient form of energy

Can you think of some energy sources with non-energy uses?

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2. GLOBAL AND INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

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 PRIMARY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN
2021
• Primary energy grew by 31 EJ in 2021

(largest in China)

• Fossil fuels accounted for 82 % primary

energy use in 2021

• Very low energy demand in 2020 - pandemic

• Compared to 2019, oil demand reduced, but

natural gas and coal consumption increased

Ref: bp Statistical Review of World Energy - 2022

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 GLOBAL POWER
GENERATION
• Electricity generation increased by
6.2 % in 2021

• Coal – dominant fuel

• Wind + Solar power generation =

10.2 % of power generation in 2021
(China main driver)

• Hydro generation decreased ~ 1.4 %

in 2021
Ref: bp Statistical Review of World Energy - 2022

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INDIA’S ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 2021

• 10 % increase in primary energy consumption

• Coal was the fastest growing fuel, increase by 16 %

• India was the second largest producer of coal after China

• India accounts for 12.5 % of global coal consumption

• Renewables grew by 13.2 %

• By the end of 2021, installed capacity of solar and onshore wind are 49.3 GW and 40.1 GW

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INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA
(As on 30 June, 2022)

FUEL % SHARE IN TOTAL

Fossil Fuel 58.5 % COAL = 50.7 %
Renewable (Including Hydro) 39.7 %

Nuclear 1.7 %

HYDRO = 11.6 % Why is hydro energy shown separately from renewables?

WIND + SOLAR + OTHER RENEWABLES = 28.3 %

Total installed capacity = 4.03 MW

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COAL - STATISTICS

What is India’s position on coal reserves globally?

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CRUDE OIL - STATISTICS

Indian Statistics

3rd biggest oil consumer • India depends on imports to meet 85 % oil demand
in the world and 55 % natural gas demand
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 NATURAL GAS - STATISTICS

• Natural gas contributes to 25 % of global energy

consumption. In India, however, it is only 6% of the
•In India the largest share of Natural gas (40%) is energy consumed
consumed in the production of fertilizers • India imports 37% of its natural gas consumption
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RENEWABLES – INDIAN STATISTICS
• 4th largest installed capacity of renewable energy in the world

• 4th largest installed capacity of wind power in the world

India’s largest wind power plant is in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu

• Fifth-largest solar installed capacity in the world

Bhadla Solar Park (world’s largest solar park) is located in Rajasthan, India - 14,000 acres

• India produces about 450-500 million tonnes of biomass per year.

Biomass provides 32% of all the primary energy use in the country at present.

• India’s target= 175 GW worth of renewable energy by the end of 2022, which expands to 500 GW by 2030.

This is the world's largest expansion plan in renewable energy

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3. COMMERCIAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

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3.1 FOSSIL FUELS TO ELECTRICITY
Oil to electricity
Coal to electricity
Crude oil
heated to
370 °C

ELECTRICITY
PRODUCTION

Crude oil is a
mix of Distillation
hydrocarbons column
(products
separate
based on
volatility)

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Numerical 1

• If 0.54 kg of coal can generate 1 kWh of energy in a coal powered plant,

find the calorific value of coal that is used. Consider that a heat input of
10765 kJ/kWh is supplied for plant operation.

Ans:

Calorific value = Heat input/Mass of coal = (10765 kJ/kWh) / (0.54 kg/kWh) = 19935 kJ/kg

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3.2 SOLAR TO ELECTRICITY
Solar photovoltaic technology

• Energy from sunlight is absorbed by solar cells

• Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials (Si)

• When semiconductors are exposed to sunlight, it

absorbs them and transfers them to electrons

• This energy allows electrons to flow through material

as electric current

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 Numerical 2
• 120 solar modules each of 250 W and area of 1.67 𝑚2 are connected to form a photovoltaic

system. If the efficiency (i.e, performance ratio) of the system is 75 % and annual solar radiation

is 1487 kWh/𝑚2 , find the expected annual energy production.

A = Total solar panel Area (𝑚2 )
r = solar panel efficiency at STC (%)
Ans: STC is radiation=1000 W/m2, cell
temperature=25 °C, Wind speed=1 m/s,
Electricity generated from a PV system = A*r*H*PR
AM=1.5
250 H = Annual average solar radiation on
r= ∗ 100 = 14.97 %
(1000∗1.67) panels in kWh/m2
PR = Performance ratio, including losses
Annual energy production= (1.67*120)*0.1497*1487*0.75 = 33457 kWh due to shading, cables, inverter losses,
dust etc. (ranges between 0.5 and 0.9,
default value = 0.75)
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3.2 SOLAR TO ELECTRICITY

Solar thermal technology

1. Mirrors or reflectors concentrate the sun's rays to heat

a special kind of liquid.

2. The heat from this liquid boils water to create steam.

3. Steam spins a turbine that is connected to a generator,

which creates electricity.

4. The steam cools and condenses back to water, which is

recycled, reheated, and converted into steam again.

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Numerical 3

• A solar cell (10 cm*10 cm) gives an output voltage of 0.5 V and a current of

2.5 A. If the incident solar insolation is 800 W/𝑚2 , find the efficiency of this

solar cell.

Ans:

Power input to cell = Solar insolation * Area of cell

Power output from cell = Voltage * Current

Efficiency= (0.5*2.5)/(800*10−2 ) = 15.62 %

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