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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Vibration Induced Deformation of Floor

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 1

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Vibration

Induced Deformation of Floor Tiles
Dhananjay Kumar and Pradyumn Chaturvedi
Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (MP), India-464001
djaydelhi@gmail.com, pc220774@gmail.com

For a harvesting system of constant thickness, the generated

Abstract— This paper describes the process of optimum
energy harvesting by using piezoelectric sensors pasted on a tile
structure. The generation of electric energy when some load is
applied on the sensors depends upon various factors such as
number of piezoelectric diaphragm, electromechanical coupling
coefficient of the piezoelectric sensors, type of strain applied,
piezoelectric strain coefficient and also on the plan of
arrangement. Energy harvester floor tile has been designed for
electricity generation. An efficient way has been presented to
capture the generated energy and boost it by a converter to get
regulated output for charging the batteries of mobile. The
complete charge cycle has also been studied for the developed
system. The simulation and experimental studies have been
successfully carried out. The model design and testing was purely
for studying the energy generation and capturing phenomenon in
an efficient manner. It can be implemented to generate large
power by suitably arranging the piezoelectric sensors.
Index Terms—Energy harvesting, piezoelectric sensors,
electricity generation, storage device, boost converter, battery
charging.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE SUN is the most important source of energy for the
life on the earth either in direct or derivative form.
Dependency on nonrenewable sources decreasing these
sources day by day and in near future it may get exhausted
completely. Hence it is required to explore for alternative
sources and shift our dependency on renewable sources. This
will conserve nonrenewable sources and produce clean
energy. These renewable sources include solar cells (Solar
energy), wind mills (Wind energy), geothermal power plants
(Geothermal energy), tidal turbine (Tidal energy) etc. Solar
power provides a considerable amount of energy per area and
volume, but unfortunately is limited to applications that are
actually sunlit [1-10].
We utilize a large part of our muscular energy for moving
from one place to other and also the infrastructure like roads,
railways, runway bears a large amount of mechanical strain
energy. This energy i.e. muscular or mechanical strain on
various infrastructures gets wasted. But it is possible to
convert this mechanical energy in to electrical pulse form with
the help of piezoelectric transducers. These electrical pulses,
which are alternating in nature, can be directly utilized or may
be captured by a storage device for further utilization. Efforts
have been put in this work to harvest energy from mechanical
stress using the principle of piezoelectric energy conversion.
power increases with increase in applied force. The output
power of harvester depends on increase in the thickness [1].
Various models of piezoelectric generators are given in [2-4],
[6-8]. The output power obtained from piezoelectric
generators depends on various factors like which piezoelectric
sensor has been used, it’s packing density, type of strain
applied to it, electronic circuitry to process the pulse
generated, storage device, and load connected to it. When a
simple rectifier is used the output power generated greatly
depends upon the load connected [5]. The important criteria
for maximizing the output power are to match the optimal load
of the harvester to that of converter circuit [9].
Several techniques are available for converting mechanical
vibration energy to electrical energy. The most prevalent
methods among them are electrostatic, electromagnetic and
piezoelectric conversion [11]. A majority of current research
has been done on piezoelectric conversion due to low
complexity of its analysis and fabrication. Most of research
however has targeted a specific device scale [12]-[15].
The latest advancement in the micro-electromechanical
system systems (MEMS) and wireless technology, the
portable electronics and wireless sensors are in great demand.
These portable devices must have their own power supply. If
this supply is a conventional battery, then using this type of
power supply will be problematic as their life span is finite. In
portable electronics, replacing the battery may destroy the
electronics any time. For sensors which are planted in the
remote locations or in the host body, if battery has been
discharged the sensor must be retrieved and the battery should
be replaced. Because of remote location of the mobile host
body, it is quite difficult to retrieve the sensor and replacing
the battery.
If a sensor is embedded inside a civil infrastructure then it is
not possible to replace the battery. If the adequate energy in
the surrounding medium could be obtained, then it can prove
as the substitute of the battery. One method is to use the
piezoelectric material to obtain the energy lost due to vibration
of the host structure. This captured energy can be processed
and could be used to prolong the life of the power supply or to
provide the endless energy to a device. The host structure may
be a mobile floor, roadway, pedestals, rail, runway etc where a
continuous strain is experienced and this strain or vibration
energy which was wasted earlier may be transformed in to
usable electrical energy to power up the low power electronic
and electrical devices.

Piezoelectric energy harvesters are device which convert the
mechanical strain in to electrical form. Centimeter scale
piezoelectric elements are generating milliwatts range electric
power using ambient vibrations for a frequency below 1 KHz.
They are the perfect solution for extended life micro power
generator as they generate enough power to drive low power
electronic devices such as smart wireless sensor which
dissipates less than few milliwatts [10],[15]-[19]. A vibrating
piezoelectric element electrically behaves as a capacitive ac
source [20], [5] which is rectified at later stage at a desired dc
voltage level to be useful for powering electronic devices.
This paper presents the basic arrangement of six numbers of
double sided piezoelectric diaphragms along with a shaker
modal with energy harvesting circuitry, generating variable
rectified output between 1- 5 volts, a boost converter to get
regulated output of 5 Volts for load utilization. This boosted
DC output is then used to charge the smart phone. Energy
harvester firstly designed with Diode Bridge and electrolyte
capacitor as the storage and then the diode bridge was
replaced by energy harvesting IC and electrolyte capacitor was
replaced by ultra capacitor. It is found that piezoelectric
energy harvester faces low drop with dedicated IC than diode
bridge and also the ultra capacitor response to store energy is
quite efficient. This idea of generation can be extended to a
large scale generation by considering several factors.
II. ENERGY HARVESTING FUNDAMENTALS
Piezoelectric materials belong to a wider class of materials
called ferroelectrics. Ferroelectric material has a property that
their molecular structure is oriented in such a way that
material exhibit local charge separation, known as an electric
dipole. These electric dipoles are randomly oriented
throughout material composition, but when the material is
heated above a certain point known as Curie temperature, and
a very strong electrical field is applied, the electric dipoles
reorient themselves relative to the electric field; this process is
called polling. After the material is cooled, the dipoles
maintain their orientation and the material is said to be poled.
After the completion of the polling process the material will
exhibit the piezoelectric effect.
The mechanical and electrical behavior of a piezoelectric
material can be formulated by two linear constitutive
equations. These equations contain two mechanical and two
electrical variables. The direct effect and the converse effect
can be modeled by the following matrix equations (IEEE
Direct piezoelectric effect:
   {S} + [
2
surface of the material, each resulting in a potentially different
stress and strain generation. Therefore, the piezoelectric
properties must contain a sign convention to facilitate this
ability to apply electric potential in three directions.
Piezoelectric material can be generalized for two cases. The
first is stack configuration that operates in the -33 mode and
the second is the bender, which operates in -31 mode.
Fig. 1. The direct piezoelectric effect- Electromechanical Conversion [1].
The earliest experimental result on crystals of tourmaline,
quartz, topaz, cane sugar and Rochelle salt by Pierre and
Jacques Curie in 1880 showed a great scope. Quartz and
Rochelle salt exhibited most piezoelectricity. From 1880 to
First World War the mathematics of direct and converse
piezoelectricity has been developed. During Second World
War the ferroelectric ceramic (Barium Titanate) was invented.
Subsequently PZT (Lead Zincronium Titanate) was reported
by Shirane at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Various
version of PZT subsequently became the prevalent
piezoelectric ceramic material due to their major advantage
over barium titanate (BaTiO ) ceramics, better reproducibility
and higher speed of propagation. A majority of piezoelectric
generators that has been fabricated and tested use some
variation of PZT. Typically PZT is used for piezoelectric
energy harvester because of its large piezoelectric coefficient
and dielectric constant, allowing it to produce more power for
a given input acceleration. In 1969, strong piezoelectricity was
observed in PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) [1-10], [15].
The most easily available piezoelectric sensor is PZT and we
have used two of its form one is in the form of rounded
diaphragm and other is a PZT sheet. For a piezoelectric
material to induce maximum charge it must be strained
between its self resonant frequency (SRF) ranges. A
piezoelectric transducer under self resonant frequency range
can be approximated to an electrical equivalent circuit having
a sinusoidal current source I in parallel with a high value of
resistance R and capacitance C as shown in Fig. 2 [8, 22].
 
 (1)
Standard on Piezoelectricity, ANSI Standard 176-1987):

Converse piezoelectric effect: {T} = [  ] {S} – [e] {E} (2)

Here, {D} is the electric displacement vector, {T} is the stress

vector, [e] is the dielectric permittivity matrix, [  ] is the i R C

{S} is the strain vector, [

  is the dielectric matrix at
matrix of elastic coefficients at constant electric field strength,

constant material strain, and {E} is the electric field vector.

After the material has been poled, an electric field can be
applied in order to induce an expansion or contraction of the
material. However, the electric field can be applied along any Fig. 2. Piezoelectric Diaphragm. Fig. 3. Piezoelectric Transducer
equivalent Circuit.
 3

and primary storage unit (# ). In the first case, rectifier circuit
Each current source is assumed of few miliamps at 10 Hz with without the rectifier capacitor and with purely resistive load is
a high value of resistance and capacitance in parallel with it. considered whose simulation diagram and output wave is
This is how the equivalent circuit has been drawn. shown in figure 5 and figure 6, respectively.

III. HARVESTER MODEL AND SIMULATION

A. Harvester Mechanical to Electrical Modeling R R R R R R
C C C C C C
The harvesting principle of electrical energy from
mechanical energy is shown in Fig. 4. The piezoelectric
transducer remains in direct contact with the source of
vibration. When the vibration occurs, the piezoelectric
transducer induces the electric charge. The rate of change of
Vo
these induced charges with respect to time gives the Cr
alternating current pulses. A static converter is used before
feeding the storage unit or the electrical load.
Fig. 5. Simulation model for equivalent piezoelectric energy harvester circuit
Mechanical with bridge rectifier and output capacitor.
Load

3.5

3
Rectified Voltage, Vo (Volts)
2.5

Storage 2
Piezoelectric Static Unit/Electrical 1.5
Transducer Converter Load
1

0.5

0
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of a vibrating piezoelectric Harvester model.
-0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
The transducer used in this model are piezoelectric time (sec)

Fig. 6. Rectified output waveform without # .

diaphragms or bender plate that consists of a piezoelectric
ceramic plate (PZT), with electrodes on both sides, attached to
a metal with conductive adhesive shown in Fig. 2. The 7

resonant frequency of these diaphragms is given by 6

Helmholtz’s equation [23]
5

 4
4

    3!
Vdc

2    !
3

Where  is the resonant frequency (Hz),  is the velocity of

1

energy wave,  is the radius of ceramic diaphragm (c.m), d is

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

the diameter of the support,  is the thickness of support and Fig. 7. Output with a rectifying capacitor # of 100 $%.
time (mili seconds)

is the material constant. It is considered that piezoelectric

transducers are operated under self resonant frequency so that
maximum charge can be induced.
B. MATLAB Circuit model and simulation for rectification
An approximated model of piezoelectric harvester has been
drawn in MATLAB by considering the electrical equivalent
The harvester circuit output power can be represented as the
sum of the output power generated by each individual PZT
(Piezoelectric Diaphragm-Lead-Zirconium-titanate). As the
PZT are connected in parallel, Kirchhoff’s law can be applied
to find the equivalent circuit. Here the source (I) can be taken
as the sum of the individual current source of PZT and is

&  '(  '  '  ')  '*  '+ 4!

model of piezoelectric transducer assuming the suitable given by equation (4).
constants. The output of a piezoelectric transducer is an AC
signal. It must be converted to DC for load or storage cell The total resistance (R) of the PZT is taken as the parallel

,  ,( && , && , && ,)

utilization. A full bridge rectifier is used to convert the AC combination of individual units given by equation (5).
voltage produced by piezoelectric diaphragm to DC voltage (5)
[5]. It is observed that during each load impact on the Also the total capacitance of the piezoelectric grid can be

  (      )
piezoelectric tile at least six piezoelectric transducer are shown to more than to individual capacitances of the units.
simultaneously actuated. Therefore, a parallel grid of six units (6)
of the transducer has been used at the input of rectifying units
 4

The power output of a full bridge rectifier with a single the harvested power was very low. Then we have used an IC

-#  . ∗ 0# ∗ . ∗ 10. 2 0# 2 2034 5 7!

transducer is given in equation (7) [8].
where, -# is the total power output of the bridge rectifier unit
with one piezoelectric diaphragm, . is the plate capacitance
of the piezoelectric transducer, 0# is the voltage at rectifier
output, . is the excitation frequency of the transducer, 0. is
the open circuit voltage at the output of PZT unit and the 034 is
the diode voltage drop. The grid equivalent of the six
transducers has the frequency of excitation to be half of actual
which not only rectifies with low drop but also multiplies the
frequency. LTC3588 is the energy harvesting IC programmed
for low power generation that integrates the bridge rectifier
and the efficient energy storage hardware algorithm. The
output of IC is low ripple containing DC with 51.33 % ripple
factor.


excited frequency and is given by equation (8).
.  8!
2
Thus, the total output power (- ) of the harvester with the
transducer grid can be given as

-   ∗ 0# ∗ 0. 2 0# 2 208. ! ∗ 9 /2 (9) Fig. 9. AC output voltage when strain is applied.

Here 0# represents the total voltage at rectifier output, 0. is
the total open circuit voltage at the output of PZT grid
connected in parallel.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ENERGY HARVESTING TILE
To verify the principle of power generation and power
conditioning, the experimental setup consisted of 6 number of
PZT diaphragms connected in parallel and it has been pasted
on wooden board. The arrangement of PZT diaphragms and
the shaker arrangement are shown in figure 8.
The RMS value of the AC output voltage of the
piezoelectric harvesting tile is 1.58 Volts. The output of the
bridge rectifier is 1.8 Volts which is the average voltage
depending upon the strain applied. Firstly the variable DC
output of the bridge rectifier is stored in a NOKIA BL-4C, a
Li-ion battery of 3.7 Volts, 860 mAh which also provides the
input to the step up converter with minimum voltage of 0.9
volts to drive the boost converter. The charging time of the
NOKIA BL-4C battery was very high. It took 6 to 7 hours if
we were applying 5 strokes per second and also the current
rating was low for intermittent load. The output of step-up
converter was 5.6 Volts, 200mA i.e. the regulated DC which
was utilized for charging the smart phone.
Now we have modified our harvester circuit with IC
LTC3588 and ultra capacitor as the storage device. The circuit
diagram with hardware arrangement is shown below.
100 100

1
2
1N414 +
Fig. 8. Piezoelectric Energy harvester tile design with shaker modal p p p LTC
1 2 3 D
0. outpu
3 10 4.0 F/ 5.5
Piezoelectric transducer in 11 micr
Connectio micr Ultr
Fara
The hardware model of energy harvesting tile consists of its p
4
p
5
p
6
0.001
4
Fara Capacito

47
wooden base pasted with piezoelectric transducers connected -
in parallel. The base is a square wooden board covered with +Vc

rubber sheet to provide a uniform and elastic plane.

Piezoelectric diaphragms arranged in 2×3 matrix with shaker Fig. 10. Circuit diagram of Energy Harvester
arrangement as shown in figure 8.
The ac output voltage when a variable strain is applied on The output of the harvester IC is stored in the ultra capacitor
the tile is shown in figure 9. The voltage obtained without of 4.0 F/5.5 V which is an efficient storage device with high
bridge rectifier is of alternating nature of frequency below 10 current rating.
Hz. The magnitude of ac output obtained depends on the
various factors such as packing density of piezoelectric
transducer, frequency of excitation, and type of strain applied
on the surface [23]. The AC voltage obtained is further
processed via energy harvester circuit that consists of the
rectifier IC LTC3588. Earlier the bridge rectifier has been
used with electrolyte capacitor as the storage but it caused the
drop of generated power across the diode and electrolyte
capacitor. The electrolyte capacitor has been replaced by the
ultra capacitor but it was not charging since the frequency of Fig. 11. Energy harvester circuit hardware implementation picture

The step up converter is designed to take the variable input
DC voltage obtained after rectification and gives a regulated
DC supply for load utilization. The rectified DC output
obtained after harvester IC is shown in figure 12.
Fig. 12. Rectified DC output of the Harvester circuit
The time required for charging the fully discharged NOKIA
BL-4C battery was initially too large since the vibrations
applied were of random nature. But when the tile was strained
at resonant frequency, the charge time has been reduced quite
significantly. The resonant frequency can be calculated by
using the Helmholtz equation given in equation 3. The
ultracapacitor is charged by rectified and filtered DC output of
the harvester circuit. The charge time for the ultra capacitor is
very less in comparison to the Li-Ion battery. It took 2.5 hours
to get full charge which is less than half the time required by
the Li-Ion battery. The discharge time is also large under no
load condition. This ultracapacitor stores the charge and when
the charge exceeds over 0.9 volts the boost converter turns ON
and regulated output is obtained across the load. Table I shows
various quantities and their measured value.
Table I: Experimental Results
Quantity Measured Value
generated, 0:
Peak to Peak AC voltage 4.0 Volts peak to peak
Rectified Output, 03;
Frequency 5.0 Hz
1.2 volt, (1.8 volt maximum)
% Ripple 51.33% (3 % more than FB
rectifier)
Input to Boost converter 0.9 Volt to 5.5 volt
Output of Boost Converter 5.0 volt, 10mA with 3.0 volt
LED load
Charging Time of Ultra 2.5 Hrs, with 5 strokes per
Capacitor second
When charging a battery, the most important electrical
factor of the power supply is that is it being able to provide a
fairly significant amount of current. The charge time of a
rechargeable battery is directly dependent on the amount of
current supplied to it. The current rating supplied to the Li-Ion
battery was quite low so the charging time was more. The
current rating supplied from harvester circuit to the ultra
capacitor is large so the charging time is quite less. The charge
cycle of the ultra capacitor has been shown in figure 12. The
horizontal axis show the time taken and the vertical axis show
the voltage.
5
4.0
Voltage (volts)
2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
time (Hours)
Fig. 13. Charge cycle of the ultra capacitor
The charge cycle graph study shows that during the first hour
of applied vibration the ultracapacitor charges steadily. During
first and second hour the ultracapacitor charges very quickly
and beyond second hour the ultracapacitor charges slowly and
saturates slowly after 2.5 hours. This ultracapacitor is suitable
for the storage of the energy generated by our harvester modal.
The boost converter circuit hardware is shown in figure 14 and
boosted output is viewed on digital oscilloscope shown in
figure 15.
Fig. 14. Boost converter Fig. 15. Boosted output
The output of the harvester tile can be scaled up by
considering several factors in our design. As stated earlier the
output of the piezoelectric energy harvester tile depends on the
number of the piezoelectric diaphragm per unit area, the
electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric
material, plan of arrangement. The output voltage obtained
can be scaled up by taking high coupling coefficient
piezoelectric material, increasing the number of piezoelectric
diaphragm per unit area and using series parallel
configurations of piezoelectric diaphragms. The rectified
output can further scaled up by suitable step up converter.
V. CONCLUSION
A piezoelectric energy harvester has been simulated,
designed and implemented experimentally. A constantly
increasing impulse strain is applied every time to the entire
unit. It is observed that the output increases initially and after
sometimes it saturates at some particular value. It has been a
great experience to harvest the electrical energy from
mechanical strain. The equivalent circuit model is developed
in MATLAB and the expected result is obtained. The

performance and theory has been experimentally verified. The
developed energy harvester can be applied to supply low
powered electronics like wireless sensors, bugging devices,
weather monitoring devices, aircraft power supply and many
more low powered MEMS (Micro electromechanical Systems)
devices. There is a wide scope of improvement of this type of
harvesting technique because of increased demand of portable
micro powered electronics. The all round development of self
powered electronics depends upon the highly efficient energy
harvesting systems. Some improvements have been done in
this model to reduce the voltage drop at rectifier stage using
dedicated IC. Further improvements may be done to minimize
the loss and to accumulate the optimum power.
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