CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Institutional Correction
What is Penology?
-It is the study of punishment form crime or of
criminal offenders. It includes the study of control
and prevention of crime through punishment of
criminal offenders.
-The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA”
which means pain or suffering.
-It is usually a division of criminology that deals with
prison management and the treatment of offenders,
and concerned itself with the philosophy and
practice of society in its effort to repress criminal
activities.
What is Correction?
A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned
with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
It is field of criminal justice administration which
utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the
government and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have been
convicted of the offenses for purposes of crime
prevention and control.
It is a generic term that includes all government
agencies, facilities, program, procedure, personnel,
and techniques concerned with the investigation,
intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or
treatment of alleged offenders
What is Correctional Administration?
- It is the study and practice of a system
management of jails or prisons and other institution
concerned with the custody, treatment, and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
CORRECTION
Early Codes and Laws
THE PRIMITIVE ERA
Demonological v.s Divine will theories
Lack of Codified Laws, thus law enforcement were
based “barbaric practices”.
Lack of Criminal Justice System – Criminals are
judged through “Trial by Ordeals”
Punishment were based on the words of
kings/emperors/elders/chieftains
GENERAL CLASS OF LAWS
LEX EXTERNA (Divine Laws)
LEX NATURALIS (Natural Laws)
LEX HUMANA (Human Laws)
ROMAN LAWS
MOHAMEDAN LAWS
ANGLO-AMERICAN LAWS
Note: Rise of Secular Laws
Code of Hammurabi
-The Code of Hammurabi is a well-
preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to
about 1772 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered
writings of significant ength in the world.
-The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the
code, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone
stele and various clay tablets.
-The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled
punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth" (lex talionis) as graded depending on
social status, of slave versus free man.
Justinian Code
6th A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code
of law. An effort to match a desirable amount of
punishment to all possible crimes.
However the law did not survive due to the fall of
the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western
legal codes.
-The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae, 451-450 BC) –
represented the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code.
It is the foundation of all publics and private law of
the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a
collection of legal principles engraved on metal
tablets and set up on the forum.

Burgundian Code
- Introduced the concept of restitution. An offender
had to pay specified value in order not to undergo
physical sufferings as penalty.
An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to
death penalty. But this is applied only to the
members of nobility and middle classes. Death
penalty awaits slaves who committed murder,
assaults on noble or middle class women, and sexual
relations with noble or middle class women, and
giving aid and comfort to escape offenders among
others
Code of Draco
Greed Code of Darco-in Greece, the Code of Draco,
a harsh code that provides the same punishment for
both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates
primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds)
The Greeks were the first society to allow
any citizen to prosecute the offender in the
name of the injured party.
Early Forms of Punishment in Primitive Time
Punishment
It is the redress that the state takes against an
offending member of society that usually involve
pain and suffering. It is also the imposed on an
offender for a crime or wrong doing.
Blood Feuds
- Ancient culture developed the idea of justice based
on vengeance, retribution and compensation. When
a crime is committed, the victim is expected to dole
out the justice with his own hands. Punishment was
carried out by the victim personally, along with the
help provided by ones family.
- The offender will seek refuge to his family and
friends; as a result of this system, blood feuds
developed.
Iron Maiden
- is a box-like device with the front half hinged like
a door so that a person could be placed inside: when
the door was shut, protruding spikes both the back
and front entered the body of the victim.
The Rack
a kind of a device that drags apart the joints in the
feet and hands.
The Tower of London
- originally built as a fortress for the defense of the
city. This is a famous symbol for such a cruel
punishment.
- It was there that even more torturous contraption
was developed. Where the rack stretched its victims,
this machine compressed the body of the victims; it
is more dreadful and more complex than the rack.
The whole body is bent that some blood exudes from
the tips of the hands and feet.
The Pillory
It was a device made of a wooden or metal
framework erected on a post, with holes for securing
the head and hands, formerly used for punishment
by public humiliation and often further physical
abuse, sometimes lethal
Influence of the Secular Laws
13th Century – Securing Sanctuary
In the 13th century a criminal could avoid
punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a
period of 40 days. – benefit of a clergy
..The Church was a powerful mechanism that
influence Governance…
Branding
Brand marks have also been used as a punishment
for convicted criminals, combining physical
punishment, as burns are very painful, with public
humiliation (greatest if marked on a normally visible
part of the body) which is here the more important
intention, and with the imposition of an indelible
criminal record.
Robbers, like runaway slaves, were marked by the
Romans with the letter F (fur); and the toilers in the
mines, and convicts condemned to figure in
gladiatorial
Banishment/Exile
Sending or putting away of an offender which was
carried out either by prohibition against coming into
a specified territory such as an island to where the
offender has been removed.
Physical Torture
affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and
other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.
Death: Capital Punishment
Death by Hanging
Death with Dissection
Asphyxiation or Strangulation
Boiling to Death
Burning
Crucifixion
Beheading
Drowning
Electrocution
Lethal Injection
Shooting
Starvation and Dehydration
Death Flights
Early Codes in the Philippines
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices
influenced laws during the Pre- Spanish Philippines.
There were also laws that were written which
includes:
The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the
most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh
punishment.
The Philippine is one of the many countries that
came under the influence of the Roman Law. History
has shown that the Roman Empire reached its
greatest extent to most of continental Europe such as
Spain, Portugal, French and all the central Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective
in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the
“Conquistadore” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The
Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by
the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain.
Basically these laws adopted the Roman Law
principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law,
1996).
Development of Prisons
Mamertine Prison
the only early Roman place of confinement which is
built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C
Bridewell
a term for houses of corrections which were used for
locking up, employing and whipping beggars,
prostitutes and other misfits
Hospicio de San Michelle
- (Hospital of St. Michael) built by Pope lement XI
in 1703 designed for incorrigible ouths under 20
years of age. The first home or delinquent boys ever
established.
Hulks
were abandoned and unusable ships, which were
converted into prisons as a means of relieving prison
congestion when transportation system was
abandoned in England.
Panopticon Prison
type of prison conceived by Bentham which would
consist of a large circular building of cast iron and
glass containing multi-tiered cells around the
periphery.
Walnut Street Prison Jail
by Legislative Act, was turned into the first
American penitentiary, were the separate, silent
penitential philosophy of John Howard was
introduced. Originally constructed as a detention jail
in Philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison
and become the first American Penitentiary.
Auburn Prison Model
among its features was the confinement of the
prisoners in single cell at night and congregate work
in shops during the daytime. A complete silence was
strictly enforced.
The system was considered as the most effective and
advantageous because, it has been observed that the
prisoners can finish more articles when they work
together as a rather than working alone in their
individual cells.
Pennsylvania Prison Model
this is the rival penitentiary system of the Auburn. It
features consisted a solitary confinement of the
prisoners in their own cell day and night where they
lived, slept, received religious instruction and read
the bible. Silence was also strictly observed.
Alcatraz Prison
Alcatraz Island is located in the San Francisco Bay,
1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from San Francisco,
California, United States. Often referred to as "The
Rock", the small island was developed with facilities
for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military
prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until
1963.
Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who
continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons.
During the 29 years was in use, the jail held some of
the worst hoodlums America had ever known, such
as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman
of Alcatraz), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy
Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda (a member of the
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the
United States Capitol building in 1954), Mickey
Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, James "Whitey"
Bulger, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served
more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate).
James Bennett
Director of Federal Bureau of
Prisons who wrote about the closing of
Alcatraz Prison.
Fred T. Wilkinson
The last Warden in Alcatraz Prison.
The Age of Enlightenment (PERSONALITIES)
18TH Century is a century of change. It is the period
of recognizing human dignity. It is the movement of
reformation.
The period of Introduction of certain reforms in the
correctional field by certain person, gradually
changing the old positive philosophy of punishment
to a more humane treatment of prisoners with
innovational programs.
William Penn (1614-1718)
He fought for religious freedom and individual
rights.
He is the first leader to prescribed Imprisonment as
correctional treatment for major offenders
He is also responsible for the abolition of death
penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
Cesare Bonnesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1737-
1794)
He wrote an essay entitled
“An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most
exiting essay on law during this century. It
presented the humanistic goal of law
Jeremy Bentham (1746- 1832)
The greatest leader in the reform of English criminal
Law. He believes that whatever punishment
designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go
down.
Bentham was the one who derives the ultimate
PANOPTICAL PRISON a prison that consists of a
large circular building multi cells around the
periphery. It was never built.
John Howard
He was appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire, England
in 1773, after visiting hundreds of Penal institutions,
he wrote his book
“State of Prisons”-published in 1777. This volume
detailed horrors and made recommendations for
their reform including:
a) Single cell for sleeping b)Segregation of
woman
c) Segregation of youth from other offenders
d) Provision of facilities for sanitation
e) Abolition of the fee system by which
jailers obtained money from prisoners of
adequate salaries.
f) Casework methods,
g)Extensive use of parole, indeterminate
sentence.
 Charles Montesquieu
A French historian and philosopher who analyzed
law as an expression of justice. He was famous
for his advocacy in reforming SLAVERY as a
means of punishment. He was famous for the
theory “separation of powers” of the legislative
judiciary and the executive
Francois Marie Arouet
(Pen name VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) was a French
writer, historian and philosopher famous for his
advocacies of civil rights including freedom of
religion.
He was also a social reformist who believes that
fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.
Alexander Macanochie
- as superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk
island in Australia in 1840, he introduced a
progressive humane system to substitute for
corporal punishment, known as the “Mark system”
wherein a prisoner was required to earn a number
of marks based on proper deportment, labor
and study in order to entitle him ticket of leave or
conditional release which is similar to paroles.
Zebulon R. Brockway
he was the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory
in New York on 1876 who introduced a new
institutional program for boys, 16 to 30 years of age.
The Elmira reformatory is considered forerunner of
modern penology because it had all the elements of
a modern system.
Penal System, Penal Management and
Correctional Administration
The School of Penology
Classical School – maintenance to “Doctrine of
Psychological Hedonism”, that the individuals
calculates pleasure and pains in advance of action
and regulates his conduct by the results of his
calculations.
Neo- classical School – maintained that while the
classical doctrine was correct in general, it should be
modified in certain details, since children and
lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains, they
should not be regarded as criminal or be punished.
Positive School- denied individuals responsibility
and reflected as essentially non- punitive reaction to
crime and criminality. Since the criminal was held to
be not responsible for his acts. He must not be
punished,. The adherence of this school maintained
that a crime, as any other act, is a natural
phenomenon.
Three “ Revolution” in the History of Correction
Age of Reformation - replaced corporal punishment
and physical disfigurement with the penitentiary.
Age of Rehabilitation- because criminals were
assumed as handicapped suffering from mental or
emotional deficiencies individual should undergo
therapy in healing these personal maladjustment.
Age of Reintegration- society becomes the “ patient”
as well as the offender. Emphasis is placed on the
pressure exerted on the offender by the social
groups to which he belongs and on the society,
which regulates his opportunities to
Justification on Theories of Punishment
Retribution- exact by the state whose laws violated.
Expiation or Atonement – in the form of group
vengeance, as distinguished from retribution where
the purpose is to appease the public or the group.
Deterrence or Exemplary- punishment gives
lessons to the offender by showing to other what
would happen to them if they violate the law.
Protection – by placing offenders in prison, society
is protected from further criminal depredations of
criminals.
Reformation- Society’s interest can be better served
by helping the prison become a law abiding citizen
and productive upon his release to undergo an
intensive program or rehabilitation in prison.
Different Juridical Conditions of Penalty
Must be productive of suffering, without
however affecting the integrity of the
human personality.
Must be commensurate with the offense – different
crimes must be punished with different penalties (See
Art. 25 RPC.)
Must be personal –no proxy
Must be legal – the consequences must be in
accordance with law
Must be equal for all persons
Must be certain- no one may escapes
Must be correctional
PRISONS and Penal Farm in the Philippines
What is a Prison?
The word prison was found its root from the Greco
Roman word Presidio from the word “pre” means
before and “sidio” means inside. The coined term
presidio is synonymous to a Fence, cave and or
dungeon.
The word prison was found its root from the Greco
Roman word Presidio from the word “pre” means
before and “sidio” means inside. The coined term
presidio is synonymous to a Fence, cave and or
dungeon.
A building, usually with cells, or other places
established for the purpose of taking safe custody or
confinement of criminals
A place of confinement for those charged with or
convicted or offenses against the laws of the land.
Bureau of Corrections
The Bureau of Prisons was created by virtue of Re-
organization Act of 1905 the Act no. 1407 dated
November 1, 1905, but was renamed as the Bureau
of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of
Justice by virtue of Administrative Code of 1987
issued on November 23, 1989 and Proclamation no.
495 of the President of the Philippines.
The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision
and control of all national prisons or penitentiaries.
It is charged with the safekeeping of all insular
Prisoners confined therein or committed to the
custody of the Bureau.
Old Bilibid Prison
the first penal; institution that was constructed in
1847 for the purpose being the central place of
confinement for the Filipino prisoners. It is pursuant
to section 1708 of the Revised Administrative code.
In 1936, the city of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa
property with the Bureau of Prisons originally
intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today,
the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the
Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique
Estate” is affected by placing offenders in prison so
that society will be ensured from further criminal
deprecations
San Ramon Prison and Pen Farm
established on August 21, 1869 by virtue of Royal
Decree in 1865 located at Zamboanga City to
confine Muslim rebels and political prisoners
opposed to the Spanish rule. It was destroyed
during Spanish-American war, was re-established in
1907 but it was in January 1, 1915 when it was
placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons
and started receiving prisoners in Mindanao.
New Bilibid Prison
it was constructed on 1936. A national prison with
552 hectare lot in Muntinlupa, Rizal.
New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building)
Camp Sampaguita
Camp Bukang Liwayway
Iwahig Penal Colony
located at Puerto Princesa Palawan. Originally
established to house incorrigibles or those prisoners
beyond reform.
This institution has no walls and is considered as one
of the best open institutions in the world. It sits on a
36,000 hectare lot and divided into four colonies
namely: Sta. Lucia, Inawagan, Montible and Central
Sub-colony.
Correctional Institution for Women
it is the only penal institution for women and was
established on November 27, 1929 in an 18 hectare
lot located in Mandaluyong, Rizal by virtue of Act
no. 3579 to be intended for the confinement of
women convicts.

Davao Penal Colony

founded by General Paulino Santos. DAPECOL was
established on January 21, 1932 in compliance with
Act 3732 and proclamation

Sablayan Penal Colony Farm

built on September 26, 1954 through the
proclamation no 72. The Sablayan Penal Colony
was constructed in a 16, 000 hectare lot located in
Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

Leyte Regional Prison

Constructed in Abuyog, Leyte. It was established on
January 16, 1973 through Proclamation no. 1101 to
confine prisoners from Visayas