DECEMBER 03,2019

LAC SESSION ON
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
(TOS) RELATIVE TO
CONSTRUCTING TEST QUESTIONS

DECEMBER 03,2019
 PREFATORY
1. The TOS requires a thorough knowledge of Bloom’s Revised
Taxonomy.

2. The TOS requires, as reference, the budgeted lessons

(allocation of time per topic in every grading period with
respect to the desired total number of days / time to be spent
for the grading period.)

3. The TOS requires some simple mathematical computations

that will result to proportional allocation of test items per topic.
 PREFATORY

4. The TOS requires that previous experiences are recalled and to some
extent, it requires likewise the imagination of the TOS constructor to
concretize the actual teaching-learning process based on previous
encounters in the classroom in order to determine more or less the
domain/s where he would based from his questions

5. The TOS constructors shall likewise prepare the budgeted lesson to

accompany the TOS from first grading to fourth grading period.
REVISED BLOOM’S TAXONOMY:
Pathway to
Improve Thinking
 What is Bloom’s Taxonomy?

• Bloom’s Taxonomy is a classification of

thinking organized by levels of complexity. It gives
teachers and students an opportunity to learn and
practice a range of thinking and provides a simple
structure for many different kinds of questions.
What is REVISED BLOOM’S TAXONOMY?
The Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy provides the
measurement tool for thinking. The changes in RBT
occur in three broad categories.
• Terminologies
• Structure
• Emphasis
A.Visual Comparison of Two Taxonomies
(Terminology Changes)

Evaluation Creating
Synthesis Evaluating
Analysis Analyzing
Application Applying
Comprehension Understanding
Knowledge Remembering

1956 2001

(Based on Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p.8)

Changes in Terms
• Noun to Verb
• Thinking is an active process therefore verbs are
more accurate
• Knowledge is a product of thinking and was
inappropriate to describe a category of thinking and
was replaced with the word remembering.
Changes in Terms
• Comprehension became understanding and
synthesis was renamed creating in order to
better reflect the nature of the thinking
described by each category.
 Creating

Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying

Understanding
Remembering
Remembering
THE LEARNER IS ABLE TO RECALL, RESTATE AND REMEMBER LEARNED
INFORMATION.
- RECOGNIZING
- LISTING
- DESCRIBING
- IDENTIFYING
- RETRIEVING
- NAMING
- LOCATING
- FINDING
CAN YOU RECALL INFORMATION?
Sample Questions for Remembering
• What is _____________?
• Where is __________?
• How did it happen ____________?
• Why did __________ ?
• When did ___________?
• How would you show _______?
• Who were the main ________ ?
• Which one ________ ?
• How is __________?
Understanding
Remembering
THE LEARNER GRASPS THE MEANING OF INFORMATION BY INTERPRETING AND
TRANSLATING WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED.
- INTERPRETING
- EXEMPLIFYING
- SUMMARIZING
- INFERRING
- PARAPHRASING
- CLASSIFYING
- COMPARING
- EXPLAINING
CAN YOU EXPLAIN IDEAS OR CONCEPTS?
Sample Questions for Understanding
• State in your own words…
• Which are facts? Opinions?
• What does this means…?
• Is this the same as …?
• Giving an example
• Select the best definition
Questions with what, where, why
and how questions answers could
be taken between the lines of the
text through organizing,
comparing, translating,
interpreting, extrapolating,
classifying, summarizing and
stating main ideas fall under
understanding.
•Condense this paragraph
•What would happen if … ?
•What part doesn’t fit?
•How would compare? Contrast?
•What is the main idea of … ?
•How would summarized … ?
Applying
Understanding
Remembering
THE LEARNER MAKES USE OF INFORMATION IN A CONTEXT DIFFERENT FROM
THE ONE IN WHICH IT WAS LEARNED.
- IMPLEMENTING
- CARRYING OUT
- USING
- EXECUTING
CAN YOU USE THE INFORMATION IN ANOTHER FAMILIAR SITUATION?
Sample Questions for Applying

• How would you organize _______ to show ________?

• How would you show your understanding of _______ ?
• What facts would you select to show what ________?
• What elements would you change __________ ?
• What other way would you plan to __________?
• What questions would you ask in an interview
with_______?
• How would you apply what you learned to
develop_________ ?
• How would you solve ___________ using what you
have learned?
Analyzing
Applying

Understanding
Remembering
THE LEARNER BREAKS LEARNED INFORMATION INTO ITS PARTS TO BEST
UNDERSTAND THAT INFORMATION.
- COMPARING
- ORGANIZING
- DECONSTRUCTING
- ATTRIBUTING OUTLINING
- FINDING
- STRUCTURING
- INTEGRATING
CAN YOU BREAK INFORMATION INTO PARTS TO EXPLORE UNDERSTANDINGS
AND RELATIONSHIPS?
Sample Questions for Analyzing
• Which statement is relevant?
• What is the conclusion?
• What does the author believe? Assume?
• Make a distinction between _________
• What ideas justify the conclusion?
• Which is the least essential statement?
• What literacy form is used?
Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying

Understanding
Remembering
THE LEARNER MAKES DECISIONS BASED ON IN-DEPTH REFLECTION, CRITICISM
AND ASSESSMENT.
- CHECKING
- HYPOTHESIZING
- CRITIQUING
- EXPERIMENTING
- JUDGING
- TESTING
- DETECTING
- MONITORING
CAN YOU JUSTIFY A DECISION OR COURSE OF ACTION?
Sample Questions for Evaluating
• What fallacies, consistencies,
inconsistencies appear __________?
• Which is more important ___________ ?
• Do you agree _________ ?
• What information would you use
____________ ?
• Do you agree with the ___________ ?
• How would you evaluate _________ ?
Creating
Evaluating

Analyzing

Applying

Understanding
Remembering
THE LEARNER CREATES NEW IDEAS AND INFORMATION USING WHAT HAS BEEN
PREVIOUSLY LEARNED.
- DESIGNING
- CONSTRUCTING
- PLANNING
- PRODUCING
- INVENTING
- DEVISING
- MAKING
CAN YOU GENERATE NEW PRODUCTS, IDEAS, OR WAYS OF VIEWING THINGS?
Sample Questions for Creating

• Can you design a _____________?

• What possible solution to _________ ?
• How many ways can you __________ ?
• Can you create a proposal which
would_________ ?
B. STRUCTURAL CHANGES

Bloom’s original cognitive taxonomy was a

one-dimensional form consisting of Factual,
Conceptual and Procedural – but these were
never fully understood for use by the teachers
because most of what educators were given in
training consisted of a simple chart with the
listing of levels and related accompanying
verbs.
The Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy takes the form of
Two-dimensional table. The Knowledge Dimension or
the kind of knowledge to be learned and second is the
Cognitive Process Dimension or the process used to
learn.

The The Cognitive Process Dimensions

Knowledge
Dimensions Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating

Factual

Conceptual

Procedural

Metacognitive
 Conceptual Knowledge

- is knowledge of classification,
principles, generalizations,
theories, models or structure
pertinent to a particular
disciplinary area.
 Factual Knowledge

- Refers to the essential facts,

terminology, details or elements
student must know or be
familiar with in order to solve a
problem in it.
 Procedural Knowledge

-Refers to information or knowledge

that helps students to do
something specific to a discipline
subject, area of study.
It also refers to methods of inquiry,
very specific or finite skills,
algorithms, techniques and
particulars.
 Meta-cognitive Knowledge

- is a strategic or reflective
knowledge about how to go
solving problems, cognitive tasks
to include contextual and
conditional knowledge and
knowledge of self.
C. CHANGE IN EMPHASIS

Emphasis is the third and final

category of changes. It is placed upon
its use as a more “authentic tool for
curriculum planning, instructional
delivery and assessment”.
•More authentic tool for curriculum planning,
instructional delivery and assessment
•Aimed at a broader audience
•Easily applied to all levels of schooling
•The revision emphasizes explanation and
description of subcategories.
 BLOOM’S REVISED TAXONOMY Suggested Percentage
Allocation
CREATING
Generating new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things
10%
Designing, constructing, planning, producing, inventing

Higher-order EVALUATING
Justifying a decision or course of action 30%
Thinking 10%
Checking, hypothesizing, critiquing, experimenting, judging

ANALYZING
Breaking information into parts to explore understandings and
relationships 10%
Comparing, organizing, deconstructing, interrogating, finding.

APPLYING
Using information in another familiar situation 20%
Implementing, carrying out, using, executing

UNDERSTANDING
Explaining ideas or concepts 20%
Interpreting, summarizing, paraphrasing, classifying, explaining

REMEMBERING 30%
Recalling information
Recognizing, listing, describing, retrieving, naming, finding.
How to Construct Table of Specification

1.Determine the desired number

of test items.
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

TOTAL
50
How to Construct Table of Specification

2. List the topics with the

corresponding allocation of time

•The reference is the budgeted

lesson.
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3
2. 4
3. 1
4. 6
5. 8
6. 5
7. 8
8. 2
9. 4
10. 4
45
TOTAL
50
 How to Construct Table of Specification
3. Determine the total number of items per topic by using the formula:
Time Spent / Frequency per topic divided by the total number of
frequency in the grading period times total number of items.

Time Spent / Frequency per Topic Total Number of items

Total Frequency in the grading period
Example:

3
45
50 = 3.33
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33
2. 4 4.44
3. 1 1.11
4. 6 6.66
5. 8 8.88
6. 5 5.55
7. 8 8.88
8. 2 2.22
9. 4 4.44
10. 4 4.44
45 49.95
TOTAL
50
How to Construct Table of Specification

4. Round off the value to become

whole numbers.
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33 3
2. 4 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1
4. 6 6.66 7
5. 8 8.88 9
6. 5 5.55 6
7. 8 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 4.44 4
10. 4 4.44 4
45 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
How to Construct Table of Specification

5. Adjust or Balance by either

adding or subtracting (any of the
topic totals) so that the sum will
amount to the desired number of
test items.
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33 3
2. 4 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 6.66 7
5. 8 8.88 9
6. 5 5.55 6
7. 8 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 4.44 4
10. 4 4.44 4
45 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
How to Construct Table of Specification

6. Scatter the items per topic per

domain

• Determine the number of items per

complexity / level of cognitive domain.
In this case, we have already a
pre-computed value of 30-20-20-30
(10-10-10)
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33 3
2. 4 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 6.66 7
5. 8 8.88 9
6. 5 5.55 6
7. 8 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 4.44 4
10. 4 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
30% 20% 20% 30% ( Higher-order Thinking) 50
 How to Construct Table of Specification
7. On the basis of your experience / analysis start allocating the
items with respect to the total number of items per domain and the
total number of items per topic beginning with the higher-order
thinking domains down to remembering. It is suggested that the
order of complexity from creating to remembering is not altered.

• Review the topics, reflect on previous experiences, and imagine

the teaching learning processes (TLP) that can go with the
topics. You may use teaching guides and other similar materials.

• Be mindful of the total points per topic.

 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33 3
2. 4 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 1 6.66 7
5. 8 2 8.88 9
6. 5 5.55 6
7. 8 2 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 4.44 4
10. 4 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 3.33 3
2. 4 1 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 1 1 6.66 7
5. 8 2 8.88 9
6. 5 2 5.55 6
7. 8 2 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 1 4.44 4
10. 4 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 1 3.33 3
2. 4 1 1 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 1 1 6.66 7
5. 8 2 2 8.88 9
6. 5 2 5.55 6
7. 8 2 8.88 9
8. 2 2.22 2
9. 4 1 4.44 4
10. 4 1 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 1 1 3.33 3
2. 4 1 1 1 4.44 4
3. 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 2 1 1 6.66 7
5. 8 2 2 8.88 9
6. 5 2 5.55 6
7. 8 2 2 8.88 9
8. 2 1 2.22 2
9. 4 2 1 4.44 4
10. 4 1 1 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 1 1 3.33 3
2. 4 1 1 1 4.44 4
3. 1 1 1.11 1+1
4. 6 2 2 1 1 6.66 7
5. 8 2 2 2 8.88 9
6. 5 2 2 5.55 6
7. 8 2 2 2 8.88 9
8. 2 1 2.22 2
9. 4 2 1 4.44 4
10. 4 1 1 1 4.44 4
45 15 10 10 5 5 5 49.95 49
TOTAL
50
 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
Subject Grade Grading period School Year
DOMAINS Total Number
Time
Topic Spent/ Of Test items
Frequency Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Actual Adjusted
1. 3 1 1 1 3.33 3
2. 4 1 1 1 1 4.44 4
3. 1 2 1.11 1+1
4. 6 2 1 2 1 1 6.66 7
5. 8 3 2 2 2 8.88 9
6. 5 2 2 2 5.55 6
7. 8 3 2 2 2 8.88 9
8. 2 1 1 2.22 2
9. 4 1 2 1 4.44 4
10. 4 1 1 1 1 4.44 4
49.95 49
TOTAL 45 15 10 10 5 5 5
50
 Item Placement

A. Items 1-15 (Type of Question is to measure remembering which cut

across all topics within the grading period.)

B. Items 16-25 (Type of Question is to measure understanding…)

C. Items 26-35 (Type of Question is to measure applying…)

D. Items 36-40 (Type of Question is to measure analyzing..)

E. Items 41-45 (Type of Question is to measure evaluating…)

F. Items 46-50 (Type of Question is to measure creating…)

 Benefits
Benefitsof
of the
theTable
Tableof
of Specification
Specification

1. Test Items are proportionally distributed to all topics in the grading

period (Number of time spent in the topic is proportional to the
number of items from the topic which means that the more time that
the teacher spend in the topic, the more test questions should be
constructed from that topic)
a. This ensures that the techer has to cover all topics listed/
budgeted in the grading period.
b. There is therefore sense or urgency.
c. Remediation becomes spontaneous.
d. Assures high “Time on task” rate.
 Benefits of the Table of Specification

2. Items are significantly scattered along Bloom’s Taxonomy

(Complexity) / cognitive domain with respect to a desired percentage
which may adhere to the Psychology of learning and evaluation.

a. Assures that all levels of complexity (R-C) are given emphasis.

b. Assures varied learning activities inside the classrooms.

c. Ensures that Higher-order Thinking skills are developed across all

levels
 Benefits of the Table of Specification

3. It is easier to constr uct a test question because the TOS ser ves as
a blueprint.

• In fact the teacher, (provided she has master y of her lesson and
with the aid of the TOS), she can constr uct test questions without
using any textbooks and there is assurance that test questions are
constr ucted in her own words and therefore the test questions
appeal or relate better to the pupils/ students.
THANK YOU!!!