STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE

MEASURES ON ROAD
INFRASTRUCTURES

SLOPE PROTECTION DESIGN

Arnold O. Dacwag

1 OIC - Asst. District Engineer

Ifugao Second District Engineering Office
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Earthworks Design
2. Steps in the Selection of Slope Protection
Measures
3. Types of Slope Failures
4. Slope Protection (Countermeasures)
 Soil Bio-engineering
 Ground Anchors
 Shotcrete (Concrete, Mortar)
 Slope crib (precast, shotcrete, cast-in-place
 Reinforced Earth Walls
 Geotextile
 Terre-armee type

 Rock Net, Rock Fence

 Gabion
 Grouted Riprap 2
 Stone Masonry
 Concrete Retaining Walls
2. STEPS IN THE SELECTION OF SLOPE
PROTECTION MEASURES
2.1 SOIL SLOPE (NATURAL, CUT, EMBANKMENT)

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2.2 SOFT ROCK/RIPABLE ROCK (CUT/NATURAL SLOPE)

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3. TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURES
TYPES SYMBOLS
1. Landslide LS
2. Soil Collapse SC
3. Rock Slope Failure RF
4. Road Slip RS
5. Debris Flow DF
6. River erosion RE
7. Coastal Erosion CE

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4. SLOPE PROTECTION
(COUNTERMEASURES)

4.1 SOIL COLLAPSE (SC)

 Requirement for Erosion Control Measure for
Slopes
 Gentle slope cutting increase slope stability if
there is no rain.
 However, it increases the area of exposure that
results to saturation.
 In this condition, erosion measure is required
such as slope drainage (berm provision),
vegetation, etc.
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4. SLOPE PROTECTION
(COUNTERMEASURES)
4.2 Soil Collapse Countermeasure
4.2.1 Slope Drainage and Soil Bio-Engineering
➢ Use of Vegetation for Slope Stabilization

➢ Reduces surface erosion caused by running

water and infiltration
➢ Reduces infiltration of rain water

➢ Binds subsurface soil with root systems

➢ Improves the landscape

❖ Generally Used for Slopes lesser than 50

degrees
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4.2.1 SLOPE DRAINAGE AND SOIL BIO-ENGINEERING
METHODS

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4.2.1 SOIL BIO-ENGINEERING METHODS
 Seed Spraying
 Seed Mud Spraying Hydroseeding
 Vegetation Base Spraying

 Sodding
 Coconet Bio-engineering

 Tree Planting

Wicker Basket
with Vetiver grass

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Drainage Boring/Perforated Pipes
(Source: The Vetiver Network International)
http://www.vetiver.org
4.2.1 Soil Bio-engineering Methods
a) Hydroseeding
➢ a mixture of seeds,
fertilizer, organic
materials, and tackifier
applied onto the slope with
a mortar gun
b) Application of plastic
geonets/coconets on slope to
prevent surface erosion

c) Vegetation after 3 months

on hydro seeded slope with
plastic geonets
d) Planting of native
plants/trees on slopes
with application of 19
mulch as fertilizer
4.3 ROCK SLOPE FAILURE (RF) AND ROAD SLIP
(RS)
➢ FOR SLOPES STEEPER THAN 0.80:1 (50 DEG.) AND MORE
THAN 6.0M HIGH SLOPES

4.4 RF AND RS COUNTERMEASURES

 Ground Anchors  Concrete Retaining
 Shotcrete (Concrete, Walls
Mortar)  Stone Masonry

 Slope crib (precast,  Reinforced Earth

shotcrete, cast-in-place Walls
 Rock Net, Rock Fence  Geotextile
 Gabion  Terre-armee type
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4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures

4.4.1 Ground Anchors

➢ Applied in very high steep unstable cut slopes where there is
high potential of deep seated slope failures
➢ Slope modification/flattening the slope would require huge
excavation works making it more expensive

(Biotechnical stabilization method)

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◆ Combination of ground anchors and
Old method vegetation
➢ Cheaper and environment friendly
 4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.2 Soil Nailing Methods
➢Applied in rock slopes with many cracks
➢slopes that require stabilization at an
early stage to prevent weathering,
surface erosion, and water seepage into the
slope thereby increasing stability

Shotcrete w/ soil nailing ➢Alternative

solution
➢More
environment
friendly
Shotcrete grid beam system
(biotechnical stabilization 22
method)
Spray cribworks soil nail
method
4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.3 Active & Passive Protection System

Passive Protection System – Curtain 23

Active Protection System Net
4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.4 Rock Fence and Rockshed

Rockshed
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4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.4 Rock Fence and Rockshed

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Rockfence
 4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.5 Biotechnical Slope Stabilization Methods
➢ Combined vegetation and concrete structures working together in
an integrated manner.
➢ Applied in cut slopes to prevent surface erosion and resist
potential slope failures.

3 months after construction More than 1 year after completion

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4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.6 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall
➢ Applied in vertical embankment slopes where space is
very limited

Terre Armẽe Wall 27

4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.6 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall
PROPOSED CONC. PARAPET
STA. 483+000 - STA. 483+110(R.S.)
1000
PROPOSED CONC. PARAPET
STA. 483+040 - STA. 483+090 (L.S.)
999

998 3.00% -1.50% -1.50% 3.00% SYSTEM TERRAMESH W/ MACGRID

SYSTEM TERRAMESH P8/2.7 3-2X1X1M
P8/2.7 3-2X1X1M TENSILE STRENGTH 80kN/M
(PVC COATED) (PVC COATED)
997
SYSTEM TERRAMESH
996 P8/2.7 5-2X1X1M
SYSTEM TERRAMESH (PVC COATED)
P8/2.7 3-2X1X0.5M
(PVC COATED)
SYSTEM TERRAMESH
995 P8/2.7 4-2X1X0.5M
(PVC COATED)

994 SYSTEM TERRAMESH

P8/2.7 4-2X1X0.5M
(PVC COATED)

993

992

991

990

STRUCTURAL
989 SELECTED
BACKFILL
BACKFILL
GABIONS (PVC COATED)
988 P8/2.7 2X1X0.5M
GEOTEXTILE
GABIONS (PVC COATED) MXL 50
P8/2.7 2X1X0.5M RENO MATTRES (PVC COATED)
987 P8/2.7 6X2X0.3M
MACTEX
RENO MATTRES (PVC COATED) 986 EXISTING GROUND
P8/2.7 6X2X0.3M
GEOTEXTILE
ITEM 103(1)a = 32.05 sq.m. MXL 50
985
EXISTING GROUND ITEM 104(1) = 26.85 sq.m.
MACTEX
984

ITEM 103(1)a = 29.22 sq.m.

983
ITEM 104(1) = 52.56 sq.m.

982
OGE=997.23
FGE=997.80

981

980

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 4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.5 Grouted Riprap and Stone Masonry

Double Cribwall & stone masonry

Source: DPWH/JICA TCP Draft Pocket Guidebook

for Road Construction & Maintenance Management in
the Philippines
Grouted Riprap
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4.4 RF and RS Countermeasures
4.4.6 Concrete Retaining Walls

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REFERENCES
 All pictures are from author unless otherwise noted
 DPWH/JICA 2002 Technical Standard & Guidelines
for Planning and Design, Vol IV
 Highway Earthwork Guideline , Japan Association,
March 1999
 Pocket Guidebook for Road Construction &
Maintenance Management in the Philippines
 The Vetiver Network International. Available at
http://www.vetiver.or

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 Moving forward to
“Green
Infrastructures”

Credit: Nippon Steel & Sumikin Metal Products Co.

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