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MIT2 854F16 Simulation
MIT2 854F16 Simulation
854
Manufacturing Systems
Introduction to Simulation
• Generate u.
• If u ≤ p, the event has occured. Otherwise, it has
not.
• if(($alpha1[$step+1]==1)&&($n[$step]<$N)) {$IU=1}
else{$IU=0}
c 2009 Stanley B. Gershwin.
Copyright
12
Discrete Time Simulation
Dynamic
Simulation Two-Machine Line
• Limitations:
⋆ geometric distributions, or others that can be
constructed from geometric distributions;
⋆ discrete time, or highly discretized continuous time
Method:
1. Starting at time 0, determine the next time of occurence for all
possible events. Some times will be obtained deterministically;
others from a random number generator.
2. Create an event list , in which all those events are sorted by
time, earliest first.
3. Advance the clock to the time of the first event on the list.
4. Update the state of the system according to that event.
• Delete current event from the list, and advance the clock to the
next event. Assume it is the buffer emptying.
⋆ Now we have to adjust the list because M2 cannot fail while
the buffer is empty.
⋆ The only possible next event is the repair of M1. Pick the
time from the random number generator.
• etc.
• next_eventis determined;
timing(event_list)
• sim_clock is updated.
• system_stateis updated;
event_occurence(next_event)
• stat_countersis updated;
• rv_generation()is used to
update event_list.
termination
test? • based on number of iterations,
precision achieved, etc…
• Advantages:
⋆ Fast. Calculation only occurs when an event
occurs.
⋆ General. The time until an event occurs can have
any distribution.
⋆ Commercial software widely available.
• Limitations: ????
• Disadvantage: Hard to program. (But see
“Advantages.”)
c 2009 Stanley B. Gershwin.
Copyright
21
Random numbers
Dynamic
Simulation
Zi+1(ω) = F (Zi(ω))
Enough data:
• The data is treated like measurement data from the real world.
Sample means, sample variances, confidence intervals, etc.
must be calculated.
• The more times the simulation is run (ie, the greater the
number of repetitions) the smaller the confidence intervals.
• The longer the simulation is run, the closer the results from
each run are to one another, and consequently, the smaller the
confidence intervals.
• However, ...
Warmup:
• To evaluate average production rate, inventory, etc.,
the system must be in steady state.
• But the simulation will start with the system in a
known state, so it will not be in steady state
immediately.
• Some time is required to get the system in steady
state. This is the transient period. It depends on the
characteristics of the system.
c 2009 Stanley B. Gershwin.
Copyright
34
Technical Issues
Dynamic
Statistics, Repetitions,
Simulation
Run Length, and Warmup
Example:
• 20-machine line.
• ri = .1, pi = .02, i = 1, ..., 19; r20 = .1, p20 =
.025.
• Ni = 1000, i = 1, ..., 19.
• The simulation is run for 1,000,000 steps; data is
averaged over 10,000 steps.
Production rate
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.72
Production Rate
0.7
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1e+06
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100 Buffer 1
Buffer 10
Buffer 19
0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1e+06
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