Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

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Results in Materials
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/results-in-materials

Performance of concrete materials containing recycled aggregate from

construction and demolition waste
Yonatan (Shanko) Ayele Abera, PhD a, b, *
a
Dilla University, Ethiopia
b
Delhi Technological University, Department of Civil Engineering, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The performance of recycled aggregate material from construction and demolition waste can affect concrete
Basic properties material strength that incorporates recycled aggregate in high volume. The current research assesses the overall
Recycling process benefits of recycled aggregate materials from construction and demolition waste from different sources. It
Workability
evaluates the performance of concrete materials containing recycled aggregate as a substitute for conventional
Compressive strength
Mix design
aggregate materials at various rates for coarse and fine aggregate materials. The investigation includes basic
Performance behavior laboratory works on the behavior of concrete materials. These tests consist of primary characteristics of the
recycled aggregate materials that can determine the material performance while substituting virgin aggregate
materials. The substitution rate varies to identify the best version of the materials. It ranges from 0% to 100%,
and the data included in the current research work was obtained from site visits to the existing recycling plants in
Delhi, India. The maximum replacement rate of recycled aggregate materials to the natural aggregate materials
has been used up to 100%, and the effects have been analyzed. The substitution rate is highly dependent on the
conditions and purpose of the engineering projects. Concrete materials perform accordingly as it is related to the
substitution rates directly.

1. Introduction in construction industries “Corrie et al. [3]”. Identification of the

In developing countries, especially in East African countries, most
construction and demolition waste generation is from construction
renovation. This results in environmental impacts and various natural
resource pollution due to dust emissions from C & C&D wastes and
scarcity of lands due to C&D debris massive accumulation to the envi­
ronment “Ashraf et al. [1]”. Composite construction and demolition
trash contained a lot of waste types and categories. Most of it includes
the soil, aggregate, and sand lest overs. These waste materials can be
completely recyclable and reusable in many cases. Next to these cate­
gories, wood waste materials have significant parts in C&D debris
groupings “Vijayalakshmi et al. [2].
The applications of recycled aggregates from C&D debris in con­
struction project work need the right and current information on these
materials’ performance levels to damage the strength of the structures
that contain recycled aggregate materials as a substitute for conven­
tional aggregate materials. Based on the current recycling process in
India’s capital city, Delhi, the study focused on the realization of the
cases always questioned by engineering professionals and stakeholders
fundamental behaviors of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris
encourages using such materials in existing and ongoing civil engi­
neering and construction projects.
The C&D waste contains various waste groups that need identifica­
tion in the segregation process while recycling these wastes (See Fig. 1).
Concrete, Insulation materials (ceilings), and brick demolition wastes
are also significant contributors to the C&D debris. These categories of
C&D waste exceed 20% of all the waste groups. The recycling process
considers all these leftovers while producing recycled aggregate mate­
rials from them. Not only the fundamental properties of recycled
aggregate materials, but the current investigation also includes the
production mechanisms and current trends in the manufacturing process
of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris “Gagan and Sumit [4]”.
This way, the recycling of construction and demolition debris can add
value to the area’s knowledge in recycling and recovering such waste
materials. And better understanding concerning recycled aggregate
materials will reduce risks while using these materials in various pro­
jects works as a replacement for virgin aggregate materials “Jang et al.
(2001)”.

* Dilla University, Ethiopia.

E-mail address: shagenet2002@gmail.com.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2022.100278
Received 18 September 2021; Received in revised form 26 October 2021; Accepted 17 April 2022
Available online 23 April 2022
2590-048X/© 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Table 3
Workability (Slump test) of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Fine aggregate re­
placements) [10].
Mix no Coarse Fine aggregate Workability
aggregate (Slump test in
mm)
Natural Replacement with Natural
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 25.05

M20(1) » 10% 90% 26.12
M20(2) » 20% 80% 27.25
M20(3) » 30% 70% 28.51
M20(4) » 40% 60% 29.75
M20(5) » 50% 50% 30.26
M20(6) » 60% 40% 32.64
Fig. 1. Composition of C&D debris (Source: [4]. M20(7) » 70% 30% 34.56
M20(8) » 80% 20% 36.37
M20(9) » 90% 10% 39.52
Table 1 M20(10) » 100% 0% 42.24
Mix-Design for M20 Concrete materials.
Material Required for batching Quantity
3 Table 4
Cement (kg/m ) 312
FA (kg/m3) 743.1 Workability (Slump test) of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse aggregate
Coarse Aggregates (Natural Aggregates) (kg/m3) 1328.65 replacements) [10].
W/C 0.50 Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine Workability
Water (kg/m3) 140 l/m3 aggregate (Slump test in
mm)
Natural Replacement with Natural
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate
Table 2
M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 25.05
Fundamental Properties of recycled aggregates “Source: [10].” M20(1) 90% 10% » 26.32
Test M20(1) M20(2) M20(3) Maximum limits Reference M20(2) 80% 20% » 28.85
performed M20(3) 70% 30% » 29.51
M20(4) 60% 40% » 30.75
Crushing 28.80 26.82 24.86 Less than 45% IS – 2386 M20(5) 50% 50% » 31.26
strength for NS Part 4 M20(6) 40% 60% » 33.04
Less than 30% IS – 2386 M20(7) 30% 70% » 35.43
for WS Part 4 M20(8) 20% 80% » 37.34
Abrasion 60.00 43.64 51.48 Less than 50% IS – 2386 M20(9) 10% 90% » 39.48
strength for NS Part 4 M20(10) 0% 100% » 43.01
Less than 30% IS – 2386
for WS Part 4
Impact 53.50 24.18 23.64 Less than 45% IS – 2386
The recycling volume of C&D waste produced in Delhi city is much
strength for NS Part 4
Less than 30% IS – 2386 smaller than the volume of waste materials that have been generated
for WS Part 4 from various sources in the town. Due to the limitations faced by recy­
Specific 1.95 1.92 1.82 2.72 IS – 2386 cling plants, most of the waste collected from the sources had left
gravity Part 4 without being recycled, and it has been collected near the recycling
plants. These waste categories occupied enormous land resources that
can be used for many public infrastructures “Corrie et al. [3]”. According
to the executive managers of these recycling plants, the limitations
happened because of the reduced amount of recycled aggregate mate­
rials from C&D debris, which was almost nominal. The products man­
ufactured from C&D waste were only utilized by governmental
organizations alone “[5]. So, the current research paper intends to bring
these recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris to public attention
to improve awareness of the C&D debris recycling process and the
fundamental behaviors of recycled products “(Gagan and Sumit [4]”.
Using these materials as a substitution for the natural aggregate
materials will improve the conservation of virgin materials directly from
nature. It also has environmental benefits in saving nature. It reduces
ecological hazards related to the natural phenomena that occurred due
to the lack of resources for development purposes “Bijan et al. [6]”. That
means an excessive volume of rocks and aggregate materials extracted
from natural mountains. Through these and related activities, it be­
comes degraded. It will cause damages to the entire environment, and
also it can be exposed to massive erosion and landslides as well “Faiz
et al. [7]”. Improvements in the recycling process of C&D debris can
bring economic enhancements in the construction industry and envi­
ronmental benefits. As many scholars who had participated in the area
Fig. 2. The Percentage of the passing of RA materials. stated that the recycling and reusing such waste materials could promote
the effectiveness of materials management and the social benefit, it will

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Table 5
Workability (Slump test) of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse and fine aggregate replacements) [10].
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Workability (Slump test in mm)

Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0% 25.05

M20(1) 90% 10% 90% 10% 28.12
M20(2) 80% 20% 80% 20% 31.25
M20(3) 70% 30% 70% 30% 34.51
M20(4) 60% 40% 60% 40% 37.75
M20(5) 50% 50% 50% 50% 39.26
M20(6) 40% 60% 40% 60% 41.64
M20(7) 30% 70% 30% 70% 43.56
M20(8) 20% 80% 20% 80% 45.37
M20(9) 10% 90% 10% 90% 47.52
8M20(10) 0% 100% 0% 100% 49.24

Fig. 3. The Workability (slump) test of the Sample Mixes.

Fig. 4. The Workability (slump) test of the Sample Mixes.

be ensured “Weerachart et al. [8]”. 2. Materials and methods

According to recent studies, the C&D debris in most areas was not
utilized effectively and efficiently. The recycling process for C&D waste
costs more than landfilling, and other related waste removal ap­
proaches. Due to its harmful conditions, most contractors prefer to send
these massive wastes to landfills rather than reuse them. Of course, in
some areas, the recycling and reuse of the C&D waste are considered
mandatory; hence it applies to some extent “Pérez et al. (2010)”.
The concrete materials were used in this specific inquiry that in­
corporates recycled aggregate materials from Construction and Demo­
lition waste collected from Burari recycling plant, Jahangir puri, Delhi,
for sample production. And laboratory investigations on the funda­
mental behavior of recycled aggregate materials and concrete materials
were done. The standard methods were also employed to produce
sample materials for further studies.
The manufacturing of different sizes of recycled aggregate materials

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Fig. 5. The Workability (slump) test of the Sample Mixes.

2.1. Preparations of test samples

Table 6
Compressive strength of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Fine aggregate re­
The sample production of concrete materials incorporating recycled
placements) [10].
aggregate materials from C&D waste was based on “[10]”. The standard
Mix no Coarse Fine aggregate Compressive states the mix-design proportion of the concrete produced from recycled
aggregate strength in N/
mm2
aggregate materials (See Table 1). The laboratory tests conducted on
samples originated from recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris,
Natural Replacement with Natural Seven 28
and fundamental behaviors were stated in the result section of this paper
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate days days
“Pepe (2015)”, “Bijan et al. [6]”.
M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 13.50 20.00
M20(1) » 10% 90% 13.02 19.65
M20(2) » 20% 80% 12.26 19.17 2.1.1. Curing of the samples
M20(3) » 30% 70% 11.34 18.65 After producing sample cubes of concrete materials from recycled
M20(4) » 40% 60% 10.54 18.29 aggregate materials, curing has been done from 7 up to 28 days. The
M20(5) » 50% 50% 9.75 17.75 concrete cubes can get their optimal strength during these curing times.
M20(6) 60% 40% 9.34 17.42
The mix-design ratio for the sample cubes’ production was 1:1.5:3, and
»
M20(7) » 70% 30% 8.87 17.13
M20(8) » 80% 20% 8.54 16.72 this is considered a commonly accepted rate “Mehta et al. (2006)”.
M20(9) » 90% 10% 8.08 16.26
M20(10) » 100% 0% 7.63 15.84
2.2. Properties of recycled materials from C&D waste

Some of the fundamental features of the concrete materials made

Table 7 from recycled aggregate materials have been identified and determined
Compressive strength of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse aggregate re­ based on “[11]” and “[10]”. These two Indian standards had used as a
placements) [10].
guideline throughout the performance behavior determination for
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine Compressive recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris. The identification made
aggregate strength in N/ to these levels and fundamental behaviors of the materials were dis­
mm2
cussed in detail in the result section of the current investigation so that
Natural Replacement with Natural Seven 28 the information. And data used to this end were novel and can be applied
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate days days
for various civil engineering projects “Niyazi and Ozturan [12]”.
M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 13.50 20.00 The crushing strength of recycled aggregate materials for three
M20(1) 90% 10% 13.12 19.72
»
samples prepared for the overall performance determination was rela­
M20(2) 80% 20% » 11.96 19.47
M20(3) 70% 30% » 11.08 19.34
tively similar to the conventional aggregate materials that occurred
M20(4) 60% 40% » 10.24 19.19 naturally “Sehgal et al. [13]. This is in the acceptable values for appli­
M20(5) 50% 50% » 10.01 18.75 cation in various parts of the ongoing projects. Abrasion resistance
M20(6) 40% 60% » 9.63 18.42 strength was also checked, and it has good value compared to the virgin
M20(7) 30% 70% 8.84 18.13
aggregate materials “Tang et al. (2011)”. Only three samples were used
»
M20(8) 20% 80% » 8.24 17.72
M20(9) 10% 90% » 8.04 17.26 to determine the basic properties of recycled aggregate materials pro­
M20(10) 0% 100% » 7.79 16.14 duced from C&D debris to determine some fundamental behavior “Bijan
et al. [6]” as it was done on aggregate materials (See Table 2).

from C&D waste has been done in Burari, Shastri parks, and Mundika
sites in Delhi. The sizes range from 10 mm to 40 mm as per the cus­
tomers’ requirements “[9]. C&D wastes were being collected from
various sources for these purposes and also maintaining a clean envi­
ronment. Despite the volume of waste collected, recycled amounts of
C&D waste become lesser than the amount collected “Senapati (2011)”.
2.3. Particle size distribution of recycled aggregate materials
The particle size distribution of recycled aggregate materials from
C&D debris has been done using different sieve analysis sizes. The
percent of recycled aggregate materials passed on the various sized sieve
(See Fig. 2) can be considered promising alternative materials for con­
struction industries “Olatunji (2010)”. The shape of recycled aggregate

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Table 8
Compressive strength of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse and fine aggregate replacements) [10].
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Compressive strength in N/mm2

Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate 7 days 28 days

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0% 13.50 20.00

M20(1) 90% 10% 90% 10% 13.02 19.05
M20(2) 80% 20% 80% 20% 12.26 18.47
M20(3) 70% 30% 70% 30% 11.34 18.15
M20(4) 60% 40% 60% 40% 10.54 17.71
M20(5) 50% 50% 50% 50% 9.75 17.25
M20(6) 40% 60% 40% 60% 9.34 16.42
M20(7) 30% 70% 30% 70% 8.87 16.13
M20(8) 20% 80% 20% 80% 8.54 15.72
M20(9) 10% 90% 10% 90% 8.08 15.26
M20(10) 0% 100% 0% 100% 7.63 14.84

Fig. 6. The comprehensive strength of the M20 mix design.

Fig. 7. The comprehensive strength of M20 mix design.

materials from C&D debris influences the workability of the concrete
materials made of recycled aggregate materials “Pasandín et al. (2014)”.
During the demolition process, the aggregate materials were reshaped
and broken to further smaller sizes [31]. Hence, this condition of recy­
cled aggregate material creates the paste’s increased workability while
being used in mix design for M20 concrete “Ghisellini et al. (2018)”.
The sieve analysis of the aggregate materials from C&D waste has
been used to identify different sizes of recycled aggregate materials so
that it can efficiently utilize them in various parts of the construction
projects “Nakajima (2014)”. It also helps to categorize different aggre­
gate sizes and shapes. Based on these categorizations, it will be possible
to decide the utilization areas and the general character of recycled
aggregate materials from C&D debris “Gooi et al. (2020)”.
3. Result and discussions
The result and discussion section of the current research paper pri­
marily includes the fundamental behaviors of recycled aggregate

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Fig. 8. The compaction factor test of M20 mixes design.

standards applied in the current investigations.

Table 9 It also shows that fundamental recycled aggregate materials could
Compaction factor test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Fine aggregate
substitute coarse and fine natural aggregate materials in various civil
replacements).
engineering projects. The curves in Fig. 5 below display the three basic
Mix no Coarse Fine aggregate Compaction behaviors of the concrete materials made from recycled aggregate ma­
aggregate factor test
terials as a substitute for the virgin aggregate materials. It has been
Natural Replacement with Natural described “Bijan et al. [6]”. The investigation process Critically exam­
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate
ined some of the aggregate materials’ performances, and the results have
M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0.95 been incorporated in the result section of the research work [29]. As a
M20(1) » 10% 90% 0.90 part of laboratory investigations, the researcher explored and discussed
M20(2) 20% 80% 0.87
the Shear and flexural tensile strength of the concrete material pro­
»
M20(3) » 30% 70% 0.83
M20(4) » 40% 60% 0.78 duced, incorporating recycled aggregate materials as a substitute for
M20(5) » 50% 50% 0.70 conventional aggregate materials [30]. And the density of the materials,
M20(6) » 60% 40% 0.67 as well as their particle size distribution, had included as part of the
M20(7) 70% 30% 0.63
»
work “Rosario et al. [14]”.
M20(8) » 80% 20% 0.60
M20(9) » 90% 10% 0.56
M20(10) » 100% 0% 0.52
3.1. Slump cone test (workability) of concrete materials

The workability of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris is

Table 10 vital in determining the utilization area for recycled materials (See
Compaction factor test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse aggregate Tables 3–5). It also plays a significant role in identifying the perfor­
replacements). mance of concrete materials that contain recycled aggregate materials.
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine Compaction The recycled aggregate from C&D waste is mainly rounded in shape due
aggregate factor test to reuse purposes “Phani et al. (2013)”. Rounded aggregates improve the
Natural Replacement with Natural workability of concrete materials while using them as a replacement for
aggregate recycled aggregate aggregate conventional aggregate materials. As the replacement rate increases, the
M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0.95 workability or the flowing nature of the concrete paste increases (See
M20(1) 90% 10% » 0.91 Figs. 3–5), “Seo et al. [15]”.
M20(2) 80% 20% » 0.86 The performance of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris in
M20(3) 70% 30% 0.82
»
concrete in this regard has an impact on the overall strength of concrete
M20(4) 60% 40% » 0.78
M20(5) 50% 50% » 0.72 materials, and by reducing the substitution rate of recycled aggregate
M20(6) 40% 60% » 0.69 materials to the natural aggregates, we can maintain sufficient strength
M20(7) 30% 70% » 0.65 of the materials “Bijan et al. [6]”. The workability of the concrete ma­
M20(8) 20% 80% » 0.62 terials produced using recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris
M20(9) 10% 90% 0.58
was impacted by the growing amount of the recycled aggregate mate­
»
M20(10) 0% 100% » 0.53
rials in a mix-design, which causes a continuous reduction in the
strength of the concrete materials “[16]”.
materials of Construction and Demolition debris in Burari, Shastri park, The replacement rates beyond 50% will cause severe damage to the
and Mundika sites in Delhi, India. The performance included in the structural materials per the standards used in this text (SI:383–2016).
investigation were strength behavior, Water absorption, and particle Increasing the substitution rate while using recycled aggregate materials
size distributions of recycled materials. The researcher measured the from C&D debris in concrete production must be guided by measures to
void ratio of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris, and hence, allow the maximum utilization rates. So, having optimal values while
it determines the water absorption level of recycled aggregate materials. creating a mix-design using recycled aggregate materials from C&D
A test result revealed that the materials used to replace the conventional debris in concrete productions can reduce risks related to the issues [28].
aggregate materials had an acceptable performance rate based on the Based on the performance of the concrete material in respect to

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Table 11
Compaction factor test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse and fine aggregate replacements).
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Compaction factor test

Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0% 0.95

M20(1) 90% 10% 90% 10% 0.91
M20(2) 80% 20% 80% 20% 0.86
M20(3) 70% 30% 70% 30% 0.82
M20(4) 60% 40% 60% 40% 0.76
M20(5) 50% 50% 50% 50% 0.71
M20(6) 40% 60% 40% 60% 0.68
M20(7) 30% 70% 30% 70% 0.64
M20(8) 20% 80% 20% 80% 0.61
M20(9) 10% 90% 10% 90% 0.58
M20(10) 0% 100% 0% 100% 0.54

Table 12
Permeability test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Fine aggregate replacements).
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Permeability test
12
Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate K (m/sec) ×10− Avg.
12
K (m/sec) ×10−

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 24.52 25.34 24.93

M20(1) » 10% 90% 23.21 24.27 23.74
M20(2) » 20% 80% 22.12 23.14 22.63
M20(3) » 30% 70% 20.96 22.18 22.57
M20(4) » 40% 60% 20.23 20.94 20.59
M20(5) » 50% 50% 19.25 20.21 19.73
M20(6) » 60% 40% 18.65 19.54 19.10
M20(7) » 70% 30% 18.26 18.63 18.44
M20(8) » 80% 20% 17.26 17.74 17.50
M20(9) » 90% 10% 15.98 16.35 16.17
M20(10) » 100% 0% 15.23 15.91 15.57

Table 13
Permeability test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse aggregate replacements).
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Permeability test
12
Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate K (m/sec) ×10− Avg.
12
K (m/sec) ×10−

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 24.52 25.34 24.93

M20(1) 90% 10% » 23.10 24.19 23.64
M20(2) 80% 20% » 22.92 23.44 23.18
M20(3) 70% 30% » 20.26 21.88 21.07
M20(4) 60% 40% » 19.73 20.74 20.23
M20(5) 50% 50% » 19.31 20.21 19.76
M20(6) 40% 60% » 18.66 19.54 19.10
M20(7) 30% 70% » 17.96 18.68 18.32
M20(8) 20% 80% » 16.26 17.74 17.00
M20(9) 10% 90% » 15.46 16.36 15.91
M20(10) 0% 100% » 14.45 15.23 14.84

Table 14
Permeability test of Mix design for M20 Concrete (Coarse and fine aggregate replacements).
Mix no Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Permeability test
12
Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Replacement with recycled aggregate K (m/sec) ×10− Avg.
12
K (m/sec) ×10−

M20(P) 100% 0% 100% 0% 24.52 25.34 24.93

M20(1) 90% 10% 90% 10% 22.23 22.67 22.45
M20(2) 80% 20% 80% 20% 21.12 20.94 21.03
M20(3) 70% 30% 70% 30% 20.46 21.08 20.77
M20(4) 60% 40% 60% 40% 19.96 20.14 20.05
M20(5) 50% 50% 50% 50% 19.05 19.21 19.13
M20(6) 40% 60% 40% 60% 18.48 18.54 18.51
M20(7) 30% 70% 30% 70% 18.06 18.14 18.10
M20(8) 20% 80% 20% 80% 17.36 17.24 17.30
M20(9) 10% 90% 10% 90% 16.19 16.35 16.27
M20(10) 0% 100% 0% 100% 15.53 15.91 15.72

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

Fig. 9. The compaction factor test of M20 mixes design.

Fig. 10. The average permeability test of M20 mixes design.

Fig. 11. The average permeability test of M20 mixes design.

workability properties, obtained during the laboratory work, it is
possible to determine the utilization rate of the recycled aggregate
materials in concrete production, that can be used in various engineer­
ing projects [26,27].
3.2. Compressive strength of concrete materials containing recycled
aggregate from C&D debris
The performance of recycled aggregate materials is an essential
performance aspect of deciding how to use the materials. It is also
helping the professionals to identify the utilization areas for recycled
aggregate materials from C&D debris (See Tables 6–8) and (See

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Y.(S.A. Abera Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278

incorporates the recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris had

tested according to “[11]” and “[10]”. These fundamental behaviors of
the concrete materials made from recycled aggregate materials and
natural aggregate materials by the substitution rate up to 40% had
optimal strength compared to the raw materials that are 100% natural
“Yadav & S. R. Samadder (2017)”.
The tensile and flexural strength of the concrete materials that
incorporate recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris has been
evaluated for samples produced from such materials. The increase in
replacement rate generally shows that both properties of the concrete
materials were reduced significantly “Li et al. [19]”. So, using recycled
aggregate materials in structural elements like beams and columns will
cause structural damage and failure to some extent “Parisi et al. [16]”. In
this regard, having an appropriate substitution rate will reduce the risks
that can be occurred due to the excessive use of recycled aggregate
Fig. 12. Flexural strength of the concrete materials incorporating recycled
aggregate materials. (Source: Shariq et al. (2013)).
materials from C&D debris.
While substituting natural aggregate with recycled materials, mini­
mum requirements should be considered to maintain the expected
Figs. 6–8) “Sivakumar and Gomathi (2012)”.
strength level of concrete materials used in various project de­
Substitution of natural fine aggregate materials with recycled fine
velopments “Özalp et al. [20]”. As observed in the figure above (see
aggregate materials produced from C&D waste shows a decrease in
Fig. 12), the concrete materials’ flexural strength can be affected by
compressive strength values for both 7- and 28-day performance eval­
temperature. Hence, conditions had been kept in current investigations
uation “Md. Uzzal et al. [17]. The results can be varied by using ad­
as well [22,23]. According to Mohd Shariq and his colleagues, the tensile
mixtures to regulate the workability of the concrete materials. It can also
and flexural strength of the concrete materials performed differently,
maintain expected strength values for better performance of the con­
and it also depends on a seasonal basis “Shariq et al. (2013)”.
crete materials [25].

3.5. The density of the concrete materials

3.3. Compaction rate of the concrete materials
The bulk density or density of the concrete materials made from
The compaction rate of concrete materials plays a substantial role in
determining the performance of the materials. This specific study eval­
Table 15
uated the compaction rate of concrete materials containing various Density of Mix design for M20 Concrete.
substitution rates of recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris [24].
MIX ID Density (in gm/cm3)
The results were mentioned in the following table and figures (See Ta­
bles 9, 10, 11, and Figs. 9 and 10) (see Table 13) (see Fig. 11) (see Seven days 28 days
Table 14) (see Table 12). M20(P) 2.12 2.40
As observed in investigation results, up to 50% replacement of M20(1) 2.07 2.35
recycled aggregate materials in concrete production will be accepted M20(2) 2.03 2.29
M20(3) 1.88 2.22
according to the Indian standards and many criteria that can be used as a
M20(4) 1.12 2.16
guideline for utilizing the recycled materials “Manikandan et al. [18]. M20(5) 1.08 2.11
M20(6) 1.04 2.06
M20(7) 1.01 2.01
3.4. Tensile and flexural strength of concrete materials incorporating M20(8) 0.96 1.93
recycled aggregates of C&D debris M20(9) 0.86 1.71
M20(10) 0.74 1.58
Tensile and flexural strength of the concrete material that

Fig. 13. Density of Mix design for M20 Concrete.

9
Y.(S.A. Abera
recycled aggregate materials (See Fig. 13) has been measured on the
sample cubes for 7 and 28 days “La Au et al. [21]”. And it was compared
to the control mix without replacement. The results had been recorded
for further considerations in using recycled aggregate materials as a
substitute for conventional aggregate materials (See Table 15) “Siddique
et al. (2008)”.
4. Conclusions
Most of the investigated performance measures revealed that the
aggregate materials produced from C&D waste could substitute the
natural in many civil engineering project parts. The utilization of these
materials will bring drastic changes in C&D waste minimization and
natural resource conservation. The following points have been listed to
summarize the study’s main findings and the fundamental behaviors of
recycled aggregate materials from C&D debris; the following issues have
been recorded.
• The performance of concrete materials containing recycled aggre­
gates from C&D debris is crucial to incorporate these materials in
concrete to substitute the conventional aggregate materials. The
strength of the concrete materials produced from recycled aggregates
highly depends on replacing the virgin aggregate materials. An in­
crease in substitution volume in concrete production will decrease
the performance of the concrete materials.
• The compaction rate of concrete material is much higher compared
to virgin materials. This will create many structural problems in civil
engineering projects while using them excessively as a substitute.
• The density of concrete materials that incorporates recycled aggre­
gates from C&D debris becomes decreased throughout the increasing
volume of the materials in concrete production. Up to 35%
replacement shows the minimum decrease in density of recycled
aggregate materials from C&D debris.
• Compaction factor and other related behavior of concrete materials
produced from recycled aggregate materials as 100% substitution for
natural aggregate materials were much lower than the expected
performance level.
• Up to 35% replacement of recycled aggregate material to conven­
tional aggregate material can cause a minimum decrease in
compressive strength in 28 days curing time. It is about less than a
30% decrease in strength when compared to the normal aggregate
strength.
• The investigation recommends based on the performance of concrete
materials containing recycled materials from C&D debris as a sub­
stitute for natural materials. Incorporating these materials in con­
crete works up to 40% will not bring massive damage to the
lightweight structures of civil engineering projects. And it can also be
applied in road construction for light vehicle movements.
• Finally, the laboratory test results show that using recycled aggre­
gate materials beyond the specified substitution rate will lead to
structural failure in many cases. Alternative approaches should be
considered while using it as the substitution pace plays a vital role in
the performance of concrete materials containing recycled aggregate
materials from C&D debris.
Data availability statement
The Data for this research work has been included in the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding. The researcher has
covered all the financial issues.
10
Results in Materials 14 (2022) 100278
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank all the concrete laboratory techni­
cians in the Civil Engineering Department of Delhi Technological Uni­
versity for their valuable initiatives during practical laboratory works
that were part of the current research work. And I also would like to
thank all who supported the realization of site visits at Burari C&D waste
recycling plants, Shastri park, and Mundika recycling sites for data
collection and desk study.
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