LOGIC and SET THEORY

Name: ______________________________________
Valid and Invalid Arguments

Valid: an argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is
true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true
and the conclusion is false. Invalid: an argument that is not valid.

Example:

Premise 1: “All mammals are born alive.”

Premise 2: “Humans are born alive.”
Conclusion: “Therefore, humans are mammals.”

This statement is Valid, since the premise is TRUE and the conclusion is also TRUE.

Premise 1: “1, 3, 5, 7 are odd numbers.”

Premise 2: “1, 3, 5, 7 are prime numbers”
Conclusion: “Therefore odd numbers are also prime numbers.”

This statement is Invalid, since the premises are TRUE but the conclusion is also FALSE.

Important: We use the truth value of conjunction “and” to find the truth value of the two premises.

Your Turn!
Activity: Construct 2 examples of VALID and INVALID arguments. 5 points each.
(Note: Integrate mathematical concepts in doing your statements.)

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CONVERSE, INVERSE and CONTRAPOSITIVE STATEMENT

Converse – this is where the hypothesis becomes conclusion and conclusion becomes hypothesis

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.

Conclusion (Q) = I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In CONVERSE, “If I go to work, then I woke up early.”

Q P
P Q P Q Q P
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Inverse – this is where the hypothesis and conclusion with be negated

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.

Conclusion (Q) = I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In INVERSE, “If I woke up late, then I cannot go to work.”

~P ~Q
P Q ~P ~Q ~P ~Q
T T F F T
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T T

Contrapositive – this is where the hypothesis and conclusion with be negated and interchanged

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.

Conclusion (Q)= I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In CONTRAPOSITIVE, “If I cannot go to work, then I woke up late.”

~Q ~P
P Q ~P ~Q ~Q ~P
T T F F T
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T

The Rule of Inference

#1 Modus Ponens (M.P.)

-If P then Q
-P
-Therefore Q

Example:
If the Pandemic continues, then the classes will be online.
P Q
The Pandemic continues.
P
∴ The classes will be online.
Q

#2 Modus Tollens (M.T.)

-If P then Q
-Not Q
-Therefore not P

Example:
If the Pandemic continues, then the classes will be online.
P Q
The Pandemic stops.
~P
∴ The classes will be not online.
~Q
Hypothetical Syllogism (H.S.)
-If P then Q
-If Q then R
Therefore if P then R

Disjunctive Syllogism (D.S.)

-P or Q
-Not P
-Therefore Q

Conjunction (Conj.)
-P
-Q
Therefore P and Q