cÖ¯‘‡Z

†gv: bvCg †nv‡mb

m¤úv`K: †ewmK wfD
Aa¨vq-1: evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ (Physiography of Bangladesh)
we: `ª: evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vc w`‡q f‚-cÖvK…wZK AÂj †`wL‡q w`‡Z n‡eB
f~-cÖK…wZ †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, e¨emv, evwYR¨, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| evsjv‡`k c„w_exi
Ab¨Zg e„nr e-Øxc| M½v b`x cwð‡g, eªþcyÎ b` Dˇi, myigv I Kzwkqviv b`x DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i GK‡hv‡M mywekvj Øx‡ci m„wó K‡i‡Q| evvsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq mgMÖ AÂj GK we¯ÍxY© mgf~wg| evsjv‡`‡k mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y-
D”Pf~wg i‡q‡Q| f~-cÖK…wZi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`k‡K cÖavYZ 3wU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq:
1. Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n: †gvU f‚wgi 12%
2. cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n: †gvU f‚wg 8%
3. mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg: †gvU f‚wgi 80%
1. Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n:
evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY c~e©, DËi I DËi-c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n G A‡ji AšÍfz©³| Uviwkqvwi hy‡M wngvjq ce©Z DwÌZ nIqvi
mgq G mKj cvnvo m„wó n‡q‡Q| wngvjq ce©Z, Avmv‡gi jymvB cvnvo I wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb ce©Zgvjv/cvnvo¸‡jv
Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnv‡oi mg‡MÖvÎxq| evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I DËi-c~e©v‡ji 12% GjvKv I 10wU †Rjv Gi AšÍf©y³| G
cvnvo¸‡jv †e‡jcv_i, †kj I K`©g Øviv MwVZ| G A‡ji cvnvo¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. `wÿY, c~e©Â‡ji cvnvomg~n: cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg, PÆMÖvg I K·evRv‡i Aew¯’Z| Mo D”PZvÑ 610 wgUvi|
▪ GB A‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ b`x¸‡jv n‡jv KY©dzjx, mv½y, gvZvgyûix, nvj`v, Kvmvjs, bvd cÖf…wZ|
▪ GB A‡ji KY©dzwj b`xi DRv‡b KvßvB‡q evua w`‡q cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`b mnR n‡q‡Q|
▪ ev›`ievb †Rjvq gvqvbgv‡ii mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z gDWM wgDqvj evsjv‡`‡ki Z…Zxq cvnvo P~ov| Gi Aci
bvg mvKv n¨vds, hvi D”PZv 1064 wgUvi|
▪ 2q m‡e©v”P cvnvoP‚ov †KIµvWs, hvi D”PZv 1230 wgUvi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P cvnvoP~ov ZvwRbWs,
hvi D”PZv 1231 wgUvi| Gi Ab¨ bvg weRq|
L. DËi I DËi c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n: wm‡jU, gqgbwmsn, †b·Kvbv, nweMÄ I †gŠjfxevRvi| cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZvÑ
244 wgUvi| G A‡ji wKQz wKQz cvnvo wUjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| wUjv¸‡jvi D”PZvÑ 30-90 wgUvi| Lvwmqv, RqwšÍKv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

cøvB‡÷vwmb hy‡Mi
PZ¡if~wg
Uviwkqvix
hy‡Mi
mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji cvnvo mg~n
cøveb mgf~wg
Uviwkqvix
hy‡Mi

2. cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n:
 AvbygvwbK 25,000 eQi c~‡e©i mgq‡K cøvB÷vwmbKvj e‡j| e‡i›`ªf~wg, ga¨fv‡Mi gaycyi I fvIqvj Mo Ges Kzwgjøvi
jvjgvB cvnvo G A‡ji AšÍM©Z| †gvU f~wgi 8% GjvKv cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~‡ni AšÍf©y³| GB †mcvbmg~n 3wU
A‡j wef³:
K. e‡i›`ªf~wg:
➢ K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx
➢ GLv‡bi †¯ªvZw¯^bx AÂj Lvwo bv‡g cwiwPZ
➢ †`‡ki DËi-cwðgv‡ji cÖvq 9,320 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvq e‡i›`ªf~wg we¯Í…Z
➢ cøveb mgf~wg n‡Z D”PZv 6 †_‡K 12 wgUvi
➢ G ¯’v‡bi gvwU a~mi I jvj e‡Y©i|
L. gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo:
➢ Uv½vBj I gqgbwmsn †Rjvq gaycyi Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvq fvIqv‡ji Mo Aew¯’Z|
➢ Gi Ab¨ bvg b`x †mvcvb, DwÌZ e-Øxc
➢ K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx bq
➢ Avbvim I MRvix e„‡ÿi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †K›`ª
➢ Gi AvqZb cÖvq 4,103 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi
➢ mgf~wg †_‡K Gi D”PZv cÖvq 30 wgUvi
➢ gvwUi is jvj‡P I a~mi|
M. jvjgvB cvnvo:
➢ Kzwgjøv kni †_‡K 8 wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g jvjgvB †_‡K gqbvgwZ ch©šÍ G cvnvowU we¯Í…Z|
➢ Gi AvqZb cÖvq 35 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi Ges Mo D”PZv 21 wgUvi|
➢ gvwU jvj‡P is‡qi n‡q _v‡K
➢ Avjy, ZigyR, BZ¨vw` Pvl nq|
3. mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg:
▪ AvqZbÑ 1,24,266 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
▪ †gvU f~wgiÑ 80%
▪ Mo D”PZvÑ 9 wgUvi( 309 dzU)
▪ f‚wg ˆewkó¨Ñ b`x we‡axZ De©i
▪ b`x I ebvÂj ev‡` Gi AvqZbÑ 1,16,508 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
▪ AmsL¨ †QvU-eo b`x evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î Rv‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q| mgZjf~wgi Dci w`‡q G b`x¸‡jv cÖevwnZ nIqvi
Kvi‡Y Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbKv‡j eb¨vi m„wó nq|
▪ eQ‡ii ci eQi Gfv‡e eb¨vi m‡½ cwjevwnZ gvwU mwÂZ n‡q G cøveb mgf~wg MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
▪ G mgf~wg evsjv‡`‡ki DËi Ask †_‡K DcK~‡ji w`‡K µgwb¤œ, my›`ieb AÂj cÖvq mgy`ªmgZ‡j Aew¯’Z| mgy`ªmgZj
†_‡K evwK AÂj¸‡jv †hgb:
w`bvRcy‡ii D”PZv 37.5 wgUvi
e¸ovi D”PZv 20 wgUvi
gqgbwms‡ni D”PZv 18 wgUvi
bvivqYM‡Äi I h‡kv‡ii D”PZv 8 wgUvi
▪ G A‡j wewÿßfv‡e AmsL¨ evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k|
▪ mgf~wgi DcK~jxq AÂj 2 ai‡bi h_vµ‡g:
K. DcK~jxq mgf~wg: †bvqLvjx †dbx b`xi wb¤œfvM †_‡K K·evRvi ch©šÍ
L. †¯ªvZR mgf~wg: my›`ieb †_‡K †fvjv ch©šÍ
Ab¨vb¨ mÂqRvZ mgf‚wg AÂj:
K) Kzwgjøvi( wÎcyiv) mgf~wg: AvqZb-7,404 eM© wK.wg Ges mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv 3.6-6 wgUvi|
 L) wm‡jU AeevwnKv: mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv 3 wgUvi Ges GB A‡j b‡jvqvi, nvKvjywK, nvBj cÖf…wZ
nvIi i‡q‡Q|
M) cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf‚wg: e„nËi iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi AwaKvsk ¯’vbRy‡o GB mgf‚wg we¯Í…Z| mgy`ªc„ô
†_‡K Gi D”PZv 30 wgUvi|
N) M½v- eªþcyÎ- †gNbvi cøveb mgf‚wg: GwUB evsjv‡`‡ki g~j cøveb mgf~wg Ges GLv‡b Ak^ÿivK…wZi n«`
†`Lv hvq|
O) e-Øxc AÂjxq mgf‚wg: evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY cwð‡gi mgf~wg‡K e-Øxc AÂjxq mgf‚wg e‡j| GwU cÙv I
Gi kvLv b`x¸‡jv Øviv we‡aŠZ|

evsjv‡`k e- Øxc (Bangladesh Delta)

w·KvYvKvi mgZjf~wg‡K e-Øxc e‡j| gvÎvnxb evsjv ÔeÕ Ges wMÖK kã Ô†WëviÕ g‡Zv| ZvB Gi evsjv bvg e-Øxc| c„w_exi
e„nËg e-Øxc evsjv‡`k Ges evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg e-Øxc my›`ieb| M½v, hgybv (eªþcyÎ) I †gNbv evsjv‡`k e-Øxc m„wó K‡i‡Q|
GB 3 b`xi we‡aŠZ AÂj Ges b`x¸‡jvi fvwU A‡j †gvU 5 ai‡bi e-Øxc m„wó n‡q‡QÑ

g„ZcÖvq wbw®Œq eØxc

mwµq eØxc

cwiYZ eØxc

†Rvqvi-fvUv mg„× eØxc

Dc-Rjxq eØxc

1. mwµq e-Øxc: wPÎ: eØxc AÂj

 cÙv I †gNbvi we‡aŠZ AÂj mwµq e-Øxc m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYv‡ji DcK‚jxq AÂj mwµq e-Øx‡ci
AšÍf©y³| dwi`cyi, gv`vixcyi, kwiqZcyi, ewikvj, †MvcvjM‡Äi c~e©vÂj, cUzqvLvjx, SvjKvVx, wc‡ivRcyi, ei¸bv I
†fvjv AÂj wb‡q mwµq e-Øxc m„wó n‡”Q| GB e- Øxc AÂj LyeB De©i|
2. g„ZcÖvq e-Øxc:
dviv°v evu‡ai cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡j evI‡ii m„wó n‡q‡Q| cyivZb b`xi MwZc_ Ges †¯ªvZwenxb b`xB
evIi m„wó K‡i| `wÿY- cwðgv‡ji h‡kvi, wSbvB`n, bovBj, gv¸iv, PzqvWv½v, †g‡nicyi I Kzwóqv wb‡q M‡o I‡V‡Q
g„ZcÖvq e-Øxc| GB A‡j e-Øxc m„wó nIqvi Avi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv bvB|
3. cwiYZ e-Øxc:
e-Øxc m„wó bv n‡jI, GB e-Øxc wb:‡kl nIqviI AvksKv bvB| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji Z‡e DcK‚jxq †Rjv¸‡jv
GB cwiYZ e-Øx‡ci AšÍf©y³| h‡kv‡ii wKQz Ask, ev‡MinvU, †MvcvjMÄ, Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv I wc‡ivRcy‡ii wKQz Ask wb‡q
cwiYZ e-Øxc| GB e-Øxc AÂj jeYv³ cvwb cÖ‡e‡ki `iæY ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q|
4. †Rvqvi-fvUv mg„× e-Øxc:
my›`ieb‡K wb‡q M‡o I‡V‡Q †Rvqvi-fvUvmg„× e-Øxc| m„wói Avw`Kvj †_‡K GB m„wó Pjgvb| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q ˆewk^K
DòZvi Kvi‡Y mvB‡K¬vb †e‡o hvIqv‡Z my›`ieb †ek SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q|
5. DcRjxq e-Øxc:
evsjv‡`‡k DcK~jxq 711 wK. wgUvi mxgvq fvUvi me©‡kl wfwˇiLv †_‡K DcK‚j ch©šÍ A‡j M‡o I‡V‡Q DcRjxq e-
Øxc| ˆewk^K DòZvi Rb¨ GB e-ØxcI SyuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k Ôe-ØxcÕ Gi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡:

K) b`xgvZ…KZvi myweav jvf: †hvMv‡hvM, K…wl, grm¨ m¤ú` AvniY I cÖvK…wZK ˆewPΨZvi Rb¨ b`xgvZ…KZvi f‚wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| evsjv‡`k avb I gvQ Drcv`‡b we‡k^i Z…Zxq e„nËg I Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© GKwU †`k|
L) ch©Ub wk‡íi cÖmvi: my›`ieb, K·evRvi I KzqvKvUv ˆmKZ, Pi I Øx‡ci m„wó evsjv‡`‡ki ch©Ub LvZ‡K GwM‡q w`‡q‡Q|
M) mybxj A_©bxwZ weKv‡ki myweav: Blue Economy I BIIG-B cÖKí evsjv‡`k e-Øx‡c mybxj A_©bxwZi weKvk‡K mnR
Ki‡Q| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q M„nxZ †Wëv cø¨vb mybxj A_©bxwZ‡K AviI †ewk weKwkZ Ki‡e|
N) grm¨ Lv‡Zi cÖmvi: e-Øxc KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y grm¨ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^i kxl© wZbwU †`‡ki GKwU|

evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi kw³ I `ye©jZv (Geographic Strength & Weekness of Bangladesh)
evsjv‡`k Gwkqvi D`xqgvb kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| The Economist 2012 mv‡j gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi, `wÿY †Kvwiqv I
wf‡qZbv‡gi mv‡_ evsjv‡`k‡K Gwkqvi D`xqgvb kw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| 2010 mvj †_‡K Px‡bi DÌvb Ges fvi‡Zi
AMÖMwZi cvkvcvwk gvwK©b I EU A_©bxwZi n«vm evsjv‡`k Gi ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
GK bR‡i eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k:
 AvqZb - 1,47,570
 RbmsL¨v - 16,65 †KvwU
 gv_vwcQz Avq - 2554 Wjvi
 GDP - 30 jvL †KvwU UvKv
 wek^ GDP †Z - 43Zg
 wek^ A_©bxwZ‡Z - 41Zg
 Mo Avqy - 72.6 eQi
 wkÿvi nvi - 75.2%
 `vwi‡`¨i nvi - 20.5%
 wkï g„Z¨ nvi - 21 Rb
mvgvwRK Dbœqb m~P‡K evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqvq fviZ‡K Qvwo‡q‡Q| bvixi ÿgZvqb I ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi SzuwK n«vm `wÿY Gwkqvi
kxl© †`k evsjv‡`k|
evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb:
evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqvq Aew¯’Z| evsjv‡`k - 200 34 †_‡K 260 38 DËi Aÿvsk Ges 880 01 †_‡K  920 41c~e© `ªvwNgvs‡k
Aew¯’Z|

wPÎ: evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb

❖ f~-ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj/f~-ivR‰bwZK myweav:
01) †KŠkjMZ Ae¯’vb:
evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqv†Z †KŠkjMZ myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x `ywU †`k fviZ I wgqvbgvi
QvvoI `~iZ¡ Abymv‡i Aew¯’Z †`k¸‡jvÑ
†bcvj - 20 gvBj
fzUvb - 50 gvBj
Pxb - 60 gvBj
eZ©gvb mgy`ª‡Kw›`ªK A_©bxwZ‡Z ¯’j‡ewóZ †bcvj I fzUvb evsjv‡`‡ki Dci wbf©ikxjZvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb wek^
A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Pxb I fvi‡Zi cÖwZ‡ewk nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki f~-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q|
02) AvÂwjK myweav jv‡fi my‡hvM :
The Economist Gi wn‡m‡e 2012 mvj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, fviZ, Pxb I Emerging Economics Gi 5wU †`k wek^
GDP cÖe„w×i 60% enb K‡i| ZvB GB A‡j Aew¯’Z nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q| The Economis e‡j‡Q,
ÒGKzk kZK n‡e Gwkqvi ïéÓ
03) †fŠ‡MvwjK I ivR‰bwZK ms‡hvMKvix:
SAARC, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, SASEC, SEACO, APTA, BBIN I BCIM Gi Rb¨ Ges `wÿY I `wÿY-c~e©
Gwkqvi ms‡hvMKvix wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Logistic Support cv‡”Q| d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q|
04) BBIN I BCIM Gi myweav jvf:
moK †hvMv‡hvM Pzw³ BBIN Gi AšÍf©~³ ¯’j‡ewóZ †bcvj I fzUv‡bi evwYR¨ wnm¨v cv‡”Q| Aciw`‡K fvi‡Zi DËi
c~e©vÂjxq 7wU ivR¨ Ges wgqvbgv‡ii cwðgv‡ji ivR¨¸‡jv †_‡K BCIM Gi cÿ †_‡K evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM myweav
 cv‡”Q evsjv‡`k| GB `ywU evwYR¨ UªvbwRU I A_©‰bwZK Kwi‡Wv‡ii AvbyôvwbKZvq evsjv‡`k Kvh©Z f‚-ivR‰bwZK
myweav jvf Ki‡Q|
05) e‡½vcmvM‡ii myweav:
Px‡bi BRI, Rvcv‡bi mv‡_ BIIG-B Project, fvi‡Zi mv‡_ 2021 mv‡ji CEPA I USA IPS-2017 Kg©m~wPi Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`k `iKlvKwli my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, 22 jvL eM© wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi e‡½vcmvMi evsjv‡`‡ki
f‚ÑivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
06) cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i myweav:
India-China, China-USA Ges USA-India GB wZb c‡ÿi m¤ú‡K©i myweav wb‡Z cv‡i evsjv‡`k| †hgb: eZ©gvb
f¨vw·b K~UbxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ges evwYR¨ hy×Kvjxb hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb e„w× cvq| evwYR¨ hy‡×i 2 eQ‡i evsjv‡`k
ißvwb cÖe„wׇZ (9.7%) we‡k^i wØZxq kxl© †`k nq| Avevi, GB kw³kvjx f‚-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Pxb
†_‡K me‡P‡q Kg g~‡j¨ (10 Wjv‡i) f¨vw·b †c‡q‡Q|
07) e„nËg evRvi AÂj:
`wÿY Gwkqvq cÖvq 200 †KvwU gvby‡li evRvi hv c„w_exi e„nËg evRvi AÂj| evsjv‡`k GB A‡j wØZxq e„nËg
(Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K) Ges mgMÖ we‡k^i 6ô e„nËg evRvi| ZvB evRviwfwËK wek^ f‚-A_©‰bwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z
evsjv‡`k k³ wf‡Zi Dci i‡q‡Q|
08) fviZ, Pxb I hy³iv‡óªi AvKl©Y:
fviZ: evwYR¨, AeKvVv‡gv I R¦vjvwb Lv‡Zi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k AvKl©‡Yi RvqMv|
Pxb: e¨vswKs, †kqvi evRvi, AeKvVv‡gv, wewb‡qvM I mgiv‡¯¿i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Px‡bi Kv‡Q AvKl©‡Yi RvqMv|
hy³ivóª (USA): gvwK©b Gwkqv welqK M‡elK Bruce Vaughn Gi Bangladesh Political, Strategic, Deplopment &
US Interest- 2020 Study †Z ejv nq, evsjv‡`‡k †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³i cvkvcvwk cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK k„•Ljv i‡q‡Q,
hv evsjv‡`‡ki kw³ e„w× K‡i‡Q|
09) gnx‡mvcvb e¨env‡ii my‡hvM:
354 bwUK¨vj gvB‡ji gnx‡mvcv‡bi (Continental Shelf) Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †Zj M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM I Custom
Gwiqv †e‡o‡Q| 500 cÖRvwZi gvQ AvniY Ges Øx‡ci AwaKvi jv‡fi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| †hgb, e½eÜz AvBj¨vÛ I
Pi Zzdvwbqv|
10) RjevqyMZ ˆewPΨZv:
†gŠmygx, mgfvevcbœ, bvwZkx‡Zvò I µvšÍxq Rjevqy evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| Pigfvevcbœ bv
nIqvq evsjv‡`k †h‡Kvb ai‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK wech©q †gvKv‡ejvq kw³kvjx Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
11) f~wg De©i:
Lv`¨ D×…Ë _vKvB cÖgvY K‡i GB A‡ji f‚wg De©i| 2018-2019 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k 35 jvL Ub Lv`¨ D×…Ë _v‡K|
ZvB evsjv‡`k GLb Lv`¨ wbivcËvi †`k|
12) mgf~wg †ewk:
evsjv‡`‡ki 80 fvM GjvKv mgf‚wg| ZvB dmj Drcv`b I †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³ Dc‡fv‡M fv‡jv Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
13) wgVvcvwbi Drm:
gvQ Drcv`‡b Z…Zxq| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU gv‡Qi 12% c~iY K‡i _v‡K Bwjk| 56% gv‡Qi Drm wgVv cvwb|
14) ˆewk^K K‚UbxwZ:
Px‡bi Flagship Diplomacy, fvi‡Zi Anti-China Policy, hy³iv‡óªi IPS, evsjv‡`‡ki Look-east Diplomacy
evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|

❖ evsjv‡`‡ki ˆfŠ‡MvwjK/ f~-ivR‰bwZK SzuwK:

1) The Big Game Gi wkKvi:
 FOIP I BRI Gi Pv‡c evsjv‡`k Pxb I hy³iv‡óªi gZ `yB civkw³i Big Game Gi wkKvi n‡”Q| Free & Open Indo
Pacific (FOIP) strategy n‡jv Pxb we‡ivax gvwK©b mgy`ª wbivcËv Kg©m~wP| evsjv‡`k‡K Pxb 2015 mv‡j Belt & Road
Initiatives (BRI) †Z hy³ n‡Z cÖ¯Íve †`q Ges 2016 mv‡j evsjv‡`k BRI †Z hy³ n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K, hy³iv‡óªi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb FOIP strategy †Z hy³ n‡Z 2017 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AbvbyôvwbK cÖ¯Íve †c‡jI GLb ch©šÍ hy³ n‡Z wm×všÍ
Rvbvqwb|
2) cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wkKvi:
evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-ivR‰bwZK wbivcËv wbf©i K‡i e„nr kw³e‡M©i AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jv‡K| hy³ivóª -Pxb, fviZ- Pxb,
wgqvbgvi- Pxb I fviZ-wgqvbgvi m¤úK© evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GB kw³e‡M©i
Avb:m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki †ivwn½v msK‡Ui mgvavb `ªæZ nqwb, n‡”Q bv|
3) fviZ †ewóZ/ fviZ wbf©i cÖwZiÿv:
evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we‡k^i 5g e„nËi mxgvšÍ| evsjv‡`‡ki wZb w`‡K fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb nIqvq fviZ wbf©i
cÖwZiÿv Kg©m~wP M„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB wbivcËv, cÖwZiÿv, Lv`¨ I R¦vjvwb Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K fvi‡Zi
Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
4) `y‡h©vM:
evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~j dv‡bj AvK…wZi nIqvq evsjv‡`k mvB‡K¬vb I jeYv³Zvi ¯^xKvi n‡”Q| d‡j `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK‡Z
evsjv‡`k GB A‡ji fviZ I wgqvbgvi †_‡K †ewk `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK‡Z _v‡K|
5) mgy`ªmxgv AwaKvi `L‡j ciwbf©ikxÿv:
dv‡bj AvK…wZi nIqvq fviZ I wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mgxn K‡i mgy`ªmxgv †fvM Ki‡Z nq|
6) b`xfv½b:
fvwU A‡j Aew¯’Z nIqvq evsjv‡`k b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi nq|
7) cvwb e›U‡b mgm¨v:
†ewkifvM b`xi Drm fvi‡Z, ZvB fvi‡Zi B”Qv Awb”Qvq evsjv‡`k cvwb †c‡Z nq ev eb¨vi wkKvi n‡Z nq| ZvB
b`xMy‡jv be¨Zv msK‡U fz‡M _v‡K| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k K…wl I RjevqyMZ wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq|
8) Lv`¨ NvUwZi AvksKv:
b`x fv½b, RbmsL¨v e„w×, RbemwZi Rb¨ K…wl Rwg n«vm I jeYv³Zvi cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`k Lv`¨
NvUwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kv‡iY Rjevqyi SuzwK:

1. evsjv‡`‡ki 60% f~wg mgy`ªc„ô n‡Z gvÎÑ 5 wgUvi Dc‡i| ZvB mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †ek SzuwK‡Z Av‡Q|
2. Headley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HCCRR) Gi cÖv°jb Abyhvqx,
Òevsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv 2080 mv‡j 40 †mw›UwgUvi e„w× cv‡eÓ
3. General Circulation Model (GCM) Gi cÖ‡ÿcY Abymv‡i,
Ò2100 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ZvcgvÎv 2.4 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm Ges e„wócvZ 9.7 kZvsk e„w× cv‡e|Ó
4. World Bank Gi GK mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †h,
▪ cÖwZ 3-5 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki `yB-Z…Zxqvsk AÂj eb¨vcøvweZ nq|
▪ N~wY©So I eb¨v †gvKv‡ejvq 2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM e¨q n‡e 5516 wg. gv. Wjvi
▪ 2050 mv‡j AveZ©K 112 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|Ó
5. Rvg©vbIqv‡Pi Rjevqy SzuwK m~PK 2021 Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k 13Zg SzuwKc~Y© †`k wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q|
6. Inter – Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Gi cÖv°jb Abyhvqx,
K. 2050 mv‡j:
01. evsjv‡`‡k f~wgi 17 kZvsk wejxb n‡e
 02. Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi 30 kZvsk nvwi‡q hv‡e|
03. 19wU DcK~jxq †Rjvi 60 nvRvi eM© wK. wg GjvKv Wz‡e †h‡Z cv‡i|
04. Pvi †KvwU gvbyl jeYv³Zvi SzuwK‡Z co‡e|
L. 2100 mv‡j: GK- Z…Zxqvsk GjvKv Wz‡e hv‡e|

mswÿß Z_¨:
❖ fvmvbPi:
fvmvbPi †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi nvwZqv Dc‡Rjvi AšÍf~©³| †bvqvLvjx †_‡K 80 wK.wg. I m›Øxc †_‡K 5 wK.wg. `wÿ‡Y
e‡½vcmvM‡i Aew¯’Z| Gi AvqZb 25 eM©gvBj| 4 wW‡m¤^i, 2020 †_‡K GLv‡b †ivwn½v c~be©vmb ïiæ nq| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki
651 bs _vbv| GLv‡b G chšÍ 18 nvRvi †ivwn½vi Avevmb n‡q‡Q| Gi wbivcËv I mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡k †bŠ
evwnbx|
❖ g‡nkLvjxi ¸iæZ¡:
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cvnvox Øxc g‡nkLvjx| evsjv‡`‡ki ïUwK I jeY wk‡íi Rb¨ weL¨vZ GB AÂjwU eZ©gv‡b Dbœq‡bi
gnh‡Á cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki GKgvÎ wWwRUvj ØxcwUi eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
1. GLv‡b 2041 mvj bvMv` 12wU KqjvwfwËK, 1wU evqywfwËK Ges 2wU †mŠikw³wfwËK we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi KvR Pjgvb
i‡q‡Q|
2. 2wU GjGbwR Uvwg©bvj n‡q‡Q|
3. Rvcv‡bi mnvqZvq †`‡ki MfxiZg mgy`ª e›`‡ii KvR GwM‡q Pj‡Q|
4. 2030 mvj bvMv` 5wU A_©‰bwZK AÂj n‡”Q|
5. 86000 GK‡ii AvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ 7351 GKi ebf‚wg|
6. 1wU †Z‡ji wW‡cv|
g‡nkLvjxi SzuwK:
1. b`x~‡Z †djv n‡”Q eR©¨
2. Pj‡Q cvnvo KvUv
3. jeY Pvl nygKxi gy‡L
4. ebf‚wg DRvo n‡”Q
5. Kg‡e evM`v, †fUwK I KvuKovi Pvl|

❖ †m›U gvwU©‡bi ¸iæZ¡:

evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øxc †m›U gvwU©b| 8 eM© wK. wg AvqZ‡bi GB cÖevj ØxcwUi ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
01. evsjv‡`‡ki ch©Ub wk‡íi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †K›`ª|
02. 66 cÖRvwZi cÖevj i‡q‡Q|
03. 187 cÖRvwZi kvgyK-wSbyK|
04. 120 cÖRvwZi cvwL|
05. mywekvj †KIoveb|
06. bxj †evZvg cÖvYxi ch©vßZv|
07. mvgwiK w`K †_‡KI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

my›`ie‡bi ¸iæZ¡:
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ g¨vb‡MÖvf AiY¨ my›`ieb| 6017 eM© wK. wg AvqZ‡bi ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
01. 1797 mvj †_‡K 2009 ch©šÍ 478wU †QvU eo mvB‡K¬vb I R‡jv”Q¦vm‡K †VwK‡q †`q|
02. MZ 40 eQ‡i 149wU mvB‡K¬vb‡K †VwK‡q †`q my›`ieb|
03. DcK‚jxq 19wU †Rjvq evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU 25% gvbyl emevm K‡i Ges GB 25% gvby‡li wRwWwci 25% Ae`vb
iv‡L my›`ieb|
04. 40 jvL gvbyl cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e my›`ie‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
05. †`‡ki msiwÿZ ebv‡ji 51% Ae`vb iv‡L my›`ieb|
06. eb †_‡K †gvU Av‡qi 21% Ae`vb iv‡L my›`ieb|
07. KvV I R¦vjvwb e¨env‡ii 45% Av‡m my›`ieb †_‡K|
08. eb¨ cÖvYxi AfqviY¨|