1 s2.0 S0169204622001852 Main

Landscape and Urban Planning 227 (2022) 104536
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Landscape and Urban Planning

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan
Review Article
Trends and status of urban green and urban green research in Latin America
Sofia Flores a, b, Carmen Van Mechelen c, Jose Palacios Vallejo b, Koenraad Van Meerbeek a, *
a
Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
b
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
c
PXL Bio-Research, PXL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Diepenbeek, Belgium
H I G H L I G H T S
• Rapid urbanization in Latin America has negative consequences for urban green.
• Unequal distribution of urban green in cities is affecting citizens’ life quality.
• Ecosystem services and biodiversity as main topics of urban research in the region.
• Large differences in quality and quantity of urban green studies across countries.
• Proper urban planning is key to retaining urban green with equitable distribution.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Urbanization is one of the key drivers of Latin America (LA)’s economic development, providing housing, ed
Ecosystem services ucation and employment. However, is also putting pressure on people and biodiversity in cities. Urban green
Green infrastructure (UG) represents an opportunity to mitigate adverse consequences by offering a habitat for flora and fauna and a
Latin-America
healthy urban environment for its inhabitants. However, research to understand and improve the functioning of
Urban green
green infrastructures as well as their implementation has been limited in LA. To describe the current status and
Urbanization
Urban planning trends of UG and UG research in LA, a structured literature review of English and Spanish articles was conducted
using various databases. The largest number of UG studies was performed in Brazil and its cities (Curitiba and
São Carlos) had the largest reported area of UG per inhabitant. On the contrary, research output was lowest in
Bolivia, El Salvador, Guyana and Paraguay. For these countries, we found no official records about the area of UG
space. Importantly, in some of the larger cities (e.g. Lima, Buenos Aires) the available amount of green space is
lower (6 m2/inhabitant) than that recommended by the World Health Organization. “Biodiversity” and
“ecosystem services” were the most studied topics in urban research. Overall, our findings suggest that UG
implementation and research on UG are still poorly developed. According to this review, only three countries are
progressively investing in UG research, resulting in more peer-reviewed articles and international collaborations.
Currently, Spanish databases do not allow structured searches, impeding the synthesis and progress of scientific
research in LA.
1. Introduction million inhabitants in 2020 has become substantially more urban the
last 60 years (from 49.5 % in 1960 to 81.2 % nowadays, Fig. 1).
1.1. Urbanization in Latin America Moreover, LA ranks second in the world after North America (82 %,
Africa 40 %, Asia 43 %, Europe 73 %) (Diez Roux et al., 2019; Popula
Worldwide, urban population is growing rapidly, with already more tion Reference Bureau, 2020; United Nations, 2019). In 2017, more than
than half of the world population living in urban areas. However, the 90 % of the population in Argentina, Puerto Rico and Uruguay was living
rates of urbanization vary greatly among countries and continents. Latin in urban areas. Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela are not far behind
America (LA) – the region consisting of South America, Mexico, Central (80–88 %), while the share of urban population was only in a few
America and the Caribbean islands - with a population exceeding 651 countries below 60 % (Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Panama)
* Corresponding author at: Celestijnenlaan 200E, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.

E-mail address: koenraad.vanmeerbeek@kuleuven.be (K. Van Meerbeek).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104536
Received 28 December 2021; Received in revised form 1 June 2022; Accepted 6 August 2022
Available online 26 August 2022
0169-2046/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Flores et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 227 (2022) 104536
Fig. 1. Change in the urban population (in % of the total population) in LA from 1960 to 2050. The dashed line indicates the average for LA and gray lines are
countries with urban population below 80% by 2050.
(Ritchie & Roser, 2019, Fig. 1). By 2050, the proportion of the world’s not occur in a gradual or organized manner. On the contrary, it was a
population living in urban areas is expected to increase from 54 % to 66 very fast and heterogeneous process and was directed towards a mi
%. This increase is expected to be even greater in LA where almost 90 % nority of the cities. Moreover, these urban areas did not have the
of its population will be living in urban areas (United Nations, 2019). infrastructure to support this rapid influx, urbanizing themselves in an
LA was predominantly rural until the early 1960s. However, due to informal way, without the proper organization of the urban sector
the large-scale intensification of agriculture, industrialization, violence (Dufour & Piperata, 2004; de Lima & Magaña Rueda, 2018; Portes,
associated with paramilitary groups and the absence of political reforms 1989). This uncontrolled urban development has put pressure on
in several countries, migration of inhabitants from rural to large urban agrarian and natural land, affecting the provision of basic services such
centers increased (Álvarez-Berríos, Parés-Ramos, & Aide, 2013; Dufour as water, electricity, sanitation, housing, etc., and has a number of
& Piperata, 2004; Musse, Barona, & Santana Rodriguez, 2018). negative environmental consequences, increasing the region’s vulnera
Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile were the first countries to experience bility to the effects of climate change (de Mola et al., 2017; Pauchard,
this urban migration, while this process started latest in Paraguay, Aguayo, Peña, & Urrutia, 2006; Pellizzaro et al., 2019).
Ecuador and Bolivia (Dufour & Piperata, 2004). In the period between One of the most concerning issues of informal and rapid urbanization
2001 and 2011, the LA region experienced a high degree of urbaniza is the associated increase in air pollution. Urbanized cities like São
tion. Most of this expansion occurred in rural areas, towns, and suburban Paulo, Santiago, Buenos Aires, and Bogotá have recorded high levels of
areas that were not previously developed. As a result of these trends, CO emissions (>450 Gg/year). In these areas, the main source of pol
urban population increased rapidly (Álvarez-Berríos et al., 2013). lutants is vehicular activity, as it is responsible for approximately 97 %
LA is home to four of the 50 largest cities in the world and by 2030 of CO, 76 % of HC, 68 % of NOx, and 40 % of the PM10 emissions
the region will have six cities in the top 50 ranking (Hoornweg & Pope, (Martins et al., 2017; Reynolds, Escobedo, Clerici, & Zea-Camaño,
2014; Ritchie & Roser, 2019). Additionally, the region also encompasses 2017). Although LA has shown lower carbon emissions per capita
a vast number of rapidly growing middle- and small-sized cities (Diez compared to industrialized regions due to a lower-income per capita,
Roux et al., 2019). Even the rural Brazilian Amazon has experienced over 100 million people are already exposed to high levels of pollution
very rapid population growth, with more than 60 % of the population (Franco, Gidhagen, Morales, & Behrentz, 2019). As a consequence, in
living in urban areas. These examples illustrate how rapid this process is creases in allergies and respiratory diseases such as asthma have been
transforming rural areas and small towns into ever-larger cities. observed in several countries including Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador
(Fernández & Wu, 2018; Mazzeo, Venegas, & Choren, 2005).
Urbanization has radically altered the energy balance of cities
1.2. Challenges related to informal urbanization (ground covered by impermeable surfaces with low reflection and high
absorption of solar radiation, such as pavements, buildings, etc.) causing
The rapid process of urbanization in the LA region has been higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas (Oke, 1973),
described by several authors as a “hyper urbanization” or “distorted, This problem, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI)-effect, has an
informal urbanization“ as this process had little planning, leading to impact on health and well-being of urban residents. By increasing the
negative implications for those urban areas and their residents (da temperature, UHIs can increase the intensity and duration of heat waves,
Cunha and Jorge, 2009; de Mola et al., 2017). As most of this urbani which occur frequently in many LA cities (Domínguez-Lopez & Ortegua-
zation was driven by rural-to-urban migration, the urban expansion did
2
Álvarez, 2014; Paralovo et al., 2016) and are predicted to increase research avenues and potential strategies for improved implementation
rapidly in the future (Thiery et al., 2021). Importantly, cities are pre of UG in LA can be developed.
dicted to experience a higher increase in temperature than what has
been modelled for regional warming (Zhao et al., 2021). 2. Methods
Another consequence of the increase of impervious surfaces is the
alteration of the natural hydrological cycle, increasing stormwater A literature review was carried out from March to September 2020
runoff during rainfall events. This is particularly important for countries by doing a structured search on the journal database Clarivate Analytics
located within the Andean subregion and the Brazilian Subregion Web of Science (WoS), considering all English articles published be
Amazon Basin (with 9394 and 15,026 km of annual rainfall respec tween 2000 and 2020. We searched for the following terms (Appendix
tively). Although, the rest of LA is considered arid and semi-arid with A): (urban* AND (green area* OR green space* OR green infrastructure
low and irregular distribution of rainfall, they are also vulnerable as OR vegetation) AND (South-America OR South America OR Latin-
climate change is intensifying, causing changes in rainfall patterns such America OR Latin America)). In total, 115 unique publications were
as the “El Niño” and “La Niña” events (Guzmán-Arias & Calvo-Alvarado, identified. Additionally, individual searches were conducted for five
2016; López-Valencia, 2019). The coastal cities of this arid region are selected countries in the region (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and
located in flat floodplain areas, therefore these heavy rains as a result of Peru) as they were the countries with the highest number of results in
local phenomena and precipitation from the foothills of the Andes run the general search (except for Peru). Therefore the purpose was to
off rapidly the impervious ground reaching the rivers, which ultimately corroborate this trend by means of individual searches in each country:
causes intense flooding (Venkateswaran, MacClune, & Enriquez, 2017). (urban* AND (green area* OR green space* OR green infrastructure OR
Studies carried out in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia have emphasized vegetation) AND (Argentina OR Brazil OR Chile OR Colombia OR
the need of understanding surface runoff and water relations for the Peru)), as shown in Appendix A. This search resulted in 606 publica
mitigation of flood events in LA’s urban areas (Holsbach, Pilar, & Pilar, tions. Because we aimed to cover as many studies as possible and avoid
2019; López-Valencia, 2019). any bias (Nuñez & Amano, 2021), an additional search was conducted in
Overall, this informal urbanization has resulted in a lack of proper August 2020, making use of the databases RedIB, Latindex, and Dialnet
city planning, which as a consequence has restricted the implementation to identify Spanish articles (other languages spoken in the region such as
and development of green infrastructure, altering not only the health Portuguese, French, etc. were not included) in the period between 2000
and well-being of citizens, but also other forms of life present in the and 2020, using similar keywords in Spanish: (urbano AND area verde
region. OR espacio verde OR vegetacion AND Sudamerica OR America del Sur
OR Latinoamerica) including the search for the same five countries as
1.3. The important role of urban green well: (urbano AND area verde OR espacio verde OR vegetacion AND
Argentina OR Brazil OR Colombia OR Chile OR Peru) (Appendix A).
Urban green (UG) areas have been mostly associated with aesthetics Latindex did not yield any results and because these structured searches
and recreational services. These UG areas, which are designed to did not work in the Dialnet database, the keywords had to be adapted ad
congregate a particular range of plant and animal species, meet the hoc. In total, the Spanish searches resulted in 983 publications. After a
demands for recreational activities, providing a space for relaxation, first screening for relevance (e.g. correct study region, topic, dates), and
physical training, social interaction, and appreciation of nature duplicates, the final database contained 159 English and 78 Spanish
(Almeida et al., 2018; Morales-Cerdas, Piedra Castro, Romero Vargas, & articles (Appendix B). Regardless of their review status (peer reviewed
Bermúdez Rojas, 2018). However, they also play an important role in or not), publications were classified as 1) research articles, in which a
alleviating the negative effects of the built-up environment, improving clear problem statement is addressed and the document follows the basic
the environment and liveability in cities (Almeida et al., 2018). The UHI scientific method structure, 2) review articles that summarize and
effect, for example, can be remediated by UG through its higher analyze previously published studies and 3) informative articles that
reflectivity, shading and evapotranspiration (de la Barrera, Rubio, & simply define or describe concepts and trends about UG or urbanization.
Banzhaf, 2016; Reynolds et al., 2017). Vegetation cover (via root In this review, general information about the publication such as
penetration and rainfall interception) and pervious surfaces are impor journal name, study year and study country was recorded following
tant for stormwater regulation (Castro et al., 2020; Yue et al., 2021). procedures as described in Parker and Zingoni de Baro (2019) (Appendix
Next to for example urban forests, parks and retention ponds, green C). The author’s affiliation of each article was also recorded to be able to
infrastructures such as green roofs, green walls, rain gardens are ideal analyze possible collaborations between countries and/or institutions.
for rainwater retention. All articles in the final database (henceforth referred to as ‘urban
During the last decades, scientific research to understand and opti research’) were read in full. Because not all articles focused specifically
mize the implementation and functionality of UG has been booming on UG (studies done in urban green areas but not about urban green,
internationally (De Vito et al., 2021; Steiner, Simmons, Gallagher, some papers in the database just mentioned the term, …), the articles
Ranganathan, & Robertson, 2013). Yet, most research on UG has been focusing on UG studies will be henceforth referred to as ‘UG research’
carried out in North America, Europe and China (Balany, Ng, Muttil, (188 papers out of 237) and were analyzed separately. Firstly, based on a
Muthukumaran, & Wong, 2020; Calderón-Argelich et al., 2021; Kabisch, quick screening of the database (urban research), we identified the
Qureshi, & Haase, 2015), which has helped researchers in LA under following research topics: 1) ‘Agronomy’, grouping the phytosanitary or
stand the importance of green areas and their ecosystem services (ES). productive aspects of the vegetation, 2) ‘Ecosystem services’ containing
Nevertheless, the environmental conditions under which these studies topics related to climate and water regulation, recreation, air filtration,
take place are different, as LA countries are located in tropical, sub life quality, etc., 3) ‘Biodiversity’ with a focus on the diversity of flora
tropical and arid climates, limiting the application of existing knowledge and fauna, 4) ‘Economy’, which is about the economic value of green
to this region (Almeida et al., 2018; Hunte, Roopsind, Ansari, & Trevor areas and 5) “Performance of the green infrastructure” grouping articles
Caughlin, 2019; Reyes et al., 2012). Moreover, an overview about the studying the performance of urban green areas. Moreover, several au
current extent and characteristics of UG areas and the existence of UG thors studied a wide range of problems related to the state of green
policies in different countries within the region is lacking (de la Barrera areas, as well as the relationship between urban planning and urban
& Henríquez, 2017; Krellenberg, Welz, & Reyes-Päcke, 2014). To fill green, which is why we added the research foci 6) ‘Difficulties and
these knowledge gaps, this review aims to describe the current status challenges’ and 7) ‘Policy and planning’. More specifically, the topic
and trends of urban green areas in LA and identify the current state and ‘Difficulties and challenges’ covered studies dealing with challenges
knowledge gaps in UG research. With the knowledge gained, new around the provision, accessibility and maintenance of urban greenery,
3
Fig. 2. Number of publications on urban research in different countries in LA between 2000 and 2020. Pie charts represent the proportion of total number of English
(blue) and/or Spanish (red) publications and their size correspond to the total number of publications. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
as well as the lack of integration between various specialists in the field the Spanish databases, because of the impossibility to extract structured
and lack of participation of citizens in the planning and design of UG, information.
while the topic ‘Policy and planning’ focused mainly on the different Secondly, with the objective of knowing the status of green areas in
urban planning strategies and policies already applied in LA, as well as the different cities of LA, the amount of green areas per inhabitant was
possible strategies and research ideas to implement for the improvement recorded. According to the WHO (2016), there is no single prevailing
of cities. Afterwards, we classified both English and Spanish articles into definition of urban green. The most common definition found in this
the specified topics. The type of green area studied and the ES provided review was: “Areas covered with any type of vegetation such as parks,
by the green areas were determined from UG research. Additionally for squares, gardens, avenues, etc.” However, other studies have only
the English data, we used the R package Bibliometrix (Aria & Cuccur included forest areas, agricultural areas or refer only to wooded species.
ullo, 2017) to make a bibliometric mapping using the author’s key Therefore, the information provided in this study must be taken with
words. In this map, the parameter of centrality measures the interaction care and reviewing the original source. In this manuscript, we define
between networks or themes (external connections) and their influence urban green areas as all urban areas, partially or totally covered with
in the research, whereas the density parameter measures the strength of any type of vegetation. UG areas encompass (but are not limited to)
internal connections among keywords within a theme, thus the devel parks, gardens, lawns, forests, squares, including blue areas. Moreover,
opment of the theme. This analysis is used to understand the conceptual in order to understand the status of urban planning in LA as well as the
structure of a research field, highlighting the relationship between the most urgent needs regarding this subject, we recorded the main chal
themes, which allowed us to visualize the research trends and impact of lenges, policies already implemented or necessary to implement and
those themes on urban research in LA (Börner, Chen, & Boyack, 2003; issues regarding urban planning according to each case study or
Shi, Zhou, & Zhang, 2021). We could not perform such an analysis for publication.
4
Fig. 3. Total number of publications in English (A) and Spanish (B) per covered topic during 2000–2020. Topics with less than 2 publications were not included.
Fig. 4. Percentages of UG studies carried out per type of green area (n = 188) (A) and the percentage of studies focusing on subcategories of ecosystem services and
biodiversity (n = 160) (B). Categories less than 5 % were not included. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the
web version of this article.)
3. Results research work was performed (Fig. 2).

International collaborations within LA countries were recorded in
3.1. Urban green research in Latin America approximately 8 % of all studies. Colombian researchers had the highest
number of publications in alliance with other LA countries, with 3
3.1.1. Spatiotemporal distribution of studies studies focused on Colombia’s UG and 2 studies on LA’s UG (Appendix
The largest number of urban research studies (including UG D). Overall, Brazil had the most alliances, as researchers published 18
research) was carried out in Brazil, as it registered the highest number articles in common with authors from 10 different countries, followed
(67 articles in English) of publications, followed by Chile and Argentina by Chile (18 studies with collaborators from 8 countries, Appendix D).
with 37 and 27 articles published in English respectively. On the con Quite the opposite, researchers from Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Sal
trary, we found Bolivia, El Salvador, Peru and Guyana to have the lowest vador and Paraguay did not make research alliances with other coun
number of English publications, with less than three studies conducted tries. Additionally, ~21 % of the studies were a result of collaborations
in each of these countries (Fig. 2). Most Spanish urban studies were with researchers from other continents. In this regard, most of the
carried out in Mexico (21 articles), followed by Colombia, Argentina and publications were carried out by Chile and Brazil with researchers from
Chile with 12 to 16 articles, while in Paraguay and El Salvador only one Europe (14 and 5 articles for each country), USA and Canada (4 and 6 for
5
Table 1 Table 1 (continued )

Amount of green areas (m2/inhabitant) in LA cities, recorded by all publications. Country City Number of Green area References
Country City Number of Green area References inhabitants (m2/
inhabitants (m2/ (estimation by inhabitant)
(estimation by inhabitant) year of given by the
year of given by the reference) reference
reference) reference
Torren 639,629 4.8 Flores-De la O,
Argentina Buenos Aires 3,058,309 2 Riera, 2010 Villanueva-Solis, &
3,063,728 6 de Mola et al., 2017 Quiroa-Herrera,
3,063,728 6.2 Guida-Johnson, 2018
Faggi, & Zuleta, Peru Lima 10,200,000 3 de Mola et al., 2017
2017 LA various 616,805,553 3.5 Pacheco et al.,
La Plata 643,133 12.1 Birche & Jensen, countries 2020
2018 for low† and high‡ income municipalities
Erechim 97,916 3.7 Zanin, Dos Santos,
& Henke-Oliveira,
2005 each country), Asia (1 and 2 for each countries), and Oceania (1 and 4
Brazil São Carlos 234,000 18.9 Bertini, Rufino, for each country, Appendix D).
Fushita, & Lima,
In addition, we found 17 studies (7.2 %) that were performed
2016
Curitiba 3,726,050 52 Zari, 2019 without a researcher native to the country of study. Chile was the
Chile Chillán 204,180 1.7 Smith & country where most foreign researchers (from Canada, Germany,
Henríquez, 2018 Mexico, Spain, The Netherlands, Sweden and The Czech Republic)
Chiguayante 80,000 1.6 Rodríguez Salgado, performed studies about Chile’s UG, without the actual participation of
2002
Concepción 216,636 2.6 Rodríguez Salgado,
Chilean researchers (Appendix D).
2002
Coronel 83,426 1.4 Rodríguez Salgado, 3.1.2. Publication format
2002 All of the English articles were peer-reviewed, while this was only
Lota 50,256 0.9 Rodríguez Salgado,
true for 88 % of the articles in Spanish. The 15 non peer-reviewed
2002
Pedro de la 67,322 4.4 Rodríguez Salgado, publications in Spanish consisted of articles published in journals that
Paz 2002 did not specify whether they followed a peer-review process and grey
Santiago 6,300,000 3.9 Reyes & Figueroa, literature that included theses, conference proceedings and magazines
2010 (Appendix B). Three main types of literature were found: 153 research
6,500,000 7.4 Krellenberg, Welz,
& Reyes-Päcke,
articles published in English and 65 published in Spanish, three review
2014 papers published in English and eight in Spanish, and less than 10
6,600,000 2.6† & 7.7‡ de La Barrera, informative articles (four and nine articles in English and Spanish
Reyes-Paecke, & respectively, Appendix B). Many of the studies written in English have
Banzhaf, 2016
been published in leading international peer-reviewed journals, such as
7,112,808 4 de Mola et al., 2017
6,700,000 2† & 11‡ Contesse et al., Landscape and Urban planning, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening and
2018 Urban Ecosystems (Appendix B), while studies in Spanish were pub
Talcahuano 277,800 2.4 Rodríguez Salgado, lished mostly in local peer-reviewed journals.
2002 Studies carried out in more than one LA country as well as studies
Temuco 287,000 4 Muñoz-Pedreros,
González-Urrutia,
performed in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia were published in
Encina-Montoya, & greater proportion in American or European journals with 25, 52, 36 and
Norambuena, 2018 14 articles for the countries mentioned respectively (Appendix D). On
Colombia Barranquilla 2,100,000 0.9 Aldana Domínguez the contrary, studies from Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico and Peru were
et al., 2019
mainly published in local journals with 5, 3, 16 and 3 articles each
Bogotá 10,000,000 4.1 Scopelliti et al.,
2016 (Appendix D). It should be noted that the studies registered in Bolivia
10,300,000 4.5 Camargo, Ramírez, and El Salvador were carried out by researchers from countries other
& Fermino, 2017 than the country of study and were published in European and Mexican
10,300,000 4.9 Sierra-Guerrero & journals respectively (Appendix D).
Amarillo-Suárez,
2017
10,300,000 10 de Mola et al., 2017 3.1.3. Research focus
Costa Heredia 2,700,000 2,7 Morales-Cerdas Overall, urban research articles published in English had “biodiver
Rica et al., 2018 sity” as a major studied topic with 84 articles, followed by “ecosystem
Carmen 2,702 24.6 Morales-Cerdas
services” (64 articles) and “difficulties and challenges” (37 articles),
et al., 2018
Cuba Matanzas 670,400,000 2.16 Lavastida whereas the least studied topics were “quality and performance of green
Hernández, 2006 infrastructure” and “policy and planning” with less than 12 studies each
Mexico Juarez 1,391,180 5.7 Salas Esparza & (Fig. 3A). In reference to publications in Spanish, the most studied topics
Herrera Sosa, 2017 were “ecosystem services”, “policy and planning” and “difficulties and
Mérida 870,732 6.9 Pérez-Medina &
López-Falfán, 2015
challenges”, with 28, 21 and 16 publications respectively (Fig. 3B). In
Puebla 6,583, 278 2.8 Pacheco, Emilia, contrast, the topic “agronomy”, “economy” had the least number of
Gómez, Bravo, & publications in total (two articles, data no shown).
Zayas, 2020 Based solely on UG research, studies recorded in this review have
Mexico city 21,500,000 13 de Mola et al., 2017
been conducted on different types of UG. Overall, most studies have
Tijuana 1,519,454 1.3 Ojeda-Revah,
Bojorquez, & taken place in public and private parks (30.3 %), forests (9 %) and
Osuna, 2017 gardens (8.5 %, Fig. 4A). In contrast, vacant lands, trees alongside a
road, green walls, forest fragments, mixed green areas, agricultural areas
6
Table A1 Table A1 (continued )

Key word combinations for the literature search of English (A) and Spanish (B) Subject Subject 2 Subject 3 Formulated search
articles, including adaptations for RedIB and Dialnet databases. 1
Subject Subject 2 Subject 3 Formulated search )d) = (urban* AND (rea
1 verde* OR espacio
A. English search in Web of Science verde OR vegetacion)
urban* green area* green South-America or Search 1= (urban* AND AND (Chile)
space* green South America, (green area* OR green )e) = (urban* AND
infrastructure Latin-America or space* OR green (area verde* OR espacio
vegetation Latin America infrastructure OR verde OR vegetacion)
vegetation) AND AND (Peru)
(South-America OR )
South America OR
Latin-America OR Latin Dialneta) =
America)) (urbano AND area
Argentina Search 2 verde OR espacio verde
a) = (urban* AND OR vegetacion AND
(green area* OR green Argentina)b) =
space* OR green (urbano AND area
infrastructure OR verde OR espacio verde
vegetation) AND OR vegetacion AND
(Argentina)) Brasil)c) =
Brazil b) = (urban* AND (urbano AND area
(green area* OR green verde OR espacio verde
space* OR green OR vegetacion AND
infrastructure OR Colombia)d) =
vegetation) AND (urbano AND area
(Brazil)) verde OR espacio verde
Chile c) = (urban* AND OR vegetacion AND
(green area* OR green Chile)e) =
space* OR green (urbano AND area
infrastructure OR verde OR espacio verde
vegetation) AND OR vegetacion AND
(Chile)) Peru)
Colombia d) = (urban* AND
(green area* OR green
space* OR green and urban canyons were the least studied green spaces, covering less
infrastructure OR than 2 % of all publications (data not shown).
vegetation) AND When taking a closer look at the topics “biodiversity” and “ecosystem
(Colombia))
Peru e) = (urban* AND
services”, we found that most studies referred to “ES in general” (~13 %
(green area* OR green of publications), studying more than one service. This is followed by
space* OR green “biodiversity of birds”, “health and well-being”, “air quality” and
infrastructure OR “vegetation index” with over 7 % of publications (Fig. 4B). Other less
vegetation) AND
studied ES and biodiversity values included “plant knowledge”, “food
(Peru))
B. Spanish search in RedIB and Dialnet security” and “biodiversity of several living things (fish, ticks, rodents,
urban* area verde espacio Sudamerica, Search 1 owls, lizards, lichens, flies, coleoptera and insects in general)” with less
verde America del Sur, RedIB(urban* AND than 1 % of UG publications (data not shown due to the small
infraestructura Latinoamérica (area verde* OR espacio percentage).
verde vegetacion verde OR vegetación)
AND (Sudamerica OR
Furthermore, the thematic mapping built upon the author’s key
America del Sur OR words and clustering allowed us to study the conceptual structure of
Latinoamerica) urban research (Appendix J). Based on the thematic map, the most
) extensive research domains are associated with “urbanization”, “urban
Dialnet
planning”, “green spaces” and “green infrastructure”, they are important
(urbano AND area
verde OR espacio verde basic themes for the research field, but not well developed. The upper
OR vegetación AND right section of the quadrant contains the motor themes of the research
Sudamerica OR field, including mainly “urban ecology”, “biotic homogenization” and
America del Sur OR “species richness” (Appendix J). On the other hand, the themes “ozone”,
Latinoamerica)
Argentina, Brasil, Search 2
“physiologically equivalent temperature” and “urban areas” were cate
Colombia, Chile, gorized as either emerging or declining themes.
Peru RedIBa) =
(urban* AND (area
verde* OR espacio 3.2. Urban green in Latin America
verde OR vegetacion)
AND (Argentina))b) = 3.2.1. Green space availability
(urban* AND (area
verde* OR espacio
Several studies have reported the area of UG per inhabitant, most of
verde OR vegetacion) them based on public or governmental studies. Curitiba in Brazil is the
AND (Brasil) city with the highest amount of (reported) green space, followed by the
)c) = (urban* AND cities of São Carlos (Brazil), Mexico city, La Plata (Argentina), Santiago
(area verde* OR espacio
(Chile) and Bogotá (Colombia) with green areas ranging between 10 and
verde OR vegetacion)
AND (Colombia) 18 m2/inhabitant (Table 1). On the other hand, cities such as Barran
quilla (Colombia) and Lota (Chile) have the lowest (reported) amount of
green area per inhabitant, with less than 1 m2/inhabitant (Table 1).
7
Table B1 Table C1
Type of publications (Literature Review - LR, Informative - I, and Research - R) Basic data registered for each article, including descriptors, geographical data,
by country and language (English and Spanish) and the most common journals. paper type, and focus areas.
Studied Language Common Journal Title Type of Article descriptors Geographical data Paper type Focus Area(s)
country publication
Paper ID Keyword Country were the 1) Review Agronomy
LR I R Author/s research took article Biodiversity
Authors place 2) Difficulties and
Argentina English Landscape and Urban Planning 1 2 23
affiliations Year Country of Informative Challenges
(3), Urban ecosystem (2), Urban
Title Journal title affiliation article Economic
Forestry and Urban Greening (2),
3) Research Ecosystem services
Ornitología Neotropical (2), and
article Policy and Planning
Forests (2)
Quality and
Spanish Cuaderno urbano (3), Urbano 0 2 10
performance of
(2), and others
green infrastructure
Argentina, English No publications 0 0 0
Chile and Spanish Boletín de Estudios Geográficos 0 0 1
Italy
Argentina and English Environmental Monit. Assess and 0 0 2
Paecke, & Banzhaf, 2016).
Uruguay Biogeochemistry
Spanish No publications 0 0 0 3.2.2. Difficulties and challenges related to urban green
Brazil English Landscape and Urban planning 5 2 64 Regarding the “difficulties and challenges”, frequently encountered
(9), Urban Ecosystems (6) and
in urban research, the subtopic “inequal distribution of the UG” was the
Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening (4) most discussed in the papers included in this review (18 publications,
Spanish No publications 0 0 0 Appendix E), followed by “lack of participatory approach in UG design
Bolivia English Landscape and Urban planning 0 0 1 and management”, “loss of UG species due to urbanization” and “poor
Spanish No publications 0 0 0
maintenance of green areas” (9, 6 and 5 publications each). The least
Chile English Landscape and Urban planning 1 0 36
(4), Urban Ecosystems (4)
discussed subtopic was “lack of multidisciplinary approach” (only by 2
Spanish Thesis - University of Barcelona 2 1 13 publications, Appendix E). Due to the many difficulties and challenges,
(3), Revista INVI (2), Urbano (1), many authors have highlighted the importance of better urban planning.
and others In fact, a total of 68 studies have mentioned the term “urban planning”,
Chile and Peru English Journal of Land Use, Mobility 0 0 1
of which 51 publications have highlighted and discussed specific issues
and Environment
Spanish No publications 0 0 0 and topics regarding urban planning (Appendix F). Six publications
Colombia English Ecosystem Services (2), Revista 0 0 14 discussed “the necessity of implementing new policies”, while five
Brasileira de Ornitologia (2), publications focused on “the importance of urban planning” and three
Sustainability (2), and Water (2)
on “the key role of the citizens in urban planning”. In addition, 17
Spanish Local journals, including 0 1 11
Colombian universities (2) and
studies are proposing topics such as urban climatology, the importance
others of native species or monitoring of invasive species, criteria for choosing
Colombia and English Ecological Indicators 0 0 1 plant species for effective ES provision, etc. to be included in the plan
Chile Spanish No publications 0 0 0 ning of the cities (Appendix F). It was noted that six studies have already
Costa Rica English No publications 0 0 0
assessed and implemented some planning strategies including the
Spanish Cuadernos de Investigación 0 1 4
UNED (2), and others Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, the
Cuba English No publications 0 0 0 inclusion of biodiversity and ES budgets maps, satellite imagery models,
Spanish Local journals 0 1 4 etc. Some studies (7 publications) proposed a specific type of UG to be
El Salvador English No publications 0 0 0 included in the urban planning such as green corridors, aquatic land
Spanish Mexican journal: Huitzil 0 0 1
Guyana English Local journals 0 0 1
scapes, vacant lands, etc., whereas others confirmed that “more UG
Spanish No publications 0 0 0 research” (5 publications) and “research with a participatory and
Mexico English Local journals 0 0 4 multidisciplinary approach are required” (2 publications respectively,
Spanish Mexican Journals as well as from 1 3 17 Appendix F).
Spain
Paraguay English No publications. 0 0 0
Spanish Local journals 0 0 1 4. Discussion
Peru English Urban Forestry & Urban 0 0 2
Greening (1) and International 4.1. Urban green research in Latin America is lagging behind, but
Journal of Remote Sensing (1) international collaboration is increasing
Spanish Local journals 0 0 3
LA region English Urban Ecosystems (1), Remote 1 0 4
Sensing (1), Forests (1) and In LA, most of the research on UG has been concentrated in
others Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Local government programs such as “Ciu
Spanish No publications. 0 0 0 dad verde” in Argentina, “Cidades + Verdes” in Brazil, as well as “Par
Total of publications in 159z 8 4 153
quemet” and “Conservación de Parques Urbanos” in Chile and other
English
Total of publications in 78 3 9 65 integral programs of urban improvement (de la Bastida, 2017; Minis
Spanish terio del Ambiente, 2020; Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2020) might
z have provided the stimulus for researchers to conduct more studies in
Total publications seem to be higher than the actual total, this is because
some articles did more than one type of study at the same time.
order to drive green innovation and sustainability (Frischenbruder &
Pellegrino, 2006; OECD & LEED, 2014). As other authors have pointed
out, this kind of research is still mainly limited to big metropolitan cities
Some studies investigated the difference in green space availability be
such as Santiago, Buenos Aires and São Paulo (Marchant Santiago, Frick
tween different municipalities within a city. In Santiago for instance,
Raggi, & Vergara Erices, 2016). On the contrary, UG research in Bolivia,
high income municipalities have 7.7–11 m2 UG area per inhabitant,
El Salvador, Guyana and Paraguay is almost non-existent (Hunte et al.,
while low income municipalities only have between 2 and 2.6 m2/
2019). Although UG research in LA published in English has been
inhabitant (Contesse, van Vliet, & Lenhart, 2018; de La Barrera, Reyes-
8
Table D1
Number of publications according to the affiliation of the authors by country of study and type of publication (‘local journal’: published in the same country of the
study, ‘LA journal’: published in a different country within LA and ‘American or European journal’: published in a European or American journal).
Country of research Authors affiliations Publications Local journal LA journal American or European journal
Argentina Argentina 36 8 9 27
Argentina and other LA countries 4
Argentina and other LA and non-LA countries 1
Argentina and other non-LA countries 3
Bolivia Other (non) LA countries 1 0 0 1
Brazil Brazil 46 13 0 54 (+1 Iranian journal)
Brazil and other LA countries 2
Brazil and other LA and non-LA countries 1
Brazil and other non-LA countries 16
Other (non) LA countries 3
Chile Chile 29 11 2 44
Chile and other LA countries 2
Chile and other LA and non-LA countries 1
Chile and other non-LA countries 17
Colombia Colombia 18 9 3 18
Colombia and other LA countries 4
Colombia and other LA and non-LA countries 1
Colombia and other non-LA countries 2
Costa Rica Costa Rica 5 5 0 0
Cuba Cuba 4 3 0 1
Guyana Guyana and other non-LA countries 1 0 0 1
Mexico Mexico 21 15 4 9
Mexico and other LA countries 3
Mexico and other non-LA countries 2
El Salvador El Salvador and other non-LA countries 1 0 1 0
Paraguay Paraguay 1 0 0 1
Peru Peru 3 3 0 4
Peru and other non-LA countries 1
Peru and other LA and non-LA countries 1
Uruguay Uruguay and other LA countries 1 2
increasing over the past 20 years with a larger share of studies published irrelevant search results compared to their English counterparts. More
from 2016 to 2020 (Appendix I), UG research in LA is still lagging over, the results are not readily usable in synthesis software like Bib
behind compared to other continents (e.g. North America and Europe) liometrix (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017), as is the case for databases such as
both in numbers and in quality. The political and social instability, due WoS (used for our data in English). Besides the language barriers, this
to recurrent government transitions for instance, have impacted the further impedes the incorporation of Spanish literature in international
allocation of resources for research (Ciocca & Delgado, 2017). While reviews, hampering synthesis and the progress of proper scientific
some public universities have seen their research allowances improving research in LA. Efforts to structure these databases and to make them
(>1% of the gross national product) and many more institutions now more accessible are therefore urgently needed. Worldwide, English is
have a better autonomy in the management of their own resources considered as the primary scientific language (Niño-Puello, 2013).
(Balán, 2012), the level of funding is still far below than in other parts of Therefore, publishing in English is becoming a top priority for LA re
the world and, in general, funding from private industries remains very searchers. This represents an opportunity for LA as the global research
limited (Balán, 2012; Ciocca & Delgado, 2017). The management and community can learn about the challenges and developments that are
protection of urban green, as well as research on these topics, is clearly a taking place in the region, and promotes collaboration. However, this
problem for developed countries. trend could also create a new problem: Only publishing in English hin
Not in all LA countries present in this review, studies were carried ders its use by policy makers and field managers, because not every-one
out and published in both languages. This was the case for Costa Rica, in LA has access to information in English (Panko, 2017). Great care is
Cuba and Paraguay, where no English studies were performed. This needed to avoid this issue.
outcome underlines the effect of language barriers in scientific research. To overcome these challenges, authors look for alliances with other
A similar result was found for Guyana - the only country in LA with countries to make the research more feasible and achieve greater
English as the official language – in which no studies were conducted in impact. Overall, there was a great number of international collabora
Spanish, as did Brazil (Portuguese) and Bolivia (Spanish). This was ex tions within LA, as well as with researchers from North American, Asian
pected for Brazil and Guyana, but not for Bolivia. There the only re or European countries (Appendix D). The countries with the highest
ported study was conducted by American researchers. Language is a scientific output (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) were also those that had
serious barrier to the transfer of scientific knowledge (Amano, González- the most scientific alliances (inter- and intracontinental). This could be
Varo, & Sutherland, 2016). Unfortunately, researchers from English an explanation of the fact that their studies were also published in
speaking countries are not completely aware of these limitations, higher-impact scientific journals. Recently, there has been a growing
assuming in most cases that all important information is published in concern about the environmental conditions and UG status in LA among
English. Ignoring the non-English literature can cause ignorance in our developed countries (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el
understanding of certain study systems (Amano et al., 2016; Nuñez, Caribe [CEPAL], 2016), but mainly from the European community. This
Chiuffo, Pauchard, & Zenni, 2021). Importantly, the available Spanish is reflected in the higher number of UG studies in LA carried out by
databases lacked advanced search interfaces, leading to a lot of European researchers (in alliance with LA researchers, but above all
9
Table E1 Table F1
Difficulties and challenges related to urban green in LA according to English and Urban planning (UP) topics in LA discussed by English and Spanish studies
Spanish studies recorded in this review. recorded in this review.
Issues Number of References Topics Publications References
Publications
Certain topics (monitoring of 17 Amaya-Espinel, Hostetler,
Inequal distribution of green 18 Banzhaf et al., 2018; Bertini, invasive species, importance of Henríquez, & Bonacic, 2019;
areas Rufino, Fushita, & Lima, 2016; native species, criteria for Bertini et al., 2016; Civeira,
Contesse et al., 2018; de la choosing plant species for Lado Liñares, Vidal Vazquez,
Barrera, Reyes-Paecke, Harris, effective ES provision, urban & Paz González, 2020; de la
Bascuñán, & Farías, 2016; climatology, ways to improve Barrera, Rubio, & Banzhaf,
Dobbs, Hernández-Moreno, the environmental quality of life 2016; Dobbs et al., 2018;
Reyes-Paecke, & Miranda, of the inhabitants, social aspects Fernández, 2019; Fernández,
2018; Fernández, 2019; of the city, etc.) need to be Wu, & Simonetti, 2019;
Fernández, Wu, & Simonetti, included in the UP. Gavier-Pizarro et al., 2012;
2019; Hernández & Villaseñor, Hernández & Villaseñor,
2018; Inostroza et al., 2013; 2018; Inostroza et al., 2013;
Klaufus et al., 2017; Lavastida Lavastida Hernández, 2006;
Hernández, 2006; de Lima and Muñoz-Pedreros et al., 2018;
Magaña Rueda, 2018; Ramos, Lozano, & Muzón,
Navarrete-Hernandez & 2017; Rosas Lusett, 2019;
Laffan, 2019; Reyes & Smith & Henríquez, 2018;
Figueroa, 2010; Reynolds Zuñiga-Palacios et al., 2020.
et al., 2017; Sanches & The need for more urban green 7 Almeida et al., 2018; Brown &
Pellegrino, 2016; Trebilcock, that includes arboreal green Freitas, 2002; Contesse et al.,
2001a; Trebilcock, 2001b. corridors, vacant lands and 2018; Leveau & Leveau, 2016;
Loss of urban green species due 6 Celis-Diez et al., 2017; wetlands (critically threatened Monteiro Júnior, Juen, &
to urbanization Hernández & Villaseñor, 2018; by urban development) as well Hamada, 2015; Sierra-
Faggi & Dadon, 2011; as acknowledging the important Guerrero & Amarillo-Suárez,
Lavastida Hernández, 2006; role that parks play. 2017; Zanin, Dos Santos, &
Leveau & Leveau, 2016; Henke-Oliveira, 2005.
Leveau & Leveau, 2005. The necessity of implementing 6 Dobbs et al., 2018; Felipe,
Lack of participatory approach 9 Camargo et al., 2017; Celis- new policies Ponce-Donoso, Vallejos-Barra,
in urban green design and Diez, Muñoz, Abades, Marquet, & Exequiel, 2019; Fernández
management & Armesto, 2017; de la & Wu, 2018; Reyes Pastene &
Barrera, Reyes-Paecke, Harris, Puppo Stuardo, 2017; Salas
Bascuñán, & Farías, 2016; Esparza & Herrera Sosa, 2017;
Lavastida Hernández, 2006; Sánchez Domínguez,
Navarrete-Hernandez & González, Fabián, Salvo, &
Laffan, 2019; Ojeda-Revah Fenoglio, 2020.
et al., 2017; Ribeiro & Ribeiro, The importance of UP 5 Barrantes-Sotela, 2019;
2016; Villaseñor et al., 2020; Bonache Regidor, 2015; de la
Wright Wendel, Zarger, & Barrera & Henríquez, 2017;
Mihelcic, 2012. Flores-Xolocotzi, 2017;
Poor maintenance of green 5 Batlle Aviles & Rivada González De Canales, Breuste,
areas Vasquez, 2017; de la Barrera & & Hernández, 2010.
Henríquez, 2017; Ojeda-Revah More research and innovative 5 Arboit & Maglione, 2018;
et al., 2017; Reyes & Figueroa, solutions are needed Celis-Diez et al., 2017; de la
2010; Silva de Araújo & Barrera, Rubio, & Banzhaf,
Bernard, 2016. 2016; Musse et al., 2018;
Lack of multidisciplinary 2 Guida-Johnson et al., 2017 and Palacios Vega, Zárate-Gómez,
approach Reyes Päcke & Figueroa Minaya Vela, Martín Brañas, &
Aldunce, 2010. Benavides Rios, 2020.
Some improvement strategies 6 Aldana Domínguez et al.,
have been implemented 2019; Birche & Jensen, 2018;
independently) than by researchers from other continents (Diep, Dod (cataloguing public-use green Galarza-Molina et al., 2017;
spaces, LEED program and other Guida-Johnson et al., 2017;
man, & Parikh, 2019; Klaufus, van Lindert, van Noorloos, & Steel, 2017;
green roof grants, the inclusion Navarrete-Hernandez &
Moser et al., 2018; Zari, 2019). In this context, the European Union has of biodiversity and ecosystem Laffan, 2019; Perez Casar,
also promoted a series of sustainable development strategies within the service budgets maps) and 2017.
LA region and one of these actions is focusing on research (CEPAL, 2016; others have been registered (the
Moreno-Brieva, Peñaherrera-Patiño, & Domínguez-Rodriguez, 2018). model of the compact city
including bio-corridors along
While it is true that support is making its way to the different countries
watercourses, satellite imagery
in the region and LA countries are also cooperating with each other to models for the urban
strengthen their scientific research capacities, the only countries that environmental quality index,
have developed cooperation agreements in science and technology with subjective well-being measures
the European community are again Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Moreno- and photo simulation studies) as
possible initiatives for the
Brieva et al., 2018). This could again be one of the explaining factors of improvement of UP.
the exposed research gap between countries in the region. Participatory and 5 López-Valencia, 2019; Ojeda-
multidisciplinary approaches to Revah et al., 2017; Pérez-
UP and design Medina & López-Falfán, 2015;
4.2. Ecosystem services and biodiversity are key foci in urban green Ribeiro & Ribeiro, 2016;
research Scopelliti et al., 2016.
Total of publications discussing 51
specific topics in UP
As a general outcome of this review, UG research has mainly focused Total of publications mentioning 68
on ecosystem services (ES) provided by UG (Fig. 3), probably as a UP as part of the study
consequence of recent records of the deteriorating impact caused by
10
Table G1 Table G1 (continued )

List of journals, reports and thesis documents published in English or Spanish. English Publications Spanish Publications
English Publications Spanish Publications
Ornitología Neotropical Thesis Universidad Complutense de
Acta Amazonica Acta Universitaria Madrid
Acta Biológica Colombiana Ambientalia Ornitología tropical Treballs de la Societat Catalana de
Acta tropica América Latina en las últimas décadas Geografía
procesos y retos Plant Ecology and Diversity Urbano
Applied Geography Análes Científicos PLoS ONE
Atmosphere Architecture, city and environment Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Atmospheric Environment Arquitectura y Urbanismo Engineers-Engineering Sustainability
Avian Research Arquitecturas del Sur Remote sensing
Biodiversity and Conservation Bitácora Urbano-Territorial Remote Sensing of Environment
Biogeochemistry Boletín de Estudios Geográficos Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
Biological Conservation Ciencia amazónica Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias
Biological Invasions Ciencia en su PC Agrarias
Bioscience Journal CIENCIA ergo-sum Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad
Biota Neotropica CienciaUAT River Research and Applications
Biotropica Cuaderno Antropología Social Science of the Total Environment
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Cuaderno urbano Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica
Technology Sustainability
Brazilian Journal of Biology Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Theoretical and Applied Climatology
Colombiana de Geografía Urban Climate
Building and Environment Cuadernos de Investigacion UNED Urban Ecosystems
Ciencia e Investigación Agraria Cuadernos del CURIHAM Urban Forestry and Urban Greening
Ciencia Florestal Economia, sociedad y territorio Urban Transformations
Cities Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios Water (Switzerland)
Community Ecology Ensayo Doctorado Water Alternatives
Ecological Economics Estudios demográficos y urbanos Weather and Climate Extremes
Ecological Indicators EURE: Revista lationamericana de Total: 79 journals Total: 60 journals
estudios urbano regionales
Ecology and evolution Frontera Norte
Ecosystem Services Gestión y Ambiente urbanization (Romero-Duque, Trilleras, Castellarini, & Quijas, 2020).
Ecosystems Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología The role of UG in removing pollutants (e.g. PM 2.5, CO2) was found to be
Environment Science and Pollution Ingenierias USBMed
an important, investigated ES. There were comprehensive studies eval
Research
Environmental Earth Science Interciencia: Revista de ciencia y uating the air quality in green areas (Mazzeo et al., 2005; Paralovo et al.,
tecnología de América 2016). Some of these studies used plant species as environmental in
Environmental Management Investigación y Ciencia: de la dicators such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica in Uruguay, Psidium guayaba in
Universidad Autonoma de Brazil, Ficus benjamina in Mexico (Faggi, Fujiwara, Anido, & Perelman,
Aguascalientes
Environmental Monit Assess Investigaciones geográficas
2011; Pina, Souza, Meirelles, & Moraes, 2017; Reyes et al., 2012).
Environmental Pollution Lecturas de Economía As a strong driver of ES in urban areas, biodiversity was also found to
Environmental Science and Pollution Mapping be one of the most studied topics in the English literature (Fig. 3A). The
Research impact of urbanization on biodiversity is a well-studied topic world
Forests Multequina
wide. We also found a good number of articles highlighting the effects of
Gayana Botanica Neotropical Biology and Conservation
Habitat International Producción + Limpia urbanization on biodiversity in LA. In Chile, for example, Pauchard et al.
Indoor and Built Environment Psicología Iberoamericana (2006) exposed that the urban sprawl of Concepción increasingly led to
International Journal of Applied Earth Reflexiones the loss and fragmentation of natural and peri-urban systems. Several
Observation and Geoinformation studies compared the species richness and composition of fauna com
International Journal of Environmental Región y sociedad
Research and Public Health
munities between rural and urban habitats (Carvajal-Castro et al., 2019;
International Journal of Environmental Revista de arquitectura e Ingeniería Leveau, 2019; Menin et al., 2019). However, other aspects such as
Science and Technology physiological and behavioral ecology, interactions between exotic and
International Journal of Remote Sensing Revista de Biología Tropical native species, phylogenetic diversity, or adaptation remain under
Journal of Cleaner Production Revista de Ciencias Ambientales
studied (Leveau & Leveau, 2020; Muñoz-Pedreros et al., 2018). The
Journal of Coast Conservation Revista de Climatología
Journal of Insect Conservation Revista de Geografia Norte Grande effects of urbanization on biodiversity in LA are especially worrying,
Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Revista de la Academia Colombiana de since several cities are occupying valuable biodiversity hotspots (Bar
Environment ciencias exactas, físicas y naturales bosa-Filho & de Araujo, 2013; Zari, 2019).
Journal of Ornithology Revista EIA The reviewed literature has put a lot of effort stressing the impor
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Revista Geográfica de América Central
Society
tance of implementing and keeping green areas in the city by explaining
Journal of Urban Planning and Revista Hábitat-Sustentable all their possible benefits. Some have highlighted the ES provided by
Development Division, ASCE parks by remarking the potential of native trees, as well as the floristic
Journal of Vector Ecology Revista Iberoamericana Ambiente & richness in general (de la Barrera & Moreira, 2013; Frischenbruder &
Sustentabilidad
Pellegrino, 2006; González de Canales, 2002); others have evaluated
Land Use Policy Revista Ingenierías USBMed
Landscape and Urban planning Revista Internacional de Sociología relatively new green infrastructure such as green roofs as an ecological
Medical and Veterinary Entomology Revista INVI and economic alternative (Galarza-Molina et al., 2017; Trebilcock,
Mountain Research and Development Revista Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño 2001a). Various studies promoted the use of other types of green areas
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad such as vacant lots and green corridors to maintain biodiversity values
Engineers - Municipal Engineer
Natural Hazards Revista Peruana de Biología
(Brown & Freitas, 2002; Villaseñor, Chiang, Hernández, & Escobar,
Natureza & Conservação Sociedad Hoy 2020). However, because vacant lands can also be sources exotic flora,
Neotropical Entomology Thesis - Universidad de Almería there is some concern about the possible spread to the rest of the city and
Ornithology Research Thesis - Universitat de Barcelona surrounding landscapes. Yet, there is not sufficient research conducted
about this topic in the Southern Hemisphere (Figueroa, Saldías, Teillier,
11
Fig. H1. Main quantitative data topics considered for the literature search.
Fig. I1. Number of publications in English and Spanish recorded in this review from 2000 to September 2020.
Carrera, & Castro, 2020), thus more research is needed in this regard. 4.3. The lack of green space and its unbalanced distribution affects life
Overall, it is necessary to pay more attention to other forms of UG such quality in LA cities
as green walls, green roofs, urban forest fragments and vacant lands,
especially because cities are changing rapidly, reducing the space for The cities in the world continue to grow due to urbanization and LA
conventional green infrastructure. is not exempt from this situation. The review literature indicated serious
The thematic map made based on the English urban research liter environmental problems caused by this accelerated growth and the lack
ature seems to confirm the important role of ecology as a major topic in of an adequate urban planning (Alves & Lopes, 2017; Ferreira, Esteves,
UG research, since “urban ecology” is highlighted as the main driving de Souza, & dos Santos, 2019; de Lima & Magaña Rueda, 2018; Ramírez-
theme, as well as related topics including “biotic homogenization”, Aguilar & Lucas Souza, 2019). Despite these consequences, urban areas
“species richness”, “landscape” and “community structure” (Appendix continue to expand, affecting green spaces within the city. The reported
J). On the other hand, the themes “ozone”, “physiologically equivalent green space availability in the majority of the LA cities (Table 1) is below
temperature” and “urban areas” are categorized as emerging themes due 9 m2 of UG per inhabitant, which is recommended by the World Health
to the growing interest in the effects of urbanization on the health and Organization (Russo & Cirella, 2018). While some cities (Santiago,
well-being of urban residents (also see Appendix K). Bogotá and Mexico) have increased their UG area in the last 5–10 years
12
Fig. J1. Thematic map of authors’ keywords based on co-word network analysis and clustering of urban green research (in English, n = 159) performed with the
Bibliometrix package in r. The circle name is the word belonging in a specific theme. The size of the circles is proportional to the word occurrences.
Fig. K1. Number of publications in English retrieved with the search: “urban area” (All Fields) and “Latin America” (All Fields) or ozone (All Fields) or “physio
logically equivalent temperature” (All Fields) in WoS from 2000 to 2021. We performed a simple search in WoS to observe the trend of the study (publications) of
these topics in the last 21 years.
(Table 1), as a result of the timely decision of local governments, other capita) of green area. Unsurprisingly, these districts belong to munici
cities such as Lima and Buenos Aires are facing a very critical situation palities with the highest economic income in Lima. The poorer districts
with only 3 and 6 m2/capita respectively (de Mola et al., 2017; Guida- have less than 8.5 m2, with values as low as 0.11 m2 per capita (Min
Johnson et al., 2017). These cities are also experiencing other environ isterio del Ambiente, 2018). Although studies regarding green space
mental issues including a poor water management and bad air quality, distribution in relation to specific socio-demographic characteristics are
and therefore have been classified as cities with a green city index of scarce (Fernández-Álvarez, 2017), it seems that in LA, districts with
“below average” (Buenos Aires) and “far below average” (Lima) ac higher incomes are succeeding more in preserving and developing UG
cording to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010). areas as well as investing in their maintenance, compared to the less
Notwithstanding these already low amounts of reported green space, privileged districts (Hernández-Moreno & Reyes-Paecke, 2018). This
most of the reported values are averages over cities, potentially masking inequality does not only generate uneven ES provision in the urban area
a huge variation in green space availability within a city. For example, but it also affects other aspects of life quality of its citizens (Banzhaf,
from a survey conducted in 2018 among the 43 districts of Metropolitan Reyes-Paecke, & de la Barrera, 2018). According to the Gini inequality
Lima, only 4 districts had high levels (ranging from 9.3 to 31.5 m2 per coefficient, half of the LA cities face high (from moderate to extremely
13
high) levels of inequality (UN-Habitat, 2010). For instance, due to their programs carried out by local governments. Social UG policies should be
high socio-spatial contrasts with residential areas enclosed by gates, stimulated and need to focus on equal accessibility and availability of
Santiago and Buenos Aires face “very high” inequality (0.500 to 0.599). UG by all citizens.
Gated neighborhoods constitute a physical barrier that reduces the This review has certainly identified some challenges and gaps
amount of publicly available green space (Coy, 2006; Vega Centeno, regarding UG and UG research in LA. We have identified that Argentina,
2017). Brazil and Chile stick out in terms of UG research, with a large share of
On the other hand, there are cities like Curitiba. It is one of the most the conducted studies published in international peer-reviewed journals
populated cities in Brazil (~2 million inhabitants (Statista, 2020)), yet and a high share of collaborations with researchers across continents.
has the highest amount (52 m2 per capita) of green area recorded in this While others (e.g. Mexico, Colombia) are progressing slowly, UG
review. Floods, high levels of pollution and other environmental prob research is close to none-existing in some countries of LA (e.g. Bolivia, El
lems forced the city to undergo several large urban planning projects Salvador, Guyana, Paraguay). Considering the fast, complex, and un
leading to more green areas (Soltani & Sharifi, 2012; Zari, 2019). In controlled way that LA has evolved, more research on UG is needed for a
comparison to other cities in LA, several regulations focus on the pres proper and sustainable urban planning of their cities. Therefore inter
ervation of its green areas and cultural heritage. Currently, Curitiba is national and regional governments must give greater incentive to
considered one of the leading green cities in the world and is classified research in these countries and investments in research infrastructure
with a green city index of “well above the average” (Economist Intelli are needed to close the identified research gap. LA researchers should
gence Unit, 2010). Various cities in the region are improving gradually further aim to publish more in English journals to allow the information
thanks to the efforts of their local representatives. However, due to the to reach a global audience and achieve a better understanding by the
hyper urbanization in LA, many cities are still suffering from scarcity of global research community of the challenges and developments that are
green space. Taking into account the great inequality - even between taking place in the region. This will boost the alliances between coun
cities within the same country -, it is necessary to emphasize the urgent tries across continents, which could support more funding and research
need of creating and protecting more green areas, therefore urban of better quality. Importantly, the local audience in Spanish should not
planning is the key. be abandoned, as not every-one will have access to information in En
The maintenance of UG is also essential for the efficient provision of glish due to the high levels of inequality. The translation of scientific
ES and biodiversity conservation. However, the necessary maintenance results to local practitioners and policy makers remains an important
can be influenced by the environmental characteristics of the green area, task of researchers.
as it will vary in tropical, temperate or arid regions (Ramírez-Aguilar &
Lucas Souza, 2019). For instance, in tropical regions due to the constant Declaration of Competing Interest
rainfall, plants require minimal or no irrigation and their ES focus on the
management of stormwater. However, irrigation practices reach (or The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
have already crossed) their sustainable limits in arid cities with a typical interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
desert climate such as Lima or Santiago (McDonald et al., 2013; Reyes- the work reported in this paper.
Paecke, Gironás, Melo, Vicuña, & Herrera, 2019). Additionally, the way
these maintenance practices are being carried out is crucial for the
Acknowledgment
condition of the green area, but more importantly to maintain biodi
versity (i.e. biotic homogenization). Authors indicated that landscaping
This research study has been supported by the Belgian Development
companies are not yet aware of this problem, as managers often prefer
Cooperation (DGD) through VLIR-UOS.
exotic species with fast growth and good aesthetic characteristics in
their tree planting programs (Hernández & Villaseñor, 2018). Although
Appendix A
the maintenance of green areas seems to be always criticized by citizens
(Bertini et al., 2016), we also want to highlight the important role of
Table A1.
citizens in the planning of the UG, as they are the ones that finally will
make use of the green areas. Innovative and participatory solutions are
required to achieve a more sustainable urban planning and UG man Appendix B
agement (Appendix F). Up till now, some actions to enhance the quality
and quantity of UG have already been implemented in several LA cities. Table B1.
For instance, the cataloguing of public-use green areas or the model of
the compact city in Argentina, which are great examples of promoting Appendix C
UG and biodiversity.
Table C1.
5. Conclusions
Appendix D
The detrimental effect of urbanization on the environment, biodi
versity and the lives of citizens is increasingly evident in LA. Therefore, Table D1.
UG research has emphasized the importance of creating and keeping
green areas in the city by investigating the ES provision of UG and its Appendix E
biodiversity. Although these topics together with policy and planning
are already being studied in most LA countries, more research as well as Table E1.
the integration with other disciplines including agronomy, or economy
are necessary to have a more comprehensive idea of global change im Appendix F
pacts on urban areas. This is needed to develop integrated solutions for
all countries in the region. Besides global challenges, UG also suffers Table F1.
from local issues: the lack of maintenance of green areas, mismanage
ment of the local urban policies and the absence of participatory ap Appendix G
proaches in UG design and management. In addition, the political
situation of a country has an impact on the continuity of policies and Table G1.
14
Appendix H Brown, K. S., & Freitas, A. V. L. (2002). Butterfly communities of urban forest fragments
in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil: Structure, instability, environmental correlates, and
conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation, 6(4), 217–231. https://doi.org/
Fig. H1. 10.1023/A:1024462523826
Calderón-Argelich, A., Benetti, S., Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J. T., Langemeyer, J., &
Baró, F. (2021). Tracing and building up environmental justice considerations in the
Appendix I urban ecosystem service literature: A systematic review. Landscape and Urban
Planning, 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104130
Fig. I1. Camargo, D. M., Ramírez, P. C., & Fermino, R. C. (2017). Individual and environmental
correlates to quality of life in park users in Colombia. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/
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Casas, L. X., Guerrero-Peláez, S., & Vargas-Salinas, F. (2019). Birds vs bricks:
Fig. J1. Patterns of species diversity in response to urbanization in a Neotropical Andean
city. PLoS ONE, 14(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218775
Castro, A. S., Goldenfum, J. A., da Silveira, A. L., DallAgnol, A. L. B., Loebens, L.,
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Fig. K1. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(9), 9520–9534. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-019-06777-5
Celis-Diez, J. L., Muñoz, C. E., Abades, S., Marquet, P. A., & Armesto, J. J. (2017).
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* Corresponding author at: Celestijnenlaan 200E, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.

3. Results research work was performed (Fig. 2).

Table 1 Table 1 (continued )

Table A1 Table A1 (continued )

Table G1 Table G1 (continued )

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