f4 Full As2021 and Errata

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BIO~SCORE Form 4 SCHEME 2 2021
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGI

PG ANSWER
2 1. ...life...study... 2. ...living things...
Field of Study in Biology
1. Bioinformatic: ...computer technology...
2. Microbiology: ...microorganisms...
3. Biotechnology: ...products...
4. Zoology: ...animals.
5. Botany: ...plants.
6. Ecology: ...environment.
7. Physiology: ...body.
8. Anatomy: ...structures...
9. Genetic: ...genes...heredity... 10. Entomology: ...insects.
11. Taxonomy: Classification... 12. Histology: ...tissues.
3 Medical field: ...clinical practice... Pharmacy: ...synthetic vitamins...medical...
Food technology: ...microorganisms... Agriculture: ...transgenic...
Mind Test 1
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4 a) Fume hood: ...hazardous gasses...
b) Lamina flow cabinet: ...airflow...
c) Biological safety cabinet: ...contaminated...pathogens...
Mind Test 2
d) Emegency shower station: It is very important when the body is exposed to harmful
chemicals.
e) Eyewash station: Used to wash eyes when exposed to chemicals or harmful
substances.
5 2. Goggles: ...eye... Lab Coat: ...body... Shoes: ...glass...chemicals...
Mind Test 3: face mask
3. Substances can disposed: ....low...harmless...pH5...pH9.
Substances cannot disposed: ...Mercury. ...alcohol. ...surgery... ...Pottasium.
...Formaldehyde. ...5....9...
6 Standard Operating Procedure
1. Category A: ...sharp waste...sterilized...
2. Category B: ...autoclave...
3. Category C: ...pack...
4. Category D: ...decontaminated...
Spillage of Chemical Substances Spillage of Mercury
1. ...teacher... 1. ...lab assistant.
2. ...prohibited... 2. ...prohibited...
3. ...sand. 3. ...sulphur...
4. Scoop... 4. ...fire department.
7 Laboratory Safety Procedures

a) …without supervision. b) …eat… c) Wash… e) Clean…disinfectant…
Mind Test 4
1. ...unplug…electrical… 2. …panic. 3. …designated emergency plan…
4. …items… 5. Assemble…. 6. …fire…
Handling of Glass Items and Chemical Substances
…hot… …. report… …. flammable… …smell…
Handling of Living Specimens
…. gloves… …buried… …. antiseptic…microorganisms. …disinfectant…
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PG ANSWER
Mind Test 5
1. Isolate the victim from accident area.
2. Provide first aid.
3. Immediately contact teacher or lab assistant
4. Declare the accident compound as prohibited area.
8 Manipulated… Responding….
…heartbeat rate…number of laps…
9 Mind Test 6
10
Characteristic of Histograms: …unit… …frequency… …any gaps…

Biological Drawings: a) …shaded. b) …clear…unbroken.
11 c) …ruler… d) …titled. e) Detail…
Example Biological Drawings: cilia Macronucleus Contractile vacuole
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Horizontal Plane
12 a) Section: Cross …longitudinal…
Cross
Longitudinal
13 b) Direction:
Anterior: Front…
Posterior: …back…
Lateral: …centre.
Ventral: …body…
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Dorsal: …back…
Superior: …above…
Inferior: …under…
Medial: …middle…
Mind Test 7
Anterior…. Dorsal…posterior
14 Aim...
question...
link...
manipulated...responding....fixed....
apparatus....materials....control..manipulated.....responding...
....label...relationship....
15 ....labelled...relationship....hypothesis
Mind Test 8
Problem statement: Is there the present of reducing sugar in rice porridge, honey and
bee sugar?
Hypothesis: Honey bees contain reducing sugar but rice porridge and sugar cane do not
contain reducing sugar
16 Variables:
Manipulated variable: food samples(sugarcane, rice porridge and honey bees)
Responding variable : the present or absent of reducing sugar
Fixed variable : volume of food samples
Procedure:
1. Prepare a test tube containing 2ml of sugar cane.
2. 10 drops of Benedict solution are added on the solution.
3. The test tube is carefully heated by suspending in a hot waterbath at about 40ºC -
50ºC for 5 minutes
4. Any colour change on the mixture is recorded and record it in a table. Brick red
precipitate are formed in the presence of a reducing sugar
5. The experiments were repeated using rice porridge and honey bees sample. The
colour change on Benedict solution was recorded.
6. Record all the changes in the table provided.
7. Repeat the experiment to get more accurate result.
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PG ANSWER
17 Presentation of data :
Food sample Colour change on the food The present of reducing sugar
samples
Sugar cane
Rice Porridge
Honey bees
CHAPTER 2: CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL ORGANISATION

PG ANSWER
19 basic
iodine
20
Discussion
1. The cellular components observed are nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall.
2. Plant cells have fixed shape due to the presence of cell wall.
Conclusion
Plant cells have fixed shape
Mind Test 1:
(b) To allow the methylene blue solution to stain the glycogen granules in the cheek
cell hence giving a clearer vision of the cell under the microscope.
(c) Watering technique.
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PG ANSWER
21 Lisosome: hydrolytic enzyme…food…organelles
Plasma membrane: phospholipids…proteins…selectively permeable…waste
Ribosome : …RNA....proteins
Nucleus : .. cellular activities.
Centrioles : ...microtubules..spindle fibres...
Golgi apparatus: ..proteins...enzymes.... ...secretory vesicles...
Cytoplasm: .... medium...
Endoplasmic reticulum: ...ribosomes... ....transport vesicles....
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: ..lipids..glycerol
Mitochondrion...inner.. ...energy...glucose
22 Vacuole : ..tonoplast.. …cell sap…turgid
Chloroplasts : ....chlorophyll ...photosynthesis.
Cell wall: …cellulose. ..Fully permeable ...mechanical support...
P - Tonoplast Q – Rough endoplasmic reticulum R-chromatin
S - Nucleolus T- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
U - Mitochondrion V- Golgi apparatus
Mind Test 2
Vacuole .... Contains sugars, mineral salts and pigments
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ... Involves in the synthesis of lipids.
Lysosome .... Contains digestive enzyme
Chloroplast ... Absorbs sunlight energy during photosynthesis
23 Similarities: Both cells contain nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondrion, ribosome,
endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm and golgi apparatus
Differences:
Animal cell Plant cell
Have a fixed shape
Have a cell wall
Do not have chloroplast
Contain vacuoles
.......glycogen .........starch
Do not have centrioles
Living Proceses in Unicellular Organisms

1. ...only one ...
2. ...excrete, respond to stimuli, move, reproduce and grow.
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24 Living Processes:
Movement : ...cilia.... its axis. ...pseudopodia.... cytoplasm...
Nutrition : cilia...oral groove... Food vacuoles ...digestive enzymes...cytoplasm...
...phagocytosis .... …food vacuole... ...lysozyme…lysosome... Nutrients...
Respiration: ...simple diffusion…
Respond to stimuli: …. moving away
25 Growth: …cytoplasm.
Excretion: ...diffusion. …osmosis ...contractile vacuole. ...maximum...
...contracts... excess water. …osmoregulation.
Reproduction: …fission mitotically... conjugation. ...spores
Mind Test 4
P1: Amoeba sp. Approaches the food particle using its pseudopodia.
P2: Two pseudopodia extend out and enclose the food particle and forming food
vacuoles.
P3: Food vacuole fuses with lysosome and the digestive enzyme inside the lysosome
(lysozyme) digest the food into soluble nutrients which will be absorbed into the
cytoplasm.
P4: The feeding mechanism is known as phagocytosis.
26 1. .... types...size, shape and structure.
2. ….structure...function…
3. ........various…
Red blood cell: …biconcave disc…oxygen.
Nerve cell: .... nerve impulses.
Muscle cells: .... striped…movement.
Sperm cell: ......tail...chromosomes
27 Mind Test 5
Sieve tube: ….. Long cylindrical….
Xylem vessel: ...Long continuous….
Palisade mesophyll cell: … Long cylindrical cell…
Spongy mesophyll cell: ... Cells are loosely arranged…
Guard cell: .... Specialised epidermal cells...
Root hair cell: .... have long projection…
2. ...shape...specified….function. ...tissue.
3. Epithelial...Connective...Muscle...Nerve...
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28 Epithelial tissues: …diffusion….gasses. …trachea…cilia…mucus…dust
particle…cilia. …skin…oesophagus. …mucus...
Connective tissue: transport .... oxygen...... pathogen. .... Calcium
phosphate…organs
Adipose tissue: fat…dermis….skin…store energy…insulates…. body.
Loose Connective tissue : epithelial
29 Tendon: …muscles…bones.
Ligament: …bones…bones.
Smooth muscles: …small intestines…involuntary action…peristaltic…
Skeletal muscles: …skeletal bones…contract and relax…voluntary…
Cardiac muscles: …heart...involuntary
Nerve tissues: …neurons…muscles…glands.
Tissue Organisation: …Meristematic tissues…Permanent tissues…
30 Parenchyma tissue: …thin-walled…starch…sugar…support…shape…
Collenchyma tissue: …unevenly thickened…support…
Sclerenchyma tissue: …lignin…mechanical…
Density of Certain Organelles and Functions of Specialised Cells
Sperm cells: …energy…
Flight muscle cells in birds and insects: …contract…
Meristematic cells: …mitosis…
Palisade…mesophyll cells: …chlorophyll…energy…
Pancreatic cells: …enzymes…hormones…
31 Sequence of Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms: ...many...system.
Organ and System in Humans
Integument system: …protect…
Endocrine…Lymphatic…Muscular… Urinary….Respiratory
32 Mind Test 6
(i) (a) Epithelial tissue (b) Sweet gland (c) Erector muscle
(d) Blood vessel (e) Sebum gland (f) Hair
(ii) Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue and muscle tissue.
(iii) 1. regulates body temperature
2. eliminates urea from the body
3. as a protective layer (from ultraviolet rays and pathogen attack)
(iv) Because skin is built up by various types of tissues which are joined together to
perform specific functions.
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33 Organs and Systems in Plants:
Shoot : …photosynthesis…pollination.
Root system: …support
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE

PG ANSWER
35 2. into..... plasma membrane..... exits
Mind Test 1
Glucose...Mineral salts....Amino acids......Vitamins.....Urea and Uric acid.
3. plasma membrane .... internal environment
Components of A Plasma Membrane
1. Protein... phospolipid
Mind Test 2
36 Mind Test 3
a) The pore and the carrier proteins which float freely in the phospholipid bilayer form
mosaic pattern which changes constantly.
b) The proteins and the phospholipids are free to move sideways within the membrane
which causes the membrane to have a fluid characteristic.
2. polar....tail
Mind Test 4
Glycerol....2.
3. extracellular environment, cytoplasm, face
Mind Test 5
Lipid.... small
Shapes...big....amino acid....facillitated diffusion...active
37 Water...flexible...carbohydrates....lipid.....receptor
Mind Test 6
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1. Selectively permeable
3. membrane…visking
4. permeable
38 1. size....polarity...ionic charges
39 Mind Test 7
Glucose molecules. The size of glucose is smaller than starch molecules causing the
starch to remain in the visking tubing and cannot move across the tubing membrane.
Experiment osmometer
40
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PG ANSWER
40
41 Discussion
1. ....increases.... into....osmosis
2. ....movement....down
3. ....bigger...smaller
4. ....decreases
Conclusion :
Water molecules permeate from an area of high water potential to an area of low water
potential. Hypothesis is accepted.
42 Passive transport – high…. Low….down… dynamic equilibrium
Active transport – low…high…. against…accumulation….excretion
43 Mind Test 8
1.purple
2. higher
3. high concentration….. randomly
(b) (i) water
(ii) high… low
(iii) sucrose
44 Mind Test 9
i) X: Distilled water Y : 20% sucrose solution ii) Osmosis
Mind Test 10
1. The sucrose solution of arm M is increased while the level of sucrose solution of N
arm decreases
2. 0.6% sucrose solution is hypotonic compared to 5% sucrose solution
3. Water molecules diffuse across the selectively permeable membrane by osmosis
4. The movement of water molecules is from 0.6% sucrose solution (N arm) to 5%
sucrose solution (M arm)
5. The concentration of sucrose solution on arm M will decrease while the concentration
of sucrose on arm N will increase
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PG ANSWER
45 (c) (i) ion.. amino acid…. Transport protein…..cannot
(ii) energy… down
(iii) same
(iv) specific
(v) specific site
46 Mind Test 11
Mind Test 12
1. against
2. cellular respiration
3. binds
4. site….changes
5. accumulation… excretion
6. Pump
Mechanism of active transport
a) Binding site…..ATP
b) ADP
47 c) energy… outside
d) original
e) into
f) outside
g) sodium-potassium
h) proton, hydrogen ions
48 Mind Test 13
Similarities.
1. bind with the molecule or ion.
2. specific active sites to transport specific molecules
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PG ANSWER
3. allow substances to pass through them.
Mind Test 14
*Refer to mind test 13 above.
Urea in urine sample (active transport) salt in salted egg (facilitated diffusion)
49 Mind Test 15
*Y- yellow
50 Facilitated diffusion....diffuse into.... osmosis...higher... energy

51 Mind Test 16
(a) 1. Movement of calcium ions against the concentration gradient of moving from low
concentration to high concentration
2. This process requires energy / ATP
3. Carrier proteins combine with calcium ions and change their shape and allow
calcium ions to cross the carrier protein
4. This results in the accumulation of calcium ions in the cell
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PG ANSWER
(b)1. The oxygen concentration in the outer environment of Paramecium is higher than
in the paramecium cell. Oxygen will diffuse into the cell paramecium through
simple diffusion process.
2. The carbon dioxide concentration in the paramecium cell is higher than in the
outer cell environment. Carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the cell paramecium
through via simple diffusion process.
52 Mind Test 17
Definition: Osmosis is the process of net movement of water molecules randomly from a
region of higher potential of water to a region of lower potential of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
Movement....low.... high.....high......low
Mind test 18
53 1. ….extracellular fluid…… intracellular fluid

Mind Test 19
Hypotonic – osmosis, osmotic pressure, haemolysis
Isotonic – Size, shape

Hypertonic – out, shrink, crenation
54 Mind Test 20
Hypotonic – turgid, support
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PG ANSWER
Isotonic – same
Hypertonic – osmosis, hypotonic,deplasmolysis
55 Mind Test 21: 0.24 mol/dm3

56 Mind test 22
5% sucrose solution
5% sucrose solution was isotonic to the cell sap of plant cell
Water molecules will diffuse into and out of cells at the same rate
Plant cell become flaccid.
30% sucrose solution

30% sucrose solution was hypertonic to cell sap of plant cell
Water diffuse out of the cell through osmosis
Cells become flasid and plasmólisis occurs
The cytoplasm and vacuoles shrinks
The plasma membrane is pulled away from the cell wall
Sucrose solution 0.5%

0.5% sucrose solution was hypotonic to the cell sap of plant cell
Water molecules diffuse into the cell sap by osmosis
// cell becomes turgid and créate turgor pressure
The plasma membrane is pushed against to the cell Wall
58 Mind Test 23
(a)
Concentration of sukrose solution (M) Final length of potatoes strip (cm)
0.2 5.6
0.4 5.3
0.6 4.6
0.8 4.2
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59 (b)(i)
Observation 1
If the concentration of sucrose solution is 0.2M, the lenght of potatoes strip is 5.6 cm.
Observation 2
If the concentration of sucrose solution is 0.8M, the lenght of potatoes strip is 4.2 cm
(ii) Inference 1
0.2M sucrose solution is hipotonic to the sap sel of potatoes, wáter diffuse into the
potatoes strip by osmosis
Inference 2 :
0.8M sucrose solution is hipertonic to the sap sel of potatoes, wáter diffuse out the
potatoes strip by osmosis
(c)
Variables Method to handle
Manipulated variable : Use different concentration of sucrose solution
Concentration of sucrose solution (0.2M,0.4M,0.6M dan 0.8M )
Responding variable : Measure and record the length of potatoes by
Final length of potato strip using ruler//
/percentage different in length of Calculate the percentage difference in length of
potato strip potatoes strip by using formula
Final lenght – initial length x 100
Initial length
Constant variable :
Volume of sucrose solution/initial Fix the initial length of potatoes strip at 5.0 cm
length of potatoes strip
60 (d) Hypothesis :
As the sucrose concentration increases, the length of potatoes strip decreases
(e) (i)
Concentration of sucrose (M) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Initial length of potatoes strip (cm) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Final length of potatoes strip (cm) 5.6 5.3 4.6 4.2
Percentage different in length (%) 12.0 6.0 -8.0 -16.0
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62 (f) - the concentration of sucrose solution that is isotonic to the cell sap of potatoes is
0.5M
- At this point, the concentration of sucrose does not cause any change in the length of
the potato strips
- The amount of water diffuse in and out of the cell is the same rate
(g) –the process of wáter molecule diffuse into or diffuse out of the potatoes strip
through the selectively permeable membrane
- it is shown by the final length of potatoes strip / different change in length of
potatoes strip
- affected by the concentration of sucrose solution
(h) – the final length of potatoes strip is more than 5.6cm.
- distilled wáter is hipotonic solution
- more wáter is diffuse into the vacoule by osmosis
(i)
Type of solution Sodium chloride solution
Hipotonic 0.10 %
Isotonic 0.89 %
Hypertonic 3.00%
63 Wilting phenomenon : hypertonic… diffuses… flaccid… plasmolysis… wilted
1. …..wáter loss….
2. …...isotonic… 0.85-0.90 %
64 3. ……vesicle…surrounded….hydrophobic región…hydrophilic región..protect…gastric
juice…targeted
4. ……wáter loss…dehydration..same…into…. perspiration
65 …….purify…salt removal…pressure… filtered out…. pure
CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE CELL

PG ANSWER
67 4.1 WATER
1. Properties of Water Molecule and Importance in the Cell
(a) (i) ….inorganic....... hydrogen.........oxygen
(ii) .....charge ………negative........ universal
(iii) .....soluble …….. biochemical.....
(b) (i) …… attach….
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(ii) Adhesive…..
(iii) ….capillary action ………. narrow…
2. Specific Heat Capacity Of Water.
(i) …..4200….
(ii) …..thermal energy ……….. one….
(iii) …. absorbs ……. temperature.
68 Mind Test 1:
1. ….. ....natural …………. molecules
2. ……. Biochemical
3. ……..osmotic
4. …… .solvent …………….synovial fluid
5. …… .transport …………. Urea
Mind Test 2:
1. Maintains the vitality of plant cells to support plant cells.
2. High affinity, in which water molecules attach to each other and cause water to
rise continuously in vascular tissue
4.2 CARBOHYDRATES
Elements In Carbohydrates
1. ......hydrogen........ oxygen....
69 Type of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
.................glycogen
.................plant
Animal........
.................cell wall
Disaccharides
................maltose
................sucrose
................lactose
Explanation...........
1. Sweet 1. Tasteless
3. .......water
4. .......sucrose
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Mind Test 3:
P[Starch] Q [Glycogen] R [Cellulose]
P : Liver Q : Leaves R : Cell wall

70 Mind Test 4:
(a) i) L: Hydrolysis M: Condensation
ii) 3 molecules of water are released
(b) Process X: Hydrolysis Process Y: Condensation
Notes 2. ….(HCL)…
71 Mind Test 5:
........... yellow.
P1: ....maltose
P2: ....diffuse...
P3: ....large and cannot diffuse out of the visking tube.
Importance of Carbohydrates
3.........cellulose
Mind Test 6:
Grapes because it contains glucose. Molecular glucose is simple and does not need to be
digested. It is then absorbed and transported to cells to oxidize for energy production.
As for bread, it needs to be cooked first. So it provides energy even though it contains
high carbohydrates. Sausage is a protein, it's a low energy source compared to
carbohydrates.
72 4.3 PROTEIN
1. .............nitrogen
3. ..............amino acids
Mind Test 7:
Answer: D
73 Mind Test 8:
a) Consists of a linear polypeptide chain with amino acid sequences or peptides.
b) Protein X undergoes hydrolisis, polypeptide bonds break down into peptide.
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73 Mind Test 9:
Eggs, chicken and soy milk contain high protein. This protein can help to recover from
surgery with new tissue repair. Proteins can build antibodies to fight or kill pathogens
that may enter the mother's body through injury.
74 4.4 LIPIDS
2. .........Carbon, hydrogen......
3. ........ glyserol........ fatty acids.......
Type of Lipids
1. ............ phospholipids
(i).......... triglycerides.
75 vi)……. saturated fat …………unsaturated fat.
b)……. water-resistant
d) (ii)……………Cholesterol
Mind Test 10:
1………. three fatty acids…… triglycerides.
2………condensation
3………hydrolisis
Type of fat Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
1.Example Butter Oil
2. The presence of a
double bond between
carbon atoms in fatty
acids
No double bond Has double bond
3. Ability to form
chemical bonds with
Cannot Can
additional hydrogen
atoms
4.Condition at room Solid Liquid

temperature
5. Cholesterol content High Low
76 Importance of Lipids in Cells

1..........energy....
3.........insulator...
4. Solvents
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PG ANSWER
Mind Test 11:
Fat acts as a heat insulator to prevent it’s conduction of heat from the body to the
aquatic environment and thus maintaining its body temperature.
4.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

Elements in nucleic acids.
1……………polymer ……. nucleotide...
2…………...nitrogen….
Nucleotide Structure
1…………… Phosphate ….. pentose ……. nitrogenous bases.
2.... ribose....
3................adenine...........urasil...
4.........RNA
77 (a) (i)................two....................helixs.....
(ii) ........ histone…
(iii) …….genetic.....
(v) .... chloroplasts
Mind Test 12:
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous base
(b) (i).......... single….
(ii) ...........thymine.....
(iii)...........DNA.... protein….
(iv) ..........messenger................synthesis.
(v)............ribosome.
78 Importance of Nucleic Acids in Cells
1...........characteristic..............
2......... genetic code...............polypeptides.............
3...........three...........
Mind Test 13:
Answer
B
79 Chromosome Formation of DNA and Protein
1.......... polynucleotide........not...
2...........nucleosomes.......
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Mind Test 14:
I. √
II. √
CHAPTER 5 : METABOLISM AND ENZYME

PG ANSWER
81 Metabolism
1. ......chemical reactions........catabolism........anabolism.
2. ......ATP..........carbohydrate.......
3.
Catabolism Anabolism
a) .........breaking down.......complex....
b) .........releases energy....... b) ........absorbs energy.......
Mind Test 1: 1. A 2. K
82 Enzymes and Its Necessity In Metabolism
1. ............protein…….accelerate……
2. ………metabolism……….
3. ………substrate…….active sites……..enzyme-substrate complexes.
Naming of Enzymes
Substrate Catabolism Reaction / Hydrolisis
Lactose Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose sucrase
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Cellulose Glucose + Glucose
Lipid Glycerol + Fatty acid
Starch
(amylose) Maltose
83 General Properties of Enzymes

2. ……..reversible.
3. …….not change……
4. …….small…..
5. …….active sites…….specific.
6………inhibitors…….cyanide..
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Involvement of Organelles in Production of Intracellular and Extracellular Enzyme

Intracellular
 …..inside…..
Extracellular
 Secreted out…..
 ……pepsin, tripsin,…...
84 Extracellular Enzyme Production
Nucleus
 .........RNA.......ribosome.
Ribosome and RER
 ........lumen.......
 .......transport vesicle.
Transport vesicles
 .......Golgi apparatus.....
Golgi apparatus
 .......modified.......
 .......secretory vesicle.
Secretory vesicles
 .......plasma membrane.......extracellular.......
85 The Mechanism Of Enzyme Reaction With ’Lock And Key’ Hypothesis

1. .......polypeptide.......dimensional...
2. ......active sites.....
3. ......complements......specific.
4. .......lock ....key.....
Mind Test 2:
1. Sucrase / enzyme is a lock while sucrose / substrate is a key
2. Sucrose bind to active site of sucrase ( lock binds with key )
3. An unstable sucrose-sucrase complex is formed
4. Hydrolisis reaction occurs, releases product which are fructose and sucrose from its
active site.
5. Sucrase does not change at the end of the reaction
6. Enzyme can be reused to react on other substrates.
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86 Activation energy
1. Activation…..bonds…..
2. ……require high…..
3. ……reduce……biochemical…..
Mind Test 3:
1. Substrate combine with enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex
2. To lower the activation energy
3. Reactions on the substrate can occur more easily
4. Speed up the rate of reactions
5. Product can be produced easily
The Mechanism of Enzyme Action with the change in Factors
b) pH
d) Substrate concentration
87 a) Temperature
 …....low….
 …....kinetic energy…..frequency of effective collision…..
 ……accelerated.
 ……2 times……optimum temperature.
 …...maximum……
 …...denaturation…..hydrogen…..destroyed.
Mind Test 4:
A: 370C
B: 450C
C: 650C
88 b) pH
 …..pH….
 …..2.0…..8.5.
 …..charges…..active site……reduce……
 …..function.
 Extreme………denatured.
Mind Test 5:
√ - Keep at 40 ºC temperature
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89 c) Enzyme concentration
 ………concentration…….more…….maximum……
 ………limiting………excess of active sites……..
 ………added.
 ………doubled…….
d) Substrate concentration
 ……..substrate……..
 ……..increase……..constant.
 ……..occupied…….saturated.
 ……..enzyme concentration………
90 Mind Test 6:
√ (a) Enzyme concentration is a limiting factor at level P
√ (b) As substrate concentration increases from Q to R, more molecules bind to
the active site of the enzyme
Mind Test 7:
P1: Molecule P is an inhibitor
P2: Rate of reaction by enzyme T decrease/ low
P3: Molecule P competes with substrate S to bind to the active site
P4: Substrate S cannot bind with enzyme active site
P5: Enzyme-substrate complex cannot be formed
P6: Less product is produced
91 Study the Effect of Temperature on the activity of Amylase Enzyme
......effect.....temperature......amylase enzyme.
S1: .......amylase solution.....
S2: .......boiling tube.......
S5: .......different temperatures........
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92
Water temperature/ The end observation of Time taken for iodine to
0
C experiment remain yellow (minutes)
5 34
28
37
10
45 12
34
55
b)i) Observation
1. The time taken for iodine to remain yellow at 37 0C was 10 minutes.
2. The time taken for iodine to remain yellow at 55 0C was 34 minutes.
93 ii) Inferences
1. At 370C, starch hydrolysis takes the fastest time at optimum temperature, more product
/ maltose produced
2. At 550C, starch hydrolysis takes the slowest time at low temperature, less product /
maltose produced
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93 .c)
Variables How to recognize variables
Temperature Using different temperatures such as 50C, 280C, 370C,
450C dan 550C.
Time taken for iodine to Record (jot down) time taken for iodine to stay yellow
remain yellow using stopwatch
Volume of amylase Keep amylase volume constant at 2ml
d) Hypothesis
The higher the temperature , the higher the rate of starch hidrolysis / fast time taken
(to remain yellow).
94 e)i)
Temperature Time taken for iodine to Amylase rate activity

( 0C ) remain yellow (minutes) ( minute -1 )
5 34 0.03
28 14 0.07
37 10 0.10
45 12 0.08
55 34 0.03
f)
 The higher the temperature , the higher the rate of amylase activity // At 370C, the
rate of amylase activity is maximum.
 More chances of colision between amylase and starch.
 More product / maltose will be formed.
g)
 Starch hydrolysis is the broken down of /digested of starch molecule by amylase,
 It is shown by the time for iodine to remain yellow .
 Starch hydrolysis is affected by difference temperature.
h)
 Time taken for iodine to remain yellow more than 34 minute.
 65oC is a higher temperature and cause amylase enzyme denatured.
 Therefore, starch hydrolisis become slow / product (maltosa) formed become less.
i)
Materials Apparatus
Starch , amylase , buffer solution /pH,
White tiles, thermometer, water bath
iodine
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96
Applications of Enzymes in Daily Life
1. .......bacteria......
2. ......inert......insoluble.......separated.......
Enzyme and it uses

Amylase
(a) …....starch….
(b) ……starch…..
Selulase
(a) …….cellulose
(b)
i. ........cellulose......
ii. ……breaks…...
iii. Jelly……
Protease
(a) ……...detergent……
 ……..digest…..
 Speed up……
 ……..optimum……
(b) ……...soften……
(c) Soften.......remove the fish’s skin.
Lipase
(a) Cheese......
Trypsin :
…….skin.
Ligninase:
.......lignin.......
Lactase:
……...lactose …… lactic acid……
Pectinase
……..pectin bonds…….
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CHAPTER 6: CELL DIVISION

PG ANSWERS
99 Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
1. ….division. Karyokinesis…..cell.
2. ….somatic….
Mind Test 1:
Somatic cell Gamete cell
.....reproductive....
….mitosis .....meiosis
….diploid…. .....haploid...
3. ….paternal..... (female....)
4. ….homologous..... similar…..
5. ….chromatin
100 Mind Test 2
1. √ 2. √ 3. √ 4. X 5. √ 6. X 7. X
Phases in a Cell Cycle
1. .....duplication......daughter
2. .....interphase.....mitosis.....phase....
3. .....similar......
101
S phase a) …..replication. G2 Phase a) …..active
b) …..sister chromatids b) …..energy…
c) …..same….
d) …..centromere
G1 Phase a) nucleus.....(chromatin) Interphase Nucleus
b) …..mitochondria nuclear
d) …..high Chromatin
Centrioles
102 Mind Test 3

Stages of mitosis Events
PROPHASE o Chromatin
o .....centromere
o .....disintegrates.......
o .....centrioles..... spindle.....
METAPHASE o Centrioles.....
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PG ANSWERS
o ....centromeres.....centre......equatorial.....
o ....attached.......
o ....divide......
ANAPHASE o .....sister chromatids......
o .....shorten, contract.......opposite poles
o .....already.....
103 Stages of mitosis Events
TELOPHASE o ........chromosome
o ........complete......identical.....
o ........chromatin
o ........disappear
o ........nuclear membrane.....
Mind Test 4
(a) (i) Stage IV – Stage II – Stage III – Stage I
(ii) Stage Name of stage Stage Name of stage
I Prophase III Anaphase
II Metaphase IV Telophase
104 (b) (i) Metaphase: chromosome are arranged in equatorial plane

(ii) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite poles
(iii) Telophase: sister chromatids arrived at the opposite poles of the cell,
identical chromosomes is formed
(c) Stages PROPHASE ANAPHASE METAPHASE TELOPHASE
Structure
inside the cell
Cytoplasm Not divided
Chromosome
Spindle fibre Absent
Nuclear Absent
membrane
(d) P: Anaphase Q: Telophase R: Anaphase S: Prophase T: Metaphase

U: Prophase V: Metaphase
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PG ANSWERS
105 Mind Test 5
State the difference of mitosis in animal and plant cells.
...... centrioles....... spindle fibres.....
Animal Cells
...... shrinks ....., Membrane Membrane ..... two ......
Plant Cells
new..... Cellulose.......
106 The Necessity of Mitosis
1 a) ...new cells......embryo.....growth
b) …dead…..
c) …damaged…..injury……regeneration…..
d) Reproduction…..unicellular…..binary fission…..budding…..
2 a) Medicine:.... stem cell….. damaged.....
107 Mind Test 6
a) i- Tissue culture
ii- Can produce good trait banana trees in large numbers and shorter period of
time.
b) i- No, ii – Yes, iii- No, iv-Yes
c)
Bone Brain Ovum Skin Ovarium Sperm
marrow X epithelium X
108 Definition of Meiosis
Chromosome
1 ......gametes Species number
2n n
Types of Cells which Carry Out Meiosis Prawns 254 127
1 .....somatic.....testes.....ovary
2 .....primary spermatocyte.....primary ocyte
109 The Necessity of Meiosis

1 ……gametogenesis……maintained
2 …….genetic…..genetic
Phases in Meiosis
1 ….meiosis I…….Replication…
2 ….diploid…..two…..haploid…..
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PG ANSWERS
109
4 haploid
cells
Mind Test 7
Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telofasa II
110 Mind Test 8

PROPHASE I
 shorten, thicken
 centromere
 bivalent
 homologous
 tetrad
 Crossing over…..non-sister
 chiasma
 combination
 nucleolus
 centrioles
111 METAPHASE I
 Homologous
 do not
ANAPHASE I
 contract, pull
 separate
 centromere
 four, two
TELOPHASE I
 arrive
 nuclear membrane
112 Mind Test 9
mitosis, separate.
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PG ANSWERS
PROPHASE II
 Spindle fibres
METAPHASE II
 randomly
ANAPHASE II
 separate
 chromosome
TELOPHASE II
 cytokinesis
 four
 half
 different
 gamete
113 Mind Test 10
Similarities
2. interphase
3. cytokinesis
4. DNA undergoes replication only once in both mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis Aspect of differences Meiosis
Somatic cell Place of events Ovarian/ testicular/
reproductive cells
Once Number of cell division 2 times
Does not occur Crossing over occur
2 daughter cells Number of daughter 4 daughter cells
cells at the end of cell
division
Diploid (2n) number of Number of Haploid (n), half number of
chromosomes chromosomes in each chromosomes from the parent
daughter cell cell.
Similar to daughter cells Genetic composition of non identical to parent cell and
daughter cells to one another.
No variation Genetic variation shows genetic variation
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PG ANSWERS
114 Mind Test 11
(a) R: mitosis S: meiosis
(b) 3 reasons:
i. R produced 2 daughter cells, while S produced 4 daughter cells
ii. The number of chromosomes in cell S, become half.
iii. Cell did not divide once only for R, but for S, parent cells divide 2 times
iv. Content of genetic daughter cells is the same for R, but different for S.
Mind Test 12
(a)
(b)
*or any possible combination of shaded and unshaded chromosomes

115 (c) 1 Mitosis produced 2 daughter cells but meiosis produced 4 daughter cells.
2 Mitosis produced daughter cells which are genetically identical to one
another but meiosis produced daughter cells which are genetically non-
identical to parent cell and to one another.
(d) 1 Meiosis produces gametes of which containing only half set of chromosomes
found in the parent cell.
2 Each gamete from opposite parents carries only half number of
chromosomes of parent cell.
3 During fertilisation, an egg which contains haploid chromosomes fuses with
a sperm which also contains haploid chromosomes, forming a zygote with
diploid chromosomes.
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PG ANSWERS
(e) 1 Zygote cell that are formed, contained 47 chromosomes.
2 Baby formed might have Down’s syndrome
115 Mind Test 13
116 The Effects of Abnormal Mitosis on Human Health

2. ……uncontrollably……formation
3. ……benign, operation…..
4. ……radiation……carcinogen…..genetics…..
5. ……continuously…..tumor……spread…….destroying…..normal cells
6. ……blood……..lymphatic……..formation
7. ……organ damage……..death.
117 Mind Test 14
(a) Cancerous cell is formed when normal cell undergoes uncontrolled mitosis.
Cancerous cell divides uncontrollably and form tumor, which is abnormal cell.
These cancerous cells will spread to other cells through blood vessels or
lymphatic vessels.
(b) 1 Avoid from exposure to radioactive radiation.
2 Practice healthy lifestyle / avoid pressure in life / avoid smoking and drugs
(c) Radiation destroys the nucleus of cancerous cells. Uncontrolled division of cells
by mitosis can be stopped. When the cells are unable to divide, the cells will die
and dissaper from the body.
(d) Eribulin will stop the function of spindle fibres to pull chromosomes to opposite
poles. When chromosomes are unable to move, the cells will stop dividing.
Uncontrolled mitosis can be stopped.
118 Mind Test 15
(a) Pregnant woman in older age (40 years and above), have reproductive cells that
have a long cease of meiosis. These cells are highly susceptible to complications
during chromosome movement in meiosis. This can lead to the formation of non-
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PG ANSWERS
haploid gametes. Gametes with non-haploid chromosomes number can cause
Down’s syndrome baby if they fuse with a normal gamete from the opposite
parent.
(b) X-rays can disrupt chromosome movement during mitosis. Cells whose
chromosomes are not separated properly cause abnormal organ growth. The baby
in the womb might be deformed.
CHAPTER 7 – CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PG ANSWERS
120 7.1 PRODUCTION OF ENERGY THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1. ...anabolisme... catabolisme… releases
2. ...requires energy
The main substrate in energy production
1. .. oxidation … energy
2. …glucose
3. …carbohydrates
4. ....photosynthesis … organic … glucose… chlorophyll.
Types of Cellular Respiration
(i) Aerobic (ii) Anaerobic (iii) Fermentation

Respiration Respiration ..complete… limited oxygen
..glucose.. oxygen. .. breakdown …energy ….. without
121 7.2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

1. .. breakdown of glucose...oxygen... chemical... glucose.. carbon dioxide ..adenosine
triphosphate.
2. Diagram below shows stages of aerobic respiration that occurs in a cell.
(a) .. cytoplasm...glycolysis..glucose..enzymes..one....pyruvate.
(b)... oxydation.. carbon dioxide.. energy
First stage Second stage

GLIKOLISIS OXYDATION OF PYRUVATE
Glucose Pyruvate Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
3. .. energy
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PG ANSWERS
122 Mind Test 1
i. Glucose..6O2..2898kJ
ii. .. contraction.. relaxation... respiratory.. providing energy.. increase.. generate..
contraction
122 Experiment to Study Aerobic Respiration Process (page 122 - 124)

-
124 Problem
Do living organisms carry out aerobic respiration?
Statement
Hypothesis Living organisms use oxygen and release carbon dioxide during aerobic
respiration.
Variables Presence of living organisms
Increase in the level of coloured liquid
Initial level of coloured liquid
Procedure 1. Prepare the apparatus as shown in the figure above.
2. Prepare two boiling tubes labelled A and B.
3. Fill both boiling tubes with 10 g soda lime.
4. Put the wire gauze in the middle of boiling tube A.
5. Put a cockroach on the wire gauze in boiling tube A while
the boiling tube B is left empty.
6. Wipe all connections of the apparatus with petroleum jelly.
7. Close the screw clip and mark the height of the initial level
of the coloured liquid in the capillary tube for both boiling
tubes.
8. Leave the apparatus for an hour.
9. Measure and record the final height of the coloured liquid in
both capillary tubes after an hour with a ruler.
10. Record your observations in the following table.
Discussion 1. .. control ... respiration
2. .. absorb carbon dioxide
3. i... increase... aerobic respiration... oxygen
ii...carbon dioxide... soda lime.
4. .. lower... less energy... move ... Rate of respiration... oxygen
Conclusion Living organisms use oxygen and release carbon dioxide during aerobic
respiration.
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PG ANSWERS
125 7.3 FERMENTATION

1. ..incomplete.. limited oxygen.. without
2. ..second … oxygen.
3. ..alcohol.. yeast.. plant .. human muscle cell
(a) ..incomplete
(i) .. oxygen.. alcohol fermentation... alcohol fermentation..ethanol..zymase... Carbon
dioxide
126 (ii) .. germinate..... oxygen....... alcohol fermentation......... energy........ethanol........
....alcohol dehydrogenase......carbon dioxide
Mind Test 2
1. .. alcohol fermentation.
2. glucose......
3. ..ethanol... energy
4. .. limited oxygen..... without......
5. .. tolerance....ethanol
7. .. oxygen... surface
8. .. air spaces
9. .. oxygen…
127 (b) Lactic Acid Fermentation
(i) Yogurt.. fermentation... lactic acid fermentation...lactose... yogurt... sour
(ii) .. exceeds.. oxygen debt.... partial.. two..150.. lactic acid.. muscle cramps.. fatigue.
128  ... more.. Oxygen debt...
 Oxydation.. oxygen debt
Mind Test 3
Similarities
1. Both involve the breakdown of glucose to produce energy.
2. Both occur without the presence of oxygen.
3. Both produce 2 ATP molecules
Muscle Cell Yeast Cell
Undergo alcohol fermentation
128
Ethanol is produced
No carbon dioxide is produced
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PG ANSWERS
Mind Test 4
i. a. … 2 Lactic Acid + …
b. … 2 Carbon dioxide + 2 Ethanol + …
ii. a. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose without the presence of oxygen to produce ATP energy.
2 molecules of lactic acid produced.
b. Alcohol fermentation
Breakdown of glucose without the presence of oxygen to produce ATP energy.
2 molecules of carbon dioxide and ethanol produced.
129 Mind Test 5
i. To eliminate dissolved oxygen in the solution.
ii. To prevent oxygen from atmosphere dissolved into the solution.
iii. P1. .. cloudy … carbon dioxide …… fermentation... (…red….. yellow)
P3. .. cloudy … bubbly.
P6.....ethanol…..
P8….control.
iv.
Zimase
Glukosa Tenaga + Etanol + Karbon dioksida
Yis
(C6H12O6) (210 kJ //2ATP) + (2 C2H5OH) + 2CO2
130 Mind Test 6
1. Both start in the cytoplasm.
2. Both produce chemical energy in the form of ATP.
3. Both involve the breakdown of glucose and coversion to chemical energy.
4. Both begin with glycolysis where glucose breakdown into pyruvate.
5. Both occur in animals, plants, yeast and bacteria.
Aerobic respiration Fermentation

Occur without the presence of oxygen or in
1. .. oxygen
condition where oxygen is limited.
2. .. cytoplasm … mitochondria .. cytoplasm
3. .. glucose Incomplete glucose oxidation
… glucose … 210kJ (alcohol fermentation)) …

4. One … 2898kJ
150kJ (lactic acid fermentation)
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PG ANSWERS
5. energy, carbon dioxide and - Energy and lactic acid in human/ animals (lactic
water. acid
fermentation)
- Energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast/plant
(alcohol fermentation)
6. … + Oxygen (Lactic acid fermentation)
Glucose …+…
Carbon dioxide + Water + …
(Alcohol fermentation)
… carbon dioxide + Ethanol + …
CHAPTER 8: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL

PG ANSWER
132 Mind Test 1:
(a)......gaseous exchange....respiratory surface.....simple diffusion .
(b)....unicellular...large total surface area to volume ratio.....multicellular
....small...alveolus .
(c) (i) Small in size and numerous in number, thus total surface area is bigger to
increase the rate of gaseous exchange.
(ii) Thin wall as thin as one cell to ease gaseous diffusion.
(iii) Wall is always moist to allow gas to dissolve in them.
(iv) Numerous network of blood capillary (except insects) to transport respiratory
gases.
133 Respiratory Structure of Insects and Its Adaptations:
(a) ……tracheal system. ………tracheoles
(b) ......spiracle......abdomen (c) ......chitin.....collapse
2. Adaptations in Respiratory Structure:
(a) ......tracheoles....
(b) ......body or muscle cells......
(c) ......moist...thin......dissolve.....
4. Diagram of cockroach tracheal structure:
...chitin......spiracle....tracheoles
Mind Test 2:
(a) Grasshoppers are active insects. Air sacs contain more oxygen supply to oxidize
glucose producing more energy for the contraction of flight muscles.
(b)
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nd
One cell thick Big total surface area

√ √
Has a network of many blood
Always moist √
capillaries
134 Respiratory Structure of Fish and Its Adaptations:

1. (a)...gills... (b) .....filament.....archs
2. (a) ......lamellae......increase total surface area....
(b) .......increase rate of gaseous diffusion.
(c) .......transport respiratory gases efficiently.
Mind Test 3:
The fish will die, because its gill filaments will stick to each other, reducing the total
surface area for gaseous exchange. The fish will experience lack of oxygen.
135 Respiratory Structure of Frogs and Its Adaptations:
(a) ......lungs....moist skin.
2. (a) (ii) .........diffusion. (iii) ......dissolve. (iv) ......transport......
(b) (i) ......permeable....... (ii) ........mucus........dissolve. (iii) ........skin...transport......
Mind Test 4:
There are mucus glands to ease oxygen gas in the air to dissolve and diffuse into the blood
capillaries on the skin for gaseous exchange.
136 Respiratory Structure of Humans and Its Adaptations:
1. (a) ......alveolus. .......thoracic cavity......rib cage.
(b) Trachea ... Bronchus ... Bronchioles ... Alveolus
Mind Test 5:
Bronchus....bronchiole....nasal cavity....mouth cavity.....trachea....intercostal
muscles...diaphragm
2. (i) Small in size......large in number........ (ii) Moist wall......... (iii) Thin wall ......
one cell thick ....... (iv) Rich in blood capillaries .......
137 Comparisons and Contrasts of Respiratory Structures in Humans and Animals
Similarities : moist... diffusion...large....transport
Differences : mucus... tracheoles...blood capillary...environment...moistened
Mind Test 6: Alveolus √
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138 Mind Test 7:

Differences
Human Insect
2. ……nostril. 2. ……..spiracle.
3. ……..valves…..
4. ……cartilage. 4. ……..chitin.
5. …….alveolus.
Mind Test 8:
shortness of breath √
139 Breathing Mechanisms of Humans and Insects

3. (a) Inhaling: (i) Abdominal.....
Exhaling: (i) .......contract. (ii).......decreases, ..........increases.
140 3. (b) Inhaling:
P: ........close.........
Q: .........enters.........
R: .........raised, ........
S: ..........inflate. .......
Exhaling:T: ....lungs...........
141 3. (c) Inhale
1. .........lowered.........closed.....
2. .........increases, ....decreases.
3. .........enter........
Exhale
2. ........pressure......
3. ........respiratory gases.......
142 3. (d) (i) ........diaphragm.
(ii) .......external intercostal muscles....internal intercostal muscles.
Exhalation
1. External intercostal muscle relax, internal intercostal muscles contract.
2. Rib cage moves downwards and inwards.
3. Diaphragm muscles expand and diaphragm curves upwards.
4. Volume in thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the internal pressure in thoracic
cavity (higher than the atmospheric pressure).
5. Causes air to be forced out of the lungs.
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143 Mind Test 9:

1. Inhalation
2. External intercostal muscle contracts , internal intercostal muscle relaxes
3. Rib cage moves upwards and outwards
4. Diaphragm muscle contract,diaphragm become flat
5. Volume:increase, Pressure:decrease
6. Air move in / entering lungs
Mind Test 10:
Pressure in lungs increase √
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases √
Comparing and Contrasting the Breathing Mechanisms of Humans and Animals

Similarities:
......inhale.....exhale.....volume......pressure
144 Differences:
Humans: .....nostrils.......intercostal...diaphragm.....rib cage......
Insects: .......spiracle......abdominal
Fish: Water.....mouth....mouth....operculum.......floor......opercular mucles.......
Frogs: .......nostrils.........
Mind Test 11:
1. Heat from cigarette smoke increases the temperature in respiratory tract.
2. Tracheal walls and alveolus become dry.
3. Cilia at the trachea will be destroyed.
4. Foreign particles/toxins cannot be filtered and causes more mucus to be produced.
5. Coughs will occur as a reflex action to eliminate mucus and pathogens.
6. Respiratory tract / trachea and bronchi will narrow, causing bronchitis.
7. Structure of alveolus is destroyed, causing emphysema.
8. Total surface area for gaseous exchange decreases, causing difficulty to breathe.
145 External and Internal Respiration
1. .........alveolus....
2. .........body tissues,.....
3. .........simple diffusion. ......partial pressure.......
At X (a) .........higher......blood capillaries.
(b) .........low...........alveolus.
(c) .........high........ pCO2.
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(d) …….oxyhaemoglobin………blood…….
146 At Y (a) ........low........dissociates.......diffuses.......
(b) ........cellular respiration.......
(c) ........carbon dioxide. .......higher........
(d) (i) ............bicarbonate......
(ii) ............carbaminohaemoglobin
(iii).......... plasma
Mind Test 12:
(a) The main method is carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
(HCO3-). Carbon dioxide diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form
carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is not stable, thus it dissociates into
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (H+). This reaction is catalysed by carbonic
anhydrase enzyme.
(b) Body cells…..alveolus……carbonic acid……hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion
147 Mind Test 13:
1. Alveolus
2. Partial pressure of O2 in alveolus is higher than in blood capillaries
3. From alveolus into blood capillaries
4. Partial pressure of CO2 in alveolus is lower than in blood capillaries
5. From blood capillaries into alveolus
6. After the exchange, oxygen in blood combines with haemoglobin pigments in
erythrocytes to form oxyhaemoglobin and is transported by blood to the heart to be
pumped to the entire body as oxygenated blood
CoPD towards the Humans Respiratory System
1. ........asthma, chronic bronchitis....emphysema.
148 (a).........trachea.............inflammation.......
(b) ........coughing..........mucus.
(c) .........alveolus...........walls......decreases..........difficulty.
149 Mind Test 14:
Carbon monoxide : ......carboxyhaemoglobin........
3,4 Benzo-(α)-pyrene: …..carcinogenic…….
Nicotine : ……cancer……constricts……
Heat and Dryness : Corrodes the lungs……..
Nitrogen dioxide : …….acidic…….
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CHAPTER 9: NUTRITION AND THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PG ANSWER
151 9.1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The Structure Of Human Digestive System
1. ... alimentary canal, ... pancreas.
2. ...salivary gland., gastric........ intestinal.
Mind Test 1
oesophagus stomach duodenum ileum large intestine
9.2 DIGESTION
Physical and Chemical Digestion
Food digestion
.....breaking ..complex....absorbed......cells
Physical......
 Mechanical, surface area  enzymes, water

 mouth  blood circulatory system.
 peristalsis
152 Carbohydrate Digestion In The Mouth

1. ....stimulates....
2. (a) Amylase.... (b) Mucus..... (c) Antimicrobial.... (d) Buffer
3......food bolus.
4. ...mucus.
5. rhythmic...sphincter.
Protein Digestion In The Stomach
1. chief......, parietal ......, (gastric gland...)
153 2. ....gastric juice
3. pepsin......
pepsin
4. Protein + water polypeptides
5. (a)....acidic medium, optimum.. (d)...bacteria
7. ...chyme, pyloric
Mind Test 2
mashed potatoes ileum
Roasted chicken Stomach
Cheese mouth
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PG ANSWER
Mind test 3
1. Hydrochloric acids inside gastric juice from stomach will flow back into oesophagus.
2. Individual will experience heart burn, nausea and regurgitation, difficulty to swallow
and excessive belching.
3. Known as acid reflux or ‘Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease’ (GERD).
Carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid Digestion in the small intestine
2. ......lipid 3. ......pancreas 4. ......liver,....bile duct.
154 Liver:
(c)(i)....alkaline.. (ii) ........chyme... (iii) Emulsify lipid....
Duodenum:
(a)Lipase.....fatty acid...glycerol (b)..amylase....maltose (c).....polypeptides
Pancreas
(a)....pancreatic juice....pancreatic duct.... (b) ...lipase, ...trypsin.
Ileum:.
(a)....intestinal glands......juice
 Sucrase...
 Maltase.....maltose....glucose
 Erepsin....peptides into amino acids
 Lipase....lipid ..into fatty acid and glycerol
 Lactase.....lactose into glucose and galactose
155 Mind Test 4

Mouth: salivary gland: saliva,salivary amylase,...maltose
Stomach: gastric gland: gastric juice , pepsin,....polypeptides @ pepton
Duodenum: Liver: Bile,emulsify......
Pancreas: pancreatic juice,.....glycerol
pancraetic amylase
Ileum: intestinal juices : sucrase: ....fructose....
maltase: ....glucose + glucose
Erepsin: ....amino acid
lactase ....galactose
156 Mind Test 5
1......protein...lipid
2.....pepsin....polypeptides @ pepton
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PG ANSWER
156
pepsin
Protein + water polypeptides @ pepton
3......trypsin....pancreas...alkaline
4....emulsified...bile salt.....lipase....glycerol
Lipid + water lipase fatty acids + glycerol

5. amino acid....alkaline
Peptides + water Erepsin amino acids

6. Fatty acids
Fats + water lipase fatty acids + glycerol
Mind Test 6
1. Orange juice lowers the pH inside the duodenum// makes duodenum to become
more acidic.
2. The optimum pH for amylase reaction is a little alkaline hence the acidic medium
causing the rate of amylase reaction to drop.
3. Starch in duodenum is less/cannot be hydrolyzed.
157 Mind Test 7
(a) pH & temperature
(b) amylase speed up the hydrolysis of starch into maltose
(c) the mixture is dropped into iodine solution every two minutes
-time taken for iodine remain yellow is taken using stopwatch
-the rate of hydrolysis / digestion is calculated using formulae :1/time
Mind Test 8
Test Name Procedure Test Result +ve Result -ve
(Reagent) purpose
blue black remains
yellow
brick red remains
precipitate blue
purple
solution
red
precipitate
no
trace
tiny
droplets
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PG ANSWER
158 9.3 ABSORPTION

Villi Structure
1. Villi...
2. ...fructose, glycerol.
Adaptation of Illeum And Villi In Absorption
Epithelium cell
(a) microvilli
(b) mucus
(c) Glucose, galactose, amino acid, mineral salt...water soluble vitamin
159 (d) Fructose, facillitated diffusion.
(e) Fatty acid ...glycerol.....
Blood capillary: (a)..... hepatic portal vein (b)....lacteal.....blood capillary
Lacteal: (b)......laceal. (c) Fat-soluble vitamins (d).......thoracix duct
Mind Test 9
(i)....nutrient absorption. (ii).......increase surface area (iii)...goblet cells (iv)
...secretes (v)...transport (vi)....absorb....lipid digestion
160 Mind Test 10
….. less energy ……. glucose ….amino acids …..
ASSIMILATION
1.......lymphatic....assimilation 2.......complex 3.....hepatic portal vein......liver
4....thoracix duct
161 The Function of Liver in Assimilation
1.....content
2. Apart from the assimilation that happens in the liver, it also happens in body cells such
as below:
(a) ...glycogen (a) ...energy
(b) ...decreases, glucagon (b) ...protein. ....lipid.
LIVER Assimilation BODY CELLS

(a) ...protoplasma (a) ...plasma protein.
(b) ...enzymes, hormones. (b) glucose
(c) ...deamination
Lipid in body cells:
(a) ...adipose
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(b) ...cholesterol
(c) ...oxidised
162 3. ...detoxification.
5. ...storage......fat soluble vitamins.....minerals.
Mind Test 12
(1) Heart cirrhosis patients will face digestion problems. Lipid digestion becomes
slow.
(2) Less bile salts can be produced, fats is difficult to emulsify into tiny droplets.
(3) Glucose content in blood is difficult to be regulated. Glycogen cannot be stored in
liver.
(4) Detoxification of toxin and drug doesn't happen. There is a risk that the person
will be diagnosed with a cancer.
(5) The production of enzymes, hormones, antibodies decrease, causing the immunity
level to decrease as well.
(6) Protein is difficult to be metabolised, thus the blood osmotic pressure is hard to be
regulated / will cause oedema at hands, legs, and abdomens.
(7) The presence of scar tissues increase the blood pressure in abdomens. Next, lymphs
will be swollen, causing the quantity of red blood cells and white blood cells to
decrease
Mind Test 13
Name: Hepatic Portal Vein
Reason:.....absorption.....assimilation.
163 9.5 DEFAECATION

Function of Large Intestine
1. ..., colon, .....
2. The main functions of large intestine are:
(a) Absorption of water and vitamins.
(b) Formation of faeces.
1) Caecum
2) Colon
 peristalsis
 ...K.
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 ...reabsorbed... faeces
 fibres,...toxic substances
3) Rectum
 ...defaecation.
164 9.6 BALANCED DIET
The Energy Value In Food Samples
2. ...the quantity of heat released by one gram of food to increase the water temperature
by 1 degree Celsius
5. ...twice.....
Mind Test 14
Label: thermometer, boiling tube, water, food sample
Answer/Calculation: 1050 Jg-1 @ 1.05 KJg-1
165 Mind Test 15
Types of Quantity Energy Energy
food taken ( g ) ( kJ per 100 g) ( kJ per g )
White rice 400 1500 1500 X 400/100 = 6000
Fat 40 3000 40 X 3000/100 = 12001200
Fish 150 300 300 X 150/100 = 450300
Papaya 40 40 40 X 40/100 = 16 40 /100
Amount of energy obtained 766676567656
Determining the Content of Vitamin C in Fruit or Vegetable Juice

Mind Test 16
Solution Volume of solution or juice needed to Percentage Concentration
/ Fruit bleach DCPIP (ml) of of Vitamin C
Juices 1 2 Average Vitamin C (mg ml-3)
(%)
Ascorbic
1.0 1.0 1.0
acid
Lime juice 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.03 0.33
Orange juice 5.2 5.3 5.2 0.02 0.19
Pineapple
4.8 5.0 4.9 0.02 0.20
juice
166 Mind Test 17
The process to produce the juice involves heat or high temperature to make it more long
lasting/ durable. However, high temperature will also destroy most ascorbic acid,
therefore the concentration of vitamin C decreases.
Modification of Diet for Certain Individuals

1.(a).....calcium & phosphorus...bones & teeth... (b)......energy....
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(c)..health...repair....osteoporosis
167 Mind Test 18

F1 His BMI level is 30 and above. He is categorized as obese.
F2 He is at risk to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney failure, heart
failure, exhaustion and easily stressed.
F3 To overcome this he needs to reduce his intake of carbohydrate food so less starch is
coverted into sugar and less sugar is converted into fats.
F4 He also needs to avoid fatty food to prevent the deposition of cholesterol in the artery
and also reduce the risk of having cardiovascular diseases.
F5 In contrast he should practice Malaysian healthy plate which is 'quarter, quarter, half'
while increasing intake of vegetables and fruits.
F6 Practice healthy lifestyle such as exercising frequently to burn fats.
F7 Avoid sleeping late, junk food and fast food.
F8 He can also get hospital treatment such as the bariatric surgery.
F9 to shorten intestines or to reduce the size of stomach.
F10 so that the individual will only eat a small amount of food, thus the stored fats and
protein will also burnt to produce energy
168 9.7 HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO DIGESTION SYSTEM AND EATING HABITS
Effect of Organ Modification
1.(b) full (c)...fat,..... 2.(a) ...pancreatic juice... (b)....decrease....
3.(a)...biles... (b) ...emulsified... (c) ...lipase... 4.(a) ...indigestion. (b) ...hydrolysis...
169 Mind Test 19
surgery to remove gall bladder prevents the storage of bile.
-bile deficiency reduces the rate of fat hydrolysis because fat could not be emulsified and
the optimum pH could not be reached.
-The individual should reduce the intake of fatty food.
Health issue related to Defaecation
1. ....high-fibre....softens.... 2.(d)...good bacteria
constipation:....faeces....colon....slowly...water
haemorrhoid:....high pressure...swelling..
colon cancer:.....constipation....toxicants...out of control..
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170
Reflux Acid:...close
Bulimia:...vomit out ...cardiovascular...
171 Gastritis: ....less, ...time, ... gastric juice....gastric ulcer....alcohol....antacid
Anorexia:
1. psychological, women, overweight, underweight.
2. refrain, eating, excessively.
3. underweight, mental, emotional, menstrual.
4. therapy, counselling.
Dysmorphia:....muscular, intensive.
172 Diabetes:...glucose...glyogen...insulin
Pica:...disorder
Obesity:...excessive...converted...cardiovascular...carbohydrate...exercise..
CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

PG ANSWER
174 The necessity of transport systems in complex multicellular organisms
1. ……. essential substances …… cellular waste products ……..
2. ……. diffusion …….. large …..
3. …….large……small…….complex…….diffusion……internal transportation system.
4. Cube A: 6 cm-1 Cube B: 3 cm-1 Cube C: 2 cm-1
175 Types of Circulatory Systems in Multicellular Organisms
Closed circulatory System
a) Continuous
b) across
176 Circulatory System in organisms
Insect: Open Circulatory System
a) .......haemocoel.....
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b) .......diffusion.......
c) .......ostium.......
Fish: Single Closed Circulatory System
a) .......atrium.....ventricle.
b) The deoxygenated blood........
c) .......the gill capillaries.....
d) –
e) .......carbon dioxide......
f) .......heart.
g) .......each.......
177 Mind Test 1
Amphibians:
a) ......three..... Pulmocutaneous Circulation ........... Systemic Circulation.
b) ...... lungs..... skin.....veins.
c) ......mixed.....ventricle.
e) ......low.......
Human:
a) .......atria......ventricle.
b) ......pulmonary......systemic.
c) ......right ventricle......lungs.....oxygenated blood...... left atrium
d) ...... heart.......lungs.......
e) ......twice......
178 Similarities and differences between circulatory systems in complex multicellular
organisms
Similarities
(a) …………multicellular………….
(b) ………...heart…………………..
(c) ………..nutrients …………….
(d) ……….valves ………………
Differences:
Organism Insects Fish Amphibians Human
Open ..
Types of circulatory system - Double
Number of heart chambers Four
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Number of atrium - One
Number of ventricle - One
Separation of oxygenated blood
and deoxygenated blood - - Incomplete
Mind Test 2:
i) P – Fish Q – Human / bird
179 ii) Similarities:

P1: Both have closed circulatory system
P2: The blood flows in blood vessels
P3: Both have heart / atria / ventricle
P4: The heart acts as pumping organ / pumping blood
Differences :
No Organism P/ Fish Organism Q / Human
1 Double circulatory which is the blood

flows through the heart 2 times in
each complete circulation.
2 The heart have 2 chambers // The heart 4 ....2 ..... 2

consists of 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
3 No septum Have septum

4 Oxygenated blood flows from gill to Oxygenated blood flows from lungs to
body cells / tissues heart
5 .... gill
180 1. Atrium
2. Ventricle
3. Bicuspid and tricuspid valve
4. Corda tendinea
5. Semilunar valves
6. Aorta
7. Pulmonary artery
8. Vena cava
9. Pulmonary veins
10. Septum
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181 Composition of Human Blood
Human Blood: Plasma
Platletes: ...... bone marrow.....nucleus.
Soluble materials: ........Na+, Mg2+, Cl-......
........carbon dioxide……..
……globulin-...............
Leucocytes (Granulocytes): ...... Granulated.....lobule.
Eusinophil: ........ inflammation....
Neutrophil: ........ phagocytosis.....
Basophil: ...........heparin....
Leucocytes (Agranulocytes):
Monocyte: ........... phagocytosis.
Limphoocyte: ....... antibodies......
182 Mind Test 4
a) P: Erythrocyte Q: Leukocytes
Reason: Cell P does not have nucleus while cell Q has nucleus and size cell P is
smaller than cell Q.
b) It secretes the thrombokinase enzyme in the mechanism of blood clotting.
c) P1: It does not contain nucleus to allow more haemoglobin to be contained.
P2: Duplicate discs to increase surface area to accelerate gas exchange.
P3: It can be shaped like an ellipse to increase its surface in contact with the blood
capillary wall to increase respiratory gas absorption into the cell.
d) In liver and spleen P cells are destroyed by macrophage cells through phagocytosiss
e) Spinach contains many ferum/ iron. The iron atoms are necessary for the formation of
haemoglobin pigments. So, more erythrocytes can be built and more oxygen can be
transported to the cells especially muscle cells/ tissues. More glucose oxidation occurs.
More energy can be produced for muscle contraction. This makes Popeye stronger.
183 Types of Blood Vessels
Artery
a) ....... oxygenated..... pulmonary artery.
b) ....... leaves...... breaking……………
c) ....... arterioles………..capillaries.
Capillaries
a) ....... thinnest.....
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b) ....... respiratory gaseous …….. body cell........
simple diffusion .
c) .......smallest........
Vein
a) ....... rejoin....... venules..
b) ....... veins…………..
c) ........ deoxygenated blood...... back.......
Diagram:
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
184 Mind Test 5
Artery Capillary Vein
........ thick....... ....... thin,......
Smallest
No valve ...... backflow......
..... heart..... ...... artery......
High Very low
......... pulmonary ........ pulmonary veins.
artery..
Mind Test 6
T: Connective tissue
P: Artery
R: Arterioles
S: Venule
Q: Vein
V: Endothelium
W: Valve
U: Smooth Muscle
185 MECHANISM OF HEART BEAT
Mechanism of Heartbeat of Human’s Hearts
2. ...... cardiac muscles...... electric impulses...... contract......
3. ....... myogenic....... impulse..............
4. ....... forces.......
Pumping of the heart
1. .......... pacemaker.
2. ......... specific....... atrium.......
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3. ......... electrical impulses........ walls........ rhythmically........ sinoatrial node
186 4. ......... the bundle of His......

5. The sequence of contraction of the heart muscle that causes the pumping of heart to
occur is as follows:
1. ......... electrical......
2. ........ pressure......
3 ......... spread......
4 ........ ventricles....... lungs....... aorta.
6. ....... closing......(a)...’lub’ (b)...’dub’
Contraction of skeletal muscles around the veins
1. ......... force....... vein,...... insufficient.......
2 ......... against.........
187 3. ……. valves ……. one...............
4. a) ……. smooth ……. venule
b) ……. skeletal …… open ……. flowing back
The Necessity for Blood Clotting mechanism:

Mind Test 7
E1. Stop or minimise the loss of blood on the injured blood vessel.
E2. Prevents microorganisms such as bacteria from entering the bloodstream through the
damaged blood vessel.
E3. Maintain the blood pressure because excessive blood loss will lower blood pressure to
a dangerous level.
E4. Maintains the blood circulation in order to transport cells requirement (nutrients and
oxygen).
188 Mechanism of Blood Clotting:
1. …….. Platelet……. thrombokinase….. Prothrombin…..
Mind Test 8
1. .………constricts …….. blood loss …….
2. ……….Collagen fibres …….. platelets ……. plaques ……
3. ………Thrombokinase ……. liver.
4. ……… enzyme ….. fibrin
5. ……… scab.
6. ……… healed ……..
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189 Health Issues related to Blood Clotting
Haemophilia:
(a) ….hereditary…………clotting……….
(b) Excessive bleeding …………………..
Thrombosis
(a)……………………………… thrombosis.
(b)………………. platelet …………………
(c) ……………….damage…………….. slow.
Embolism
(a) …………removed ………………………..
(b) ………trapped……..block……………….embolism.
Blood Grouping Of Humans

ABO Blood Group
Antigen on Antibody in
Blood Group Red Blood Cells the blood serum
Antigen A
B Anti-A
Antigen A and Antigen B
O Anti-A and Anti-B
190 ABO Blood Group with Blood Donation

1. …………. blood group type ……………. antibodies ……………antigen ……
2. …………………… agglutination …………
Can donate blood to Can receive blood from

Blood Group
blood groups blood groups
Mind Test 10:

Donor Blood group recipient
A P A, B, O and AB
B
C
D
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PG ANSWER
Rhesus Factor (Rh)
1. …………antigen ……………..red blood cells,……………….
2. …………aggregates ………..antibodies ………………………
3. …………Rh-positive ………..Rh-negative.
4. …………recipient,…………antibody.
5. …………agglutination……….recipient.
191 Pregnancy and the Rhesus Factor
……………. anti ….. cross……

D antibodies.
Mind Test 11:

E1 ……D antigen………………….anti-D antibodies.
E2 .......placenta...... haemolysis.... first.... mother.
E3 ………….second……….Rh-positive………………. cross through……….erupt.
E4 …………miscarriage……..erythroblastosis fetalis…………………………
E5 ………...anti-Rhesus globulin……………………….
192 Health Issues Related To The Human Circulatory System

1. ……heart, ......circulatory…………. atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, angina,
hypertension, myocardial infarction (heart attack), thrombosis coronary and stroke.
2. Atherosclerosis ……………*High Blood Pressure/Hypertension
Eating habit:
 Diet – High intake of salts, fats and cholesterol, lack of fibre.
*Atherosclerosis
193 Lymphatic Systems Of Humans
1) ……………blood capillary……….....
2) tissue fluid
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194 Lymph Formation and Components of the Lymphatic System
1. ......................hypertonic..................lower........................
2. ......................diffuses back................lymph.
Lymph Tssue Fluid
Higher.............
Low ...........
Components of the Lymphatic System

1. ..........blinded..........lymph nodes........
2. ..........bone marrow........
195 Lymphatic Vessel
 ………………..Lymph.
 ..................closed...............
 Thoracic duct……………..
 ......................right side of head................right subclavian vein........................
Lymph Nodes
 …………….filter ……………….
 …………….lymphocytes……...
 ...................microorganisms.....
Note: .................. the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
196 Relationship between Blood Circulatory System and Lymphatic System
Mind Test 12
Tissue Fluid……….Lymph vessel …..Thoracic duct….Vena Cava
The necessity of the lymphatic system
1. ...................blood circulatory system ....................
2. .................glycerol ............ lacteal .....................
4. waste materials
5. ............... lymphocytes.....................
197 Health Issues Related To The Human Lymphatic System
Oedema
……………….swollen……………. accumulates…………..
Lack of plasma protein
.................antibodies.....................
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197 Prolonged Bedridden Patients
................ stroke ...........................
Parasitic Infection
...................flow................. filariasis. ......................
Mind Test 13: T
CHAPTER 11 : HUMAN IMMUNITY

PG ANSWER
199 Definition of Immunity, Antigen and Antibody
1 ability, pathogen
2 diseases, parasites
3 proteins, immune response
4 lymphosytes, antibody
5 proteins, blood plasma
6 immune response
Mind Test 1
200
Antigen Antibodi
Similarities
 proteins
 body immunity
Comes from outside of the body Produced inside the body
Has a specific shape which compliments Has a specific binding site which
the structure of the binding site on the compliments the shape of an antigen
antibody
Found on the wall of pathogen Found in the bloodstream / produced by
the lymphocytes
Mind Test 2:
Mucus membrane lysozyme
1 2
Physical [ ] Physical [ ]
Chemical [ ] Chemical [ ]
Functions Functions
 respiratory, mucus.  antimikrobial, bacteria.
 lysozyme, bacteria.
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Skin Blood clotting

201 3 4
Physical [ ] Physical [ ]
Chemical [ ] Chemical [ ]
Functions Functions
 tough, pathogens.  wound.
 shedding, grow.
 sebum, oil
 lysozyme
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach Mind Test 3: hair

Physical [ ] 5 erector muscle
sweat pore
Chemical [ ]
epidermis
Functions
 Bacteria, food and drinks
dermis
sebum gland
blood capillary
hair folicle sweat gland
202 Second Line of Defence:

2 (a) ................. (b) phagocytosis (c) inflammation
(a) (i) against (ii) phagocytic
(b) (i) digested, phagocyte (ii) phagocytosis, monocyte (iv) engulf, digest
Mind Test 4:
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203 (c)(i) response, toxins

Mind Test 5:
Histamine will cause the blood The wall of blood capillaries

capillaries to expand for more become more permeable to
2 blood to flow to the infected 3 phagocytes causing the cells
area. to leave the capillaries and
accumulate in the infected
area.
Clotting factors too will The damaged tissue which is
4 accumulate in the affected 1 injured releases histamine.
area.
6 The phagocytes carry out 5 Blood clotting mechanism is

phagocytosis triggered
204 Third Line of Defence

1 overcome.
2 immune response, specific.
3 lymph nodes, lymphocytes.
4 macrophage, phagocytosis.
5 (ii) memory cells, antibody.
Mind Test 6:
P:Antigen
R: Antibody
Q: Antigen
S: limphocyte binding
site
ACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS

1. antigen
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205 2 The following table summarises each mechanism of antibodies action:-
Actions of Antibody
Agglutination
coagulate, phagocytes.
Neutralisation
toxins, neutralise.
Precipitation
precipitate
Opsonisation
combine.
206 Mind Test 7:

(a) Neutrophills / monocytes.
(b) The phagocytes attack bacteria without specific target, while the actions of antibodies
against bacteria is specific.
(c) The phagocytes can change their shape and move through narrow space between
endothelial cells of blood capillaries and penetrate the pores on the capillary wall.
Types of Immunity
1. active, passive
2. response, antigen
3. external
4. naturally
207
 naturally.
(a) immunisation
 maintained.
(b) stimulating immunity,
(a) antibody vaccine.
(b) recovered, (d) antibody, specific,
permanent
(c) same, memories, antigen
memory cells, (e) first,
(a) chickenpox
rapidly (f) booster
(g) immediately
(g) HPV
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208
 No.
 does not.
(a) placenta (a) serum injection, antibody

(b) temporary, baby (b) antiserum
(c) colostrum (e) temporary
209 Mind Test 8:
• Protecting the body from infection of diseases
• Involves interaction between antibodies and antigens

Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity
Obtained through vaccine injection. Obtained through antiserum injection
The substance injected is vaccine, which The substance injected is antiserum
is a suspension of pathogens, that are which contains specific antibodies to
weakened, dead or non-virulent. fight specific antigens.
The objective is to prevent infections. The objective is to treat infections
Does not provide immediate protection Provides immediate protection.
The immunity remains for a long period Immunity does not persist and temporary.
of time.
Vaccination is done before infection. Antiserum injection is given immediately
after infection or to provide immediate
protection from potentially infectious
diseases.
Antibody is produced by the lymphocytes Antibody is supplied from the antiserum
Second injection or booster dose is Second injection or booster dose is only
necessary to increase the level of necessary if the level of antibody drops
antibody exceeding the immunity level to below the immunity level or if the
provide protection against diseases. individual is still not recovered from the
infection.
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210 Mind Test 9:

Individual K obtained natural active immunity. His lymphocytes produced antibody
against virus/ pathogen which causes chickenpox.
Individual M gained artificial active immunity. His lymphocytes produced antibody
against chickenpox after being injected with vaccines of which containing the weakened
or dead pathogen that causes chickenpox.
211 Mind Test 10:
Similarities
 Both types of immunity are natural immunities.

 Both types of immunity provide protection to the individuals.
Picture Q Picture R
Shows active immunity Shows passive immunity
The lymphocytes in the boy’s body The baby gained antibodies against
produce antibody against pathogen diseases from his mother’s milk through
which causes chickenpox. breastfeeding (the lymphocytes of the baby
do not produce antibody)
Provides a lifelong protection against Provides a temporary protection to the

chickenpox infection in the future. baby from infection of diseases in a few
months after his birth.
‘Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome’ (AIDS)

1. virus, immune.
2. destroyed. lymphocytes.
3. early, actively.
4. chronic, fungal.
5. paralysed,
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212 HIV Transmission

1. body fluid.
2. placenta.
4. sexual relations.
5. infected blood transfusion, sharing, needles.
Mind Test 11:
HIV is a virus which attacks white blood cells (called CD4) in the immune system of a
human. As a result the ability of the body to fight infections decreases. However, with
antiretroviral treatment which disrupts the life cycle of HIV, the effects of HIV can still
be controlled. AIDS is the condition of human immune system due to the effects of
untreated HIV infection. Therefore, for someone to be confirmed with AIDS is definitely
caused by the advance spread of HIV transmission. On the other hand for someone to be
diagnosed with HIV carrier, the immune system can still be controlled with consistent
antiretroviral treatment.
CHAPTER 12: C O O R D I N A T I O N A N D R E S P O N S E I N H U M A N S
PG ANSWER
214 Component in human coordination
1. Stimulus…2. Sensory receptors…3. Integration centre…4. Effector….5. Response
2. Sensitivity
3. … changes….. stimulus.
4. External………internal
5………….. detected……………nerve impulses………… receptors.
6……………neurones…………. Integration
7……………way……………….. effector.
215
2. Internal….3. Baroreceptor….. Sensory…..4. Integration centre…Motor….5. Effector…
6. Response…
Mind Test 1:
Coordination is stimuli detection process by receptors on the sensory organs and triggers
impulses. The brain integrates all impulses from the sensory organs and interprets them,
and then impulses are sent to the effector (muscle or gland) to response.
1…… Photoreceptor
2…….Thermoreceptor
3…… Nociceptor
4…… Sensory receptor
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PG ANSWER
216 Mind Test 2:
1…… Chemoreceptor
2……. Brain
3……..Thermoreceptor
4……..Medulla Oblongata…………… cardiac….
Mind Test 3:
External stimulus: light, sound, smell, taste, surrounding temperature, pressure and
touch.
Internal stimulus: blood osmotic pressure, changes in body temperature, and changes in
blood pressure.
Types of Sensory Receptor
2. Temperature …… Chemical Substances…… Pressure……Touch…. pressure
3……external
4……internal
217 Mind Test 4:
a) …… survival….
b) …… injury…….
c) …….change
d) …….photosynthesis….
e) …… optimal…………..
Organization of the Nervous System
Central nervous System - spinal cord, cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
Peripheral nervous System - Spinal nerve
1….homeostasis
2….stimulus…efector
218 Central Nervous System: Brain
Mind Test 5:
K: Cerebrum L: Cerebellum M: Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum
a)…… area…. number….
b)…….voluntary….
Cerebellum
b)………balance…..
Medulla oblongata
b)…. involuntary actions…..
Hypothalamus
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PG ANSWER
a)….homeostasis
Pituitary Gland
a)…main….
219 Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord
2…..spinal…
3…..ventral…..motor….
4…..middle…
Mind Test 6:
P:Sensory neurone Q: Motor Neurone R: Relay Neurone S: Ganglion
6.(a) … reflex……
(b) ….responses….
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
220 Sensory Neurone
(b) …..receptors….
(c) …..cell body
(d) …..ganglion
(e) …..axon…
Motor Neurone
(b) ….effectors…. response.
Mind Test 7:
P: Axon Q: Myelin Sheath R: Node of Ranvier S: Muscle cells
221 Mind Test 8:

Dendrite: (a)….. short……. (b)…nerve impulses…..
Cell body: (a) …..nucleus….projections….dendrites (b) Integrates….
Axon: (a)… body cell. (b)….. effectors.
Node of Ranvier: (a)….not… (b) …..accelerate…… jump….
Myelin Sheath: (a) …axon (b)……insulator… (c)… nutrients…..
Synaptic Knob: (a)…end... (b)… gland…
Mind Test 9:
Similarities : …… axons, cell bodies, terminal dendrites and myelin sheath
Sensory neurones Motor neurones

1. Short…. Long….
2. …..side…. …..end…..
3. Have……….. No….
4. No…. Have….
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PG ANSWER
222 Synapses and Transmission of Information
1. …synaptic knob ……….dendritic ….
2. …electrical… emission…
3. …one direction.
Mind Test 10:
P: (a) P:Sensory neurone // relay neurone Q: Sensory neurone // relay neurone
(b) P1: …..synaptic vesicles……neurotransmitter….
P2:…..diffuse….. receptor….
P5:…..energy…..
223 Comparison between Voluntary Action and Involuntary Action
(a) i. …. own will ii. …cerebral cortex…… skeletal….
Mind Test 11:
1…….. sound…… impulses.
3……...synapse
4……..cerebrum
5…….effector
224 (b) i. ………unintentional……. automatically.
ii. ………medulla oblongata….
iii. ……..smooth muscles……..
Mind Test 12:

…. receptor,…….effector organ
…….will …….automatically….
…… external ……. …..internal ……
….. somatic ….. ….. autonomous ….
……cerebral cortex …..medulla oblongata …..

…..skeletal …… ….smooth …..
Involuntary Action involves the Skeletal Muscle: Reflex Response

1…… .brain.
2.…….reflex arc.
3……..three ……two ……..sensory neurone and motor neurone …… patellar reflex
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PG ANSWER
225 5………injury……
Mind Test 13:
(a)(b)
(c) The location of cell body of the sensory neurone.

(d) P1: The organ cannot respond nor function
P2: Because the nerve impulses of the spinal cord/interneurone or receptor cannot
be transmitted to the muscle or effector
(e)P1: …..painful………. impulses……..
P2: ….. relay neurone …… motor neurone.
P3……..chemical……..
P4: ….. skeletal muscle …….
P5: ….. contract …..
226 Mind Test 14:
P:Receptor Q: Sensory Neurone R: Motor Neurone S: Quadricep Muscle
T: Tendon
P1: ….. tendon ……. quadriceps ……

P2: Stretch… nerve impulses.
P3: …… sensory neurone …. motor neurone ….
P4:…….synapses …..
P5:…… ventral roots.
P6:…contract…
227 Alzheimer’s Disease
(b)…..acetylcholine
(c) iii…. can be inherited.
228 Parkinson's Disease
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PG ANSWER
(b)……dopamine……
(c) i. …shaky.
(d).. cannot be inherited
229 The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse on Human Coordination
Types of Drugs Effects of Abuse

Stimulant drugs  Accelerates ……..
(stimulants)  …..neurotransmitter…
Sedative drugs  Delays….
(depressants)
Hallucinogenic drugs  ……hallucinate
Narcotic drugs  ….. brain
230 The Role of the Endocrine Gland in Humans

Mind Test 15:
…. chemical substance …… endocrine …. ductless …… bloodstream …target
Mind Test 16:
(a).... complementary..
(b)....physiological...
Mind Test 17:
P: Pituitary gland
Q: Thyroid gland
R: adrenal gland
S: Pancreas
T: Testis
U: Ovary
231 Mind Test 18:
P1:… stimulating…….
P2:…thyroid…..
P4:…directly…
232 Thyroid Gland a)… metabolism

Pancreas ….glycogen
Adrenal gland … salt..…emergency….… heart beat rate…. respiratory… blood….
.....glucose
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233 Mind Test 19:
P1: .....receptors ......hypothalamus.
P2: ....adrenal.....adrenaline
P3: ...increases
P4: ....glucose....
P6: .... away....
234 Mind Test 20:
.......neurones …… endocrine.....
….. sensory receptors ….....gland
…. electrical impulses..... ….....chemical substance....
......fast …. ….....slow....
… rapid ….....slow
Effects of Hormonal Imbalances on Human Health

Gigantism
(a) Excess…
(b) tall..
Dwarfism
(a) Low....
235 Hyperthyroidism
(a) … thyroxine…
(b) .....metabolic…
(c) .....enlarged
Hypothyroidism
(b) ..slow….
(c) Goiter… iodine...
Diabetes Mellitus
(a) .....insulin…..
(b) .....high….
Diabetes Insipidus
(a) ......deficiency……
(b) Excessive......thirst
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CHAPTER 13: HOMEOSTASIS AND HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

PG ANSWER
237 1. .........regulation... Internal environment
2. .........interstitial......lymphatic
Mind Test 1
a) ....lowered....
b) ....increased....
238 Mind Test 2
Mind Test 3
Because the food consumed will be digested and oxidized in the cell to produce more heat
energy. This can replace heat that is easily lost to the environment at low temperatures.
1. .......37.... metabolisme....optimum
2. .......denature...slow down
239 4 (a) (i) ....relax.......more ...radiation
(ii) ....dilation...more
(iii)....sweat.. heat... cool
(iv) ...less... shivering
240 (b) (i) .......adrenal... metabolic.... thyroids....less
(ii)........high...glucose....thyroid... metabolic
Mind Test 4
241 Thermoreceptor...low.... hypothalamus... motor neurones... reduce... contract...
erect...constricted.... less... radiation.....less stimulated,.....sweat.... more..... glycogen...
heat
Regulation of blood sugar levels
.....insulin... cellular respiration...glycogen... fat....glucagon.... glucose.
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242 Mind Test 5
1) The Langerhans cell group in pancreas is responsible in regulating the blood
sugar level.
2) During fasting, the blood glucose level is lower than normal.
3) α cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon hormone into the blood.
4) Glucagon stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose.
5) Glucagon will also break down fat into fatty acids to produce energy.
6) Mr Aiman's blood sugar level will return to normal.
Regulation of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
1. ......involuntary....medulla oblongata
2. ......partial pressure.....
3. ......central.....
243 Mind Test 6
1. ….carbón dioxide
2. …..carbonic acid….lowering
3. …..pH….. central chemoreceptors….peripheral chemoreceptors
4. …..respiratory centre
5. …..intercostal muscles…diaphragm…cardiac muscles…contract… quickly
6. …..increase
7. …..more…normal
Blood pressure regulation mechanism
3. …..baroreceptor….aortic… carotid arteries….
244 Mind Test 7
1. increased
2. medulla oblongata
3. parasympathetic
4. vasodilation…reduces
5. weak…. dilate… normal range
Mind Test 8
1. drops
2. aortic arch… carotic artery
3. medulla oblongata
4. vasoconstriction… adds
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5. cardiac muscles
6. increases…. normal
245 1. cortex…. medulla
Mind Test 9
Mind Test 10
a) to excrete nitrogenous wastes product
b) to regulate the volume of water in body fluids
c) to regulate blood osmotic pressure
d) to control concentration of ions in the body fluids
e) to regulate blood pH level
246 Mind Test 11
P renal artery S cortex
Q renal vein T medulla
R ureter U Renal capsule
2(a) Glomerulus
(b) Proximal…Henle….distal
(c) ureter
Mind Test 12
P Renal artery V Bowman’s Capsule
Q afferent arteriole W Proximal convoluted tubule
R glomerulus X Loop of Henle
S efferent arteriole Y Distal convoluted tubule
T blood capillary Z collecting duct
247 Mind Test 13
ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion.
Ultrafiltration in Bowman’s Capsule [V]
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1. afferent….larger…..effferent… smaller
2. hydrostatic pressure
3. urea, water, glucose, salt and amino acids…glomerular filtrate.. ultrafiltration
4. red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins…large
5. reabsorption
Reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubules[W,X,Y]
Proximal convoluted tubule – reabsorbed….all…amino acid… active
transport…passive… reduces…increases….osmosis
248 Loop of Henle – passively
Distal convoluted tubule – osmosis...ADH.... aldosterone
Secretion
1. blood capillaries...distal.... collecting ducts....ultrafiltration
2. urea... distal ...active transport
3. alcohol... simple diffusion... urine
4. ion... osmotic pressure
Urine formation
1. water
2. urine
3. creatinine
249 Mind Test 14
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250 Mind Test 15 : Complete the infographic
Example
251 Mind Test 16

1. increases
2. selective permeable…same
3. opposite… higher
4. plasma protein
5. clotting
252 1. filter… urine… bacterial infections
2. diabetes mellitus… high blood pressure
3. kidney stone… uric acid
CHAPTER 14: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

PG ANSWER
254 Types of Skeleton in Humans and Animals
1. ...........support. .....shape.....move.
2. (a) .....fluid. .........shape....
(b) ......chitin.........growth...
(c) ......bones........attached.......pulls......
The Necessity of Skeletons in Humans and Animals
1. (a) ....water....
(c) ...mating..
2. ........gravitational.........resistance.......
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Mind Test 1:
(a) .....heart, lungs and brain
(b) .....blood cells
(c) .....calcium and phosphorus
255 Mind Test 2:

Axial skeleton: vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle, Scapula.
Forelimb, Humerus, Ulna
Pelvic girdle, Ilium, Pubis
Hindlimb, Femur, Tarsals, Phalanges
256 Mind Test 3:
(a) Skull
(b) Sternum
(c) Ribs
(d) Vertebral column
(e) Clavicle
(f) Scapula
(g) Humerus
(h) Radius
(i) Pelvic girdle
(j) Ulna
(k) Femur
(l) Patella
(m) Fibula
(n) Tibia
257 Axial Skeleton
Human Vertebral Column: ......cartilage. .........friction......
Basic Structure of Vertebrae: .....spinal cord. .....support....
Cervical vertebrae: (a) ............centrum. ...small.....nodding...
258 (b) Odontoid….
Sacral vertebrae: ….triangular……
259 Mind Test 4:
(a) P: thoracic vertebrae Q: lumbar vertebrae
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PG ANSWER
(b) 1. Has a long and spinous process facing backwards
2. Big and thick centrum
(c) √ Big and thick centrum
(d) P1: Milk contains more calcium and vitamin D
P2: Calcium is essential for bone formation
P3: vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus needed for strong
bone formation in the boy.
Mind Test 5:
(a) Q (b) P and S
261 Mind Test 7:
……lubricant…..friction……….
……secretes…….
…….shock…..friction…
…….protection…
Ball and Socket Joint
…all….
…humerus…pectoral…
Hinge Joint
…one…
…elbow…
262 Mind Test 8:
(a) V (b) U (c) Y (d) X (e) W
Role of Muscle, Ligament and Tendon in Movement
Skeletal Muscle
(a) ……muscle….
(b) …….tendon. ……
(c) …….antagonistically. …….relax.
Tendon:
(a) …….strong….elastic…..
(b) …….bone to muscle.
(c) ……..contract.
Ligament:
(a) ……tough, elastic and strong….
(c)…….dislocation…
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263 The Movement Mechanisms in Human Forearm and Leg
Bending Arm: Tendon….Biceps muscle….Triceps muscle….Ulna….Humerus
Straightening Arm: Biceps……Triceps muscle……Elbow joint.
Mind Test 9:
1. ……contraction……
2. Tendon……… relaxes……..bent.
3. ……triceps…..
264 Mind Test 10: 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 6
Mind Test 11:
P1: …..energy……
P2: …..glucose ……. oxygen
P4: ……carbon dioxide……
265 Locomotion Mechanism in Animals
1. Fish: ….torpedo-like……water resistance.
….bend…
…..flexible…
Mind Test 12:
P1: …..antagonistic…. P2: …..contract….. P3: …..right……
266 2. Bird: (a) …….pectoralis …… (b)….aerofoil…
pectoralis minor (i)…relaxes (ii)…tendon…
pectoralis major (ii)….downward…
Mind Test 13:
P1: Possibly its tendon injured.
P2: Pulling force produced from the contraction of flight muscle / pectoralis muscle
unable to be transferred by tendon.
P3: So the wings unable to move / flip neither upwards and outwards nor downward and
inwards.
267 3. Earthworm: …….relax……stretched…[L]
……thicken…. [S]
…….chaetae….
…….peristalsis…
4. Grasshopper: ….big…
……flexor….
……extensor….
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PG ANSWER
268 Problems in Musculoskeletal System
1. ….posture….aging.
2. (a) (i) ……..porous…
(ii) ……..oestrogen.
(iii) …….calcium…..
(v) ….....hunched.
(vi) ……anchovies…..milk…..
(b) (ii) ……adults….
(iii) ……rickets……
269 2.(c) (ii) Osteoarthritis: ……cartilage……glucosamine……
Rheumatoid arthritis: ………synovial membrane…..
Gout arthritis: ….uric acid……
(d) (ii) ...genetic…….growth…
270 Habits To Maintain The Healthy Musculoskeletal System
(2) …….loose……
(3) …….injury.
(4) …….bones……..osteoporosis…..absorption……
(5) …….density……cartilages…..density…..cartilages……
CHAPTER 15 : SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN HUMANS

AND ANIMALS
PG ANSWER
272 Male Reproductive System
P: Testis
Q: Vas deferens / Sperm Duct
R: Seminal Vesicle
S: Prostate Gland
T: Urethra
1. ...scrotum.. ...testis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, vas deferens...
Structure Function
... blood vessels... sperm..
... testis.
....sperm....hormone....testosterone.
.... fluid.... movement.
... concentrated... nutrients... sperms.
....urethra.
Urethra
... spermatogenesis
....seminiferous.... prostate gland…
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273 Female Reproductive System
LABEL: Uterus, Fallopian Tube, Ovary, Cervix
1. ....uterus, fallopian tube, ovary, cervix…
Structure Characteristics and Function
(a) ... muscular... thick... implants…
(b) …endometrium... blood vessels... nutrients... ....embryo.
(a) ....ovary...
(b) …cilium....peristalsis....uterus.
(a) ...ovum...hormone…
(a) ...mucus
(a) ...sperms
274 The Necessity of Gametogenesis

1. ....ovaries... reproductive.... sperm......ovum......meiosis....
2. ....haploid
3. …fertilisation...fallopion tiub...zygote...diploid....
4. .. maintained....
5. ...variation...
274 Mind Test 1:
46 X 46
MEIOSIS
Sperm ,23 Ovum, 23
FERTILISATION
ZYGOTE,
46
275 Spermatogenesis
1. ....spermatogenesis...seminiferous
2. ....follicle-stimulating.... luteinizing....pituitary....testosterone...
3. ....nutrients....
4. ....epididymis
Mind Test 2:
(a) 1. ...testis.....
2. ...temperature is lower than body temperature 370C.
3. Low temperature guarantee healthy sperm production // high temperature affect
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PG ANSWER
sperm formation
(b) Vasectomy
…may occur but cuting off sperm duct prevents sperm from being transported out of
the testis thus fertilization cannot occur even ovum is present.
276 Schematic diagram showing spermatogenesis
Primordial germ cell (2n)
Diploid… mitotically …spermatogonium
… primary spermatocytes
….meiosis I… secondary spermatocytes haploid
Meiosis I
…meiosis II…spermatids..
…differentiation……sperms
277 Mind Test 3:
Spermatogonium, 2n, Meiosis I, Secondary spermatocyte, Spermatid, Sperm
Oogenesis
1. .....ovum..
2. .....foetal...
Oogenesis in the ovaries
Primary follicle, Secondary follicle, Secondary oocyte, oestrogen...progesterone,
oestrogen,
278 Schematic diagram showing Oogenesis
1. Primordial germ.......mitotic.......oogonium
2. ......primary oocytes......primary follicles
3. ......nutrients......oestrogen
4. ......follicle-stimulating...
5. ......meiosis I......prophase I....
6. ......primary oocytes....
7. ......secondary oocyte.....secondary follicles
8. ......meiosis II.....metaphase II......Graafian follicle
10. ...erupted......secondary oocyte...ovulation
11. ...fertilisation....ovum
12. ...zygote
13. ...corpus luteum....oestrogen....progesterone
14. ...menstruation
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279 Structure of Sperm and Graafian Follicle
1. ....male gamete...
2. ....head, midpiece... tail
3. ....nucleus... acrosome...
5. ... mitochondria......energy...... fertilisation
6. ... follicular... Graafian follicle
280 Mind Test 4:
Similarities
Bil Similarities Explanation
1 Primordial germ cells are found in reproductive organs
2 To produce haploid gamete
3 To produce a lot of spermatogonium and oogonium
4 Preparation for mitosis
5 To produce four haploid cells
Differences
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1 ...testis...male.. ...ovary...female..
2 ...spermatogonium ...oogonium
3 Spermatogonium (diploid) produce ... secondary oocyte (haploid)...polar
four… bodies... degenerate
4 ... small... head, midpiece... swim. ... big... sphere...cilia…
5 ... two.. ... one... one…
6 ... complete… ...sperm.... secondary oocyte.
7 ... differentiation… Secondary oocyte
8 ... long.. ... menopause
9 ... puberty ...foetal..
10 ... lifetime ... menstrual cycle..
281 Role of Hormones in Menstrual Cycle

1(a) ... secondary oocyte...endometrium wall....
(b) ... ovulation...
(c) ... blood vessels... secondary oocyte...
(d).(i) ......ovary...
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PG ANSWER
(ii) ... implantation.
(iii) ... fertilization
(iv) ... luteinizing...
Mind Test 5:
Treatment - Given a pill containing ferum for the formation of new red blood cells to
replace blood lost during menstruation.
282 2. ....pituitary
3.
Gland Hormone Functions
(a)…oestrogen…
(b)…follicle…
(a)…ovulation
(b)…corpus luteum
(c)…progesterone..
(a)… thickening….endometrium
(b)… follicle …
(c)….FSH and LH…
(a)… thick … implantation …
(b) Inhibits
Mind Test 6: C progesterone

Mind Test 7:
(i) A: Graafian follicles B: Graafian follicle erupted C: Corpus Luteum
D: Primary follicles
(ii) (a) C (b) A
283 Mind Test 8:
Pituitary Gland, LH, Ovulation, Corpus Luteum, Progesterone, Oestrogen,
… thicker for the implantation of an embryo
Mind Test 9: D
Mind Test 10: A
284 Changes of Hormone Level, Follicle Growth and Changes of Thickness of
Endometrium For One Menstrual Cycle
1. Gonadotrofin…pituitary… Follicle Stimulating … Luteinizing …ovary

2… follicle…
3…oestrogen…
5… inhibit …FSH…LH
285 6… hypothalamus …pituitary…FSH…LH
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PG ANSWER
7… Graafian Follicle.
8… secondary oocyte … ovulation
9… progesterone…oestrogen
10…endometrium… thicker … blood vessel…
11… inhibit…
12…LH…corpus luteum…
13…endometrium…
14…FSH … LH…
15…corpus luteum… increase
16. …endometrium… menstruation … pregnancy..
Mind Test 11:
Development of Primary Follicle

Recovery and Restoration endometrium
Development of Corpus Luteum

Shedding of endometrium
286 Role of Hormone in Pregnancy and Miscarriage
1. Corpus luteum… three to four months…
2. …placenta…
5. …progesterone… contraction…
6. … miscarriage….
7. … inhibit…
PreMenstrual Syndrome
1. … physical, mental …emotion
2. …oestrogen and progesterone
Menopausal Syndrome
…46…50
Natural …
….oestrogen…progesterone will decrease …
….follicle …ovum
287 …osteoporosis… ….fragile
Mind Test 12: C
The Process of Fertilisation
1.….sperm.…ovum… diploid zygote … Fallopion tube
2. …sperm….
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PG ANSWER
3. …secondary oocyte … membrane
288 Mind Test 13:
(i) Release enzyme to dissolve the ovum membrane cell to allow the sperm to penetrate the
ovum for fertilization.
(ii) Provide nutrients to the ovum during fertilization and cell division of zygote
289 Early Development of an Embryo until Implantation
2. …mitosis…morula…
…blastocyst
…implantation… trophoblastic villi …endometrium…
…placenta
Mind Test 14:
(a). 23 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes
(b). Secrete oestrogen hormone to repair the endometrium wall.
(c). Morula and blastocyst
(d) 1. Zygote divides by mitosis into 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, 32 cells and and so on to form
morula.
2. Morula continues to divide into hollow spheres called blastocyst.
3. Blastocyst implant into the endometrium wall to develop into foetus.
290 Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Hormone
1. … embryo…endometrial
2. …oestrogen…progesterone….
4. … shrink …placenta
Role of Placenta and Umbilical Cord in Foetal Development
1. … endometrial tissue …embryo…
2. … absorption
3. … umbilical cord … umbilical vein… umbilical arteries
Mind Test 15:
(i). Water, glucose, amino acid, lipid, minerals,vitamin and hormone
(ii). Carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste (urea)
291 Mind Test 16:
1. … nutrients, respiratory
2. … oestrogen…. progesterone
3. … pressure…
4. … mixing….
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PG ANSWER
Mind Test 17: …... pregnancy
292 Mind Test 18:
Similarities:
1. …. fertilization.
2. ….mitosis…
3. …..uterus
4. … umbilical cord
5. … separate…..
6. ….placenta…….
Differences :
Two ovum are fertilised by two different

sperms forming two zygotes.
Embryo is divided into two
Both twins contain same genetic
content.
Both twins have placenta and umbilical
cord respectively
Both have same gender or different gender
Both twins share same physical
characteristic.
293 Conjoined Twins

1. … identical … separated…
2. … fused … share…..
3. … surgery….
Impotency
Causes of male impotency Causes of female infertility
1. …sperm 1. … fallopion
2. …sperm… 2. … secondary oocyte
3. Erectile 6 …. implant….
4. … abnormal…. 7. … menstrual….
5. Blocked…
6. Hormonal….
294 GROWTH IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

1. … irreversible … cells, size … weight…
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PG ANSWER
2. … functions of cells
Measuring Growth in Humans and Animals
(a). i). … size or volume…..height
(b). i). … fluid …
ii). … Accurate…
iii). … killed…
i) … plant….
(c). ii)…..accurate … water …
iii)….humans….
295 Growth of Insects
1. … complete metamorphosis…
2. … egg…
3. … egg, larvae, pupa … adult.
5. … egg, nymph … adult.
6. … ecdysis…
7. … larvae … egg…
8. … incomplete…
Growth Phases in Sigmoid Growth Curves of Humans and Animals
1. …parameter…
2. …sigmoid… “S”
4. … lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, maturity phase, senescence,
… death phase
296
Phase Explanation
Lag Phase a) …... slow.
b) ……. cell division ……… cell elongation.
Exponential a) ........ fastest.
Phase b) ........ actively.
a) …… slow …… constant.
Stationary
b) …… maximum ……
Phase
c) …… differentiation ………..
Maturation b) ......... replace impaired or dead tissue.
Phase c) …….. zero.
Senescence a) …..… negative.
297 Intermittent growth curve of animals with exoskeletons

1. … cockroaches … chitin.
2. … ecdysis
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PG ANSWER
3. (a) ……air… expand … soft … elastic
(b) …. break … growth…
(c) …. eating … new … mass
(d). … expand … hardens
4. … steps … Ecdysis
5. .…instar… nymph
298 Mind Test 19:

(a). The hard exoskeleton prevent the inrease in the body length of grasshopper.
(b). Ecdysis occurs as a result of inhaled air by grasshoppers. New tissue is built to fill
the body space.
(c)1. … steps.
2. … hard exoskeleton … chitin.
3. … limits … Growth...
4. … soft
5. … air … large...
6. …size...
Mind Test 20: B. Cell division by mitosis
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AMENDMENT of BIO SCORE FORM 4 2021

CHAPTER PAGE CORRECTION
1 5 Label : Lab shoes
Substance that can be disposed into the sink
 The solution with l……… concentration and h………….
2 33 Shoot system
 Shoot system consists of stem, leaf, shoot, flower and fruit.
3 36 Mind Test 4:
1 molecule of g.............
.... molecules of fatty acids which consists of saturated fat and
unsaturated fat.
43 Mind test 8:
Initial@Final experiment (label)
4 66 CONTENT STANDARD
Identify Your Performance Level (PL):
67 1.(b)(i) Cohesive force is the force that causes water molecules.......
(b)(ii) A................. force is the force that exists when water........
2.(ii) .....to raise the temperature of o.... gram of water by 10C.
69 4. All of the sugar above are reducing sugars…
70 …..are heated with Benedict solution, a brick red precipitate is….
71 Mind Test 5:
Iodine tests - ....................... color remains because of the absence of
starch in distilled water. Benedict's Test – Brick red is formed......
73 Mind Test 8:
b) Discuss how the product in the diagram formed.
Mind Test 9:
Explain why the doctor advise such to the mother.
75 (d)(ii) Example of Steroids:
Mind Test 10:
1. …. and one glycerol forming one molecule of…
2. ..... involves c……………… process releasing 3 water molecules.
76 Nucleotide Structure
3. The purine groups are: a…….(A) and guanine (G). The pyrimidine
groups are: cytosine (C), ….
77 (a)(iv) …Adenine will pair with thymine while…
(b) Ribonucleic acids (RNA) :
(ii)….. in the DNA is replaced by the urasil in the RNA
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nd
78 2. …carried by nitrogenous bases (A, T, C and G) for….

Mind Test 12:
Which is the correct nitrogen pair in the DNA molecule?
79 Mind Test 13:
Mark √ for the correct statement of both DNA and RNA
5 86 Activation Energy
Graph – energy in system
89 (d) Substrate concentration
Graph – enzyme 0.3%, enzyme 0.2%, enzyme 0.1%
7 119 CONTENT STANDARD
2. Aerobic Respiration
120 LEARNING STANDARD
7.1.1 Justify the necessity of energy in metabolic processes.
121 2.
(a) Occurs in the c.............. G............... occur which is the
breakdown of g.............. by e............... where ...... glucose
molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of 3 carbon
p................ (or pyruvate acid).
127 (b) Lactic Acid Fermentation

(i) In Lactobacillus bacteria
 Y............. is produced through milk f......................... of
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
bacteria.
129 iii. Explain the observations after 1 hour.
P4. Yeast undergoes alcohol f....................... that release c...........
d............... g....... (in the form of b...............) and e...............
P5. The thermometer in Diagram (a) shows the i................. in
t.................... i..................... h......... is r................. (........ ATP
produced).
P6. When cover is opened, the smell of e........... can be d..........
P7. The mixture in Diagram (b) is s....... c.......... and n.... b........
P8. Temperature d........ n.... i............... and ethanol smell c.............
b... d.................
8 133 2 (b) Tracheoles are in direct contact with b......... or m........... of
insect.
93
nd
134
Blood
vessel
137 c) all structures have large total surface area

9 150 NUTRITION AND HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
154 Pancreas
(b) Pancreatic juice contains....
158 2. Ileum structure is 6 metres long. It is the place where the
absorption of......
10 177 Amphibians: Incomplete, Close and Double Circulatory System
Human: Complete, Close and Double Circulatory System
(b) Human have p................. circulation and.....
(c) .....deoxygenated blood in r........... v......... is transported......
(d) .....and transported back to the heart.
(e) The blood flows through the heart for......
Pulmonary
artery
188 Mind Test 8:

1) .....smooth muscle of the blood vessel c......... immediately to....
94
nd
4) .....(......acts as an e.......) stimulate the..........that forms threads

fibre on the........
192
(a) Accumulation… Lumen become
narrow
12 213 Identify Your Performance Level (PL):
214 3. ….that can stimulate the response called…
215 5. E…… …(cardiac muscle and blood vessels)
6. R……….(cardiac muscle contraction and blood vessel expansion)
216 2.
Stimulus Sensory Stimulus Sensory Stimulu Sensory
Receptor Receptor s Receptor
219 2. Connecting between brain and s……. nerve…

221 Mind Test 8: Complete the functions of the neurone structure....
222 (b) P2: ......through the synapse and combine to a protein r..........
223 (a) ii. It involves the integration and interpretation of......
224 (b) Tindakan luar \
225 P5: Muscle (biceps) c.............. and pull hands from the sharp needle
226 Mind Test 14:
...... and the motor neurone that are synapses in the grey matter.......
P6: ...quadricep muscle c............ and the front foot......
227 (e) ii. Disrupts communication
229 (stimulants)
233 Mind Test 19: …..when someone is chased by a dog with rabies
(crazy dog)
13 244 Mind Test 8
14 259 Mind Test 5: (a) Name the bone that forms the axial skeleton
260 Mind Test 6:....diagram Human Skeletal System at page 256,
identify....
262 Skeletal Muscle (b)….produces pulling force that transfers to the……
264 Mind Test 10:
Mind Test 11:.... of muscle need an adequate blood supply.
P3: Therefore, ......may provide more glucose and......
266 2.(a)…(...... and pectoralis major) antagonistically enable bird….
267 3. At the same time, chaetae at the posterior…
15 271 Identify Your Performance Level (PL):
95
nd
277 BIO INFO: ….sperms that carry information about 1587GB in 3.......
279 1. ……long (0.05-0.06 mm) and 5 micrometer (0.005 mm) wide.

3. ......that is lysosome which has undergone differentiation to......
4. ….. the protective layer covering the ovum and allow the sperm…..
281 LEARNING STANDARD:
284
285 10. Both oestrogen and progestrone stimulate....

11. Progestrone and oestrogen also....
13. .... secretion of oestrogen and progestrone stops.
14. Because of decrease in the level of progestrone and oestrogen,
GnRH is secreted again. This will stimulate the secretion of....
15. .....means level of progestrone and oestrogen continue.......
Mind Test 11: Complete the table below to show the event that....
286 2. ....... the role of secreting progestrone and oestrogen change.....
3. High oestrogen content in uterus will sometimes....
4. On the last phase of pregnancy, high level of oestrogen cause.....
5. High level of oestrogen encourage.....
6. Low level of progestrone and oestrogen can cause.....
96
nd
7. Progestrone.....causing menstrual cycle and ovulation not to occur

during.....
PreMenstrual Syndrome
1. Generalized symptoms towards....
2. Caused by unbalanced level of o................... and progestrone in.....
Menopausal Syndrome
Between age ...... to ....... years old
287 Mind Test 12: ........... hormone level progestrone in a mother.
288 1. ……development to the blastocyst stage and implantation.
291 Mind Test 17: What is meant by a twin?
Mind Test 18: There two types of twins....
292 Diagram (b) Formation of fraternal twins
1. Both embryos form resulted of f………………..
Identical twins Type Fraternal twins
Genetic Content Both twins did not have same

genetic content
Physical Both twins did not share

characteristic same physical characteristic.
293
LEARNING STANDARD:
15.6.1 State the meaning of impotency.
15.6.2 Communicate about causes of human impotency.
Student has been introduced to infertility and birth Recall

control during form 1.
Impotency
Causes of female infertility
4. Tumor in uterus.
294 Teachers are suggested to teach Learning Standard following the orders
below:
(1). 15.7.1 Explain the meaning of growth in organisms.
(2). 15.7.2 Determine parameters to measure growth in humans and
animals.
(3). 15.7.4 Analyse the growth phases on sigmoid growth curves of
humans and animals.
(4). 15.7.3 Describe the growth of insects with exoskeleton:
(i) complete metamorphosis. (ii) incomplete metamorphosis.
(5). 15.7.5 Analyse the staircase-shaped growth curve of animals with
exoskeletons.
97
nd
3. Organism need to experience growth for development and maturity

of the body system to enable reproduction to occur and guarantee
the survival of species.
(c) iii) Suitable to measure rate of growth…..
295 Growth of Insects
296
Phase Explanation
98

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BIO~SCORE Form 4 SCHEME 2 2021

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGI

7 Laboratory Safety Procedures

Characteristic of Histograms: …unit… …frequency… …any gaps…

CHAPTER 2: CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL ORGANISATION

Living Proceses in Unicellular Organisms

CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE

50 Facilitated diffusion....diffuse into.... osmosis...higher... energy

53 1. ….extracellular fluid…… intracellular fluid

Isotonic – Size, shape

55 Mind Test 21: 0.24 mol/dm3

30% sucrose solution

Sucrose solution 0.5%

Initial length of potatoes strip (cm) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Final length of potatoes strip (cm) 5.6 5.3 4.6 4.2

Percentage different in length (%) 12.0 6.0 -8.0 -16.0

CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE CELL

P[Starch] Q [Glycogen] R [Cellulose]

P : Liver Q : Leaves R : Cell wall

1.Example Butter Oil

4.Condition at room Solid Liquid

5. Cholesterol content High Low

76 Importance of Lipids in Cells

4.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

CHAPTER 5 : METABOLISM AND ENZYME

83 General Properties of Enzymes

Involvement of Organelles in Production of Intracellular and Extracellular Enzyme

85 The Mechanism Of Enzyme Reaction With ’Lock And Key’ Hypothesis

Temperature Time taken for iodine to Amylase rate activity

Enzyme and it uses

CHAPTER 6: CELL DIVISION

102 Mind Test 3

104 (b) (i) Metaphase: chromosome are arranged in equatorial plane

(d) P: Anaphase Q: Telophase R: Anaphase S: Prophase T: Metaphase

109 The Necessity of Meiosis

110 Mind Test 8

*or any possible combination of shaded and unshaded chromosomes

116 The Effects of Abnormal Mitosis on Human Health

CHAPTER 7 – CELLULAR RESPIRATION

120 7.1 PRODUCTION OF ENERGY THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

(i) Aerobic (ii) Anaerobic (iii) Fermentation

121 7.2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

First stage Second stage

122 Experiment to Study Aerobic Respiration Process (page 122 - 124)

125 7.3 FERMENTATION

No carbon dioxide is produced

Aerobic respiration Fermentation

2. .. cytoplasm … mitochondria .. cytoplasm

3. .. glucose Incomplete glucose oxidation

… glucose … 210kJ (alcohol fermentation)) …

CHAPTER 8: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL

One cell thick Big total surface area

134 Respiratory Structure of Fish and Its Adaptations:

138 Mind Test 7:

139 Breathing Mechanisms of Humans and Insects

143 Mind Test 9:

Comparing and Contrasting the Breathing Mechanisms of Humans and Animals

CHAPTER 9: NUTRITION AND THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM