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PDF III Programacion Estocastica DL
PDF III Programacion Estocastica DL
CGI[LTGD DK
JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
KYTAIÇYTJIG FXGEIALANHJGEA
RXAZKITA?
Jefkejkrîg Jedustrjgl
8282
JETXAD[IIJÙE
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Dketra dk lgs mkrrgnjketgs dk djstrjhuijùe quk sk mge utjljzgda pgrg kl dksgrralla dk kstk
jecarnk, keiaetrgnas kl Kxikl y kl prafrgng Kgsycjt.
7. Na
Nadk
dkla
la Fk
Fkek
ekrg
rgll quk Xk
Xkprk
prksk
sketg
etg kl Cueij
Cueijae
aegn
gnjk
jket
etaa dkl Yjst
Yjstkn
kngg dk Rratk
Rratkii
iijù
jùe
e
Mjdrçuljia.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Kstk nadkla prahghjlîstjia pukdk cueijaegr dkhjda g quk lg rkvjsjùe sk rkgljzgrç g djgrja, y ke
djimgs rkvjsjaeks lgs prahghjljdgdks pukdke skr, quk tadgs lgs vçlvulgs kstêe cueijaegeda y ea
mgyg dkrrgnk dk pktrùlka, a par la iaetrgrja quk tadgs kstêe cgllgeda y sk prksketke dkrrgnks dk
kstk, gdjijaegl g klla padknas keiaetrgr salgnketk glfuegs vçlvulgs cueijaegeda, pasjhlknketk
ea skge tadgs.
Dk giukrda iae las 87 geçljsjs kstgdîstjias quk sk rkgljzgrae (Kxikl gdoueta), sk pukdk tkekr
iaeaijnjketa dk iugl a iuglks vçlvulgs padrîgs cgllgr.
8. Geçl
Geçljsj
jsjss Kstg
Kstgdîs
dîstji
tjiaa ((Yact
Yactwgr
wgrk).
k).
Ke kl dksgrralla dkl geçljsjs kstgdîstjia pgrg prukhgs dk goustk y haedgd sk mg dgda usa gl
prafrgng KgsyCjt, kl iugl pkrnjtk goustgr gutançtjignketk lgs djstrjhuijaeks g las dgtas dk lg
nukstrg y sklkiijaegr kl nkoar nadkla ke ueas skfuedas. Kstç djsk÷gda pgrg mgikr kl geçljsjs dk
dgtas la nçs cçijl pasjhlk, dkogr las dktgllks têiejias ianplkoas ketrk hgstjdarks y pkrnjtjrlk quk
sk kecaquk ke las ahoktjvas dkl praykita.
Ke KgsyCj
KgsyCjtt padknas igliul
igliulgr
gr djstr
djstrjhuija
jhuijaeks,
eks, gdknçs dk las frçcji
frçcjias
as dk djstrjhuijùe
djstrjhuijùe nastrg
nastrgdas,
das,
igliulg las vglarks sjfujketks dkpkedjkeda dk las pgrçnktras dk djstrjhuijùe?
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Iae kl cje dk iaeaikr ue paia gikrig dkl prafrgng, mknas padjda keiaetrgr lgs sjfujketks
vketgogs?
Gmarrg tjknpa, rkduik tjknpa dk geçljsjs ke ue 62-:;% ke ianpgrgijùe iae las nêtadas
ngeuglks
Gmarrg djekra, prkvjkek krrarks dk geçljsjs y lk gyudg g tangr dkijsjaeks nkoarks.
Fgrgetjzg lg gltg igljdgd dk sus praykitas.
Cçijl dk gprkedkr y usgr, rkqujkrk sùla iaeaijnjketas hçsjias dk lg kstgdîstjig
Ke kl geçljsjs tgeta dk Kxikl iana dkl Yactwgrk KgsyCjt sk kvjdkeijge rksultgdas jfuglks a
sjnjlgrks.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Dkcjejnas lg vgrjghlk dk kstgda (sjkeda ahskrvgdg igdg dîg, ks dkijr ke kl dîg e) iana?
]e >{ G , H , I , D }daedk ?
{
G ( t ) ?
H sj lg v g lvu
lvulg
N sj lg v g lv
lg 7 k
lvul
ulg
kst
st g cu
g 7 ea ks
cuei
eija
jaegd
egda
kstt g ccue
a
ueij
ijae
aege
ge
H sj lg v g lvulg
lvulg = kstg cu
cuei
eijae
jaegd
gda
a
( )
H t ?
{ N sj lg v g lv
lvul
ulg
g = ea ks
kstt g cu
cuei
eija
jaeg
ege
e
( ) {
H sj lg v g lv
lvul
ulg
g : ks
kstt g ccue
ueij
ijae
aegd
gda
a
I t ?
N sj lg v g lv
lvul
ulg
g : e
ea
a ks
kstt g cu
cuei
eija
jaeg
ege
e
( ) {
H sj lg v g lvulg
lvulg 72 kstg cue
cueija
ijaeg
egda
da
D t ?
N sj lg v g lv
lvul
ulg
g 72 e
ea
a ks
kstt g ccue
ueij
ijae
aege
ge
Iae hgsk ke la getkrjar ahtkeknas kl kspgija dk kstgdas Y quk kstgrç iaecarngda par tadgs lgs
ianhjegijaeks dk las vglarks quk pukdke tangr lgs vgrjghlks (), (), (), D(t), par la tgeta?
{(HHHH),(HHHN),(HHNH),(HNHH),(HNHN,)(HNNH),(HHNN),(HNNN),(NHHH),
Y> {(HHHH),(HHHN),(HHNH),(HNHH),(HNHN,)(HNNH),(HHNN),(HNNN),(NHHH),
(NNHH),NHHN),(NHNH),(NHNN),(NNHN),(NNNH),(NNNN)}
Tkejkeda4 ke iuketg quk sae das kstgdas pgrg iugtra (4) vçlvulgs, ksta qujkrk dkijr quk ks nçs a
Tkejkeda
nkeas 8 , das koknplas dk las 73 igsas sae?
HHHH? Ksta sjfejcjig quk tadgs lgs vçlvulgs sk keiuketrge ke pkrckitgs iaedjijaeks.
HNNH? Ksta sjfejcjig quk? Sçlvulgs 7 y 4 sk keiuketrge cueijaegeda, pkra lgs vçlvulgs 8 y
9 ea cueijaege par cgllg.
Ighk rksgltgr quk g pgrtjr dk lg jecarngijùe keiaetrgdg y lg rklgijùe kxjstketk iae lg frgcjig sk
dkduokrae las kstgdas ke las quk mgy dkrrgnk dk iruda, las iuglks kstçe ke ialar raoa.
Tkejkeda ke iuketg lg jecarngijùe sunjejstrgdg g iaetjeugijùe igliulgrknas lgs prahghjljdgdks
dk las kvketas jedjvjduglks quk pukdke aiurrjr ke kl trgesiursa dk ue dîg?
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Lg prahghjljdgd dk quk ] vçlvulg cgllk ke ue tjknpa nkear g ue dîg skg rkvjsgdg y rkpgrgdg ke
ue tjknpa nkear g ue dîg a tada kl sjstkng skg rkvjsgda y rkpgrgda ke ue tjknpa nkear g ue dîg
ks mgllgdg ke iuglqujkr igsa iae lg sjfujketk carnulg?
∘ » ( 7) ∘ ΰ ( 7 )
R ( ] < 7 )>7 ∘k R ( ] < 7 )>7 ∘k
Ahtkejkeda lg sjfujketk tghlg dk prahghjljdgdks?
RXAHGHJLJDGD CGLLG
R(S7<7) 2,22=
R(S=<7) 2,274
R(S:<7) 2,273
R(S72<7) 2,274
RXAH. XKSJYJAE
R(S7<7) 2,22;
R(S=<7) 2,22;
R(S:<7) 2,22;
R(S72<7) 2,22;
RXAH. XKS. FKEKXGL
R(]<7) 2,799
Rgrg igliulgr lgs prahghjljdgdks dk trgesjijùe ekiksjtgnas nultjpljigr lgs prahghjljdgdks dk igdg
kvketa jedjvjdugl jevaluirgda. Ke kstk igsa, las kvketas dk jetkrês sae 7= y skrîge las sjfujketks ?
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
K7? Lg vçlvulg 7 cgllg ke ue tjknpa nkear g 7 dîg R(K7) > 2,22= 2,22=
K8? Lg vçlvulg 7 cgllg ke ue tjknpa ngyar g 7 dîg R(K8) > 7 - R(K7) > 2,::8 2,::8
K9? Lg vçlvulg 8 cgllg ke ue tjknpa nkear g 7 dîg R(K9) > 2,274 2,274
K4? Lg vçlvulg 8 cgllg ke ue tjknpa ngyar g 7 dîg R(K4) > 7 - R(K9) > 2,:=3 2,:=3
K;? Lg vçlvulg 9 cgllg ke ue tjknpa nkear g 7 dîg R(K;) > 2,273 2,273
K3? Lg vçlvulg 9 cgllg ke ue tjknpa ngyar g 7 dîg R(K3) > 7 - R(K;) > 2,:=4 2,:=4
K6? Lg vçlvulg 4 cgllg ke ue tjknpa nkear g 7 dîg R(K6) > 2,274 2,274
K=? Lg vçlvulg 4 cgllg ke ue tjknpa ngyar g 7 dîg R(K=) > 7 - R(K6) > 2,:=3 2,:=3
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
K73? Lg vçlvulg 4 sk rkvjsg y rkpgrg ke ue tjknpa R(K73) > 7 - R(K7;) > 2,::; 2,::;
ngyar g 7 dîg
Iae hgsk g lgs djckrketks prahghjljdgdks quk getkrjarnketk sk djkrae g iaeaikr, padknas tkekr
ilgra quk pgrg ahtkekr lg prahghjljdgd dk trgesjijùe ks ekiksgrja rkgljzgr lg sjfujketk gpljigijùe.
RHHHN , HNHN >2.::8∖2.274∖ 2.:=4∖ 2.::;>2.274
HNHN
4.
4.7.7 Lg prahghjljdgd dk quk ke lg prjnkrg gudjtarîg kl sjstkng kstê cueijaegeda iana eukva.
Yjkeda lg prjnkrg gudjtarjg g 9 nksks (:2 dîgs) quk sk prksketù kl dkrrgnk dk iruda (NNNN).
Ke kstk igsa igliulgnas lg prahghjljdgd dk trgesjijùe ke :2 dîgs, ks dkijr?
R
:2
NNNN , HHHH ( R )
:2
Dk ksg ngtrjz tangnas kl vglar dk lg ikldg, iuya kstgda gitugl ks NNNN y iuya kstgda cjegl ks
HHHH. Daedk lg ngtrjz R:2 ks?
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Rar la tgeta?
R:2 NNNN , HHHH ( R :2) >2.7=:6 >7=.
7=.:6
:6 %
Lg prahghjljdgd ks dk 7=.:6%.
4.7.8 Lg prahghjljdgd dk quk ke lg skfuedg gudjtarîg kl sjstkng kstê cueijaegeda iana eukva.
Yjkeda lg skfuedg gudjtarjg g 3 nksks (7=2 dîgs) quk sk prksketù kl dkrrgnk dk iruda (NNNN).
Ke kstk igsa igliulgnas lg prahghjljdgd dk trgesjijùe ke 7=2 dîgs, ks dkijr?
R
7=2
NNNN , HHHH ( R )
7=2
Dk ksg ngtrjz tangnas kl vglar dk lg ikldg, iuya kstgda gitugl ks NNNN y iuya kstgda cjegl ks
HHHH. Daedk lg ngtrjz R7=2 ks?
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Rar la tgeta?
R
7=2
NNNN , HHHH ( R
R )>2.7683 >76.8
7=2
76.83
3%
Lg prahghjljdgd ks dk 76.83%.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
4.7.9 Kl eÿnkra dk dîgs, ke prankdja, quk sk mghrçe utjljzgda pgrg kl praiksa dk rkvjsjùe tatgl
ousta getks dk igdg gudjtarîg
Rgrg dktkrnjegrlas dîgs quk sk mghrçe utjljzgda iae kl cje dk rkgljzgr ueg rkvjsjùe tatgl getks dk
igdg gudjtarîg, sk iaetjeÿg klkvgeda lg ngtrjz R7=2 mgstg quk mgllgnas lg ngtrjz dk kstgda
kstghlk. Ke lg ngtrjz R932 sk jfuglge tadgs lgs prahghjljdgdks dk tadas las kstgdas pgrg ueg njsng
ialuneg.
Iaetjeugnas klkvgeda mgstg lg ngtrjz R682 y gsî iaecjrngnas quk mgllgnas iarrkitgnketk las
pj(ς)?
Dk giukrda iae lg ngtrjz getkrjar dkcjejnas kl eÿnkra dk dîgs g kvglugr kl sjstkng getks dk lg
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Kl eÿnkra dk dîgs, ke prankdja, quk sk mghrçe utjljzgda pgrg kl praiksa dk rkvjsjùe tatgl ousta
getks dk lg gudjtarjg dk las 9 nksks, skrç dk? ;,7 dîgs
Kl eÿnkra dk dîgs g kvglugr kl sjstkng getks dk lg skfuedg gudjtarjg > 7=2
Dk giukrda iae la getkrjar, sk mg padjda dktkrnjegr quk kl eÿnkra dk dîgs ke prankdja quk sk
mghrçe utjljzgda
utjljzgda pgrg kl praiksa dk rkvjsjùe
rkvjsjùe tatgl ousta getks dk lg gudjtarîg
gudjtarîg dk las 3 nksks, skrg
dk? 72,8 dîgs
4.7.4 Kl eÿnkra dk dîgs, ke prankdja, quk trgesiurrjrçe mgstg kl prùxjna dkrrgnk dk iruda.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Daedk?
G H I D K C F M J O @ L N E A
R HHHH HHHN HHNH HNHH HNHN HNNH HHNN HN N N N H
HH
HH NNHH NHHN NHNH NHNN NNHN NN NH
NH N NN
NNN
G HHHH 2
2,,:4: 2,279 2,27; 2,279 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
H HHHN 2
2,,22; 2,:;= 2,222 2,222 2,274 2,222 2,273 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
I HHNH 2
2,,22; 2,222 2,:32 2,222 2,222 2,274 2,274 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
D HN HH 2
2,,22; 2,222 2,222 2,:;= 2,274 2,273 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
K HN HN 2
2,,222 2,22; 2,222 2,22; 2,:33 2,222 2,222 2,273 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222
C HN NH 2,222 2,222 2,22; 2,22; 2,222 2,:3= 2,222 2,274 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222
F HHNN 2
2,,222 2,22; 2,22; 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,:3= 2,274 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22= 2,222 2,222 2,222
M HNNN 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22; 2,22; 2,22; 2,:66 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,22=
J NHHH 2
2,,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
O N N HH 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
@ NHHN 2
2,,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
L N HN H 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222
N NHNN 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222 2,222
E NN HN 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222 2,222
× NN NH 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36 2,222
A NN NN
NN 2,799 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,222 2,=36
Yk carnulge lgs kiugijaeks y sk mgllg kl eÿnkra dk trgesjijaeks ke prankdja quk dkhke pgsgr
pgrg jr dkl kstgda NNNN
NNNN g g NHHH. (Rraikdjnjketa ke daiunketa Kxikl gdoueta).
Ahtkejkeda las sjfujketks rksultgdas?
NNNN,NHHH >
]7 > nA,J > nNNNN,NHHH 6;
6;;,
;,83
8344 Dî
Dîgs
gs
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
NNNN,NNNH >
]7 > nA,× > nNNNN,NNNH 77
772=
2=,9
,926
26 Dîgs
Dîgs
Rgrg mgllgr kl eÿnkra dk trgesjijaeks ke prankdja quk dkhke pgsgr pgrg jr dkl kstgda NNNN g
NNNN g
NNNN. Yk utjljzg lg sjfujketk carnulg?
NNNN. Yk
7 7 7
nj ,j > ⇘ n NNNN , NNNN > ⇘ n NNNN , NNNN > ⇘ n NNNN , NNNN > =7,486
ςj ς NNNN
NNNN 2,278
Ahtkejkeda quk kl eÿnkra dk dîgs, ke prankdja, quk trgesiurrjrçe mgstg kl prùxjna dkrrgnk dk
iruda skrjg iugeda vgnas dkl kstgda NNNN g
NNNN g NNNN iae =7,486 dîgs.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Ksta qujkrk dkijr quk kl eÿnkra dk dîgs quk trgesiurrjrîge pgrg jr dkl kstgda HHHH gl NNNN,
skrjge, 378,89; dîgs.
Kl praikdjnjketa pukdk skr vjsugljzgda ke daiunketa Kxikl gdoueta.
;. Ge
Geçl
çljs
jsjs
js Ki
Kiae
aeùn
ùnji
jia.
a.
Rgrg kl dksgrralla dk kstk kokrijija tangnas lg ngtrjz y lg klkvgnas 682 vkiks ahtkejkeda las
vglarks iarrkspaedjketks dk pj(ς).
Yk sklkiijaege las vglarks ke daedk muha dkrrgnk dk iruda y ke daedk ea muha y tkejkeda ke
iuketg quk igdg dîg quk lg tarrk dk kxtrgiijùe cueijaeg (ea mgy dkrrgnk) sk fkekrge, ke
prankdja, jefrksas ektas par [Y$42222 y igdg dîg quk lg tarrk ea cueijaek (mgy dkrrgnk) sk
tjkeke, ke prankdja, pêrdjdgs ektgs par [Y$ 32222.
Ahtkeknas quk kl vglar dk las jefrksas djgrjas quk tjkek lg tarrk ks dk $7;922,369;3384=:.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
Ks jnpartgetk tkekr ue sactwgrk quk ketrkfuk jecarngijùe ÿtjl y sucjijketk pgrg ngekoa y
ardkegnjketa dk jecarngijùe dk ngetkejnjketa y dkhk rkvjsgrsk iaetjeugnketk pgrg tkekr
jecarngijùe nçs prkijsg dk las ngetkejnjketas quk sk dkhke plgekgr pgrg nkoargr ke tadas las
praiksas rklgijaegdas iae lgs rkpgrgijaeks.
r kpgrgijaeks.
Gl mgikr kl rkfjstra dk las dgtas kstas pkrnjtke ketkedkr kl ianpartgnjketa dk lgs vçlvulgs dk
giukrda iae su apkrgijùe y pkrnjt
pkrnjtke
ke plgekgr,
plgekgr, arfgej
arfgejzgr,
zgr, djrjfjr, kokiutgr y iaetralgr
iaetralgr tatglnketk
tatglnketk
su cueijaegnjketa.
Kl içliula dk las pgrçnktras dk iaecjghjljdgd rkduik lgs pêrdjdgs par crkiukeijg y durgijùe dk
cgllas quk igusge lgs pgrgdgs ea prafrgngdgs, dk ksta dkpkedk lg kcjijkeijg ke lg praduitjvjdgd.
Las djckrketks dksgrrallas, geçljsjs y kstudjas prapukstas sk iunplke, dk kllas sk dkrjvg ueg
kstrgtkfjg ÿejig lg iugl iaesjstk ke gpljigr y cartglkikr kl geçljsjs dk cgllgs ke lgs vçlvulgs pgrg
keiaetrgr lg igusg rgîz dk lgs pgrgdgs jnprkvjstgs y padkr dk kstg carng nkoargr kl tjknpa dk
cueijaegljdgd, y djsnjeujr las iarrkitjvas quk sae lg prjeijpgl pkrdjdg dk cueijaegljdgd dkl
kqujpa.
Xkiankedgijaeks?
Yk rkianjkedg quk pgrg klkvgr lg kcjijkeijg dk lgs vçlvulgs y ngetkekrlg iaestgetk, sk dkhk
knpkzgr par cgijljtgr mkrrgnjketgs y igpgijtgr nkoar g lgs pkrsaegs keigrfgdgs dk rkfjstrgr lg
hgsk dk dgtas dk lg apkrgijùe dk lgs vçlvulgs, pgrg quk skg
s kg pasjhlk jdketjcjigr iugl ks rkglnketk kl
kvketa quk sk prksketg, y sj ks ke lg pgrtk apkrgtjvg a nkiçejig dk kstgs.
Yk rkianjkedg klghargr ue plge dk ngetkejnjketa prkvketjva pgrg lgs vçlvulgs dkl sjstkng
pgrtjkeda dk rkiankedgijaeks dk las cghrjigetks dk vçlvulgs iaesjfegdgs ke las ngeuglks dk
usa, djima plge gyudg g gunketgr lg praduitjvjdgd y vjdg ÿtjl dk igdg ueg dk lgs vçlvulgs ke kl
sj
sjst
stkn
kng,
g, sje
sje ek
ekik
iksj
sjdg
dgdd dk tk
tkek
ekrr quk ignhjg
ignhjgrl
rlgs
gs par ue
uegg eu
eukvg
kvg ig
igdg
dg qu
qukk sk dg
dg÷k
÷kee y gsî
aptjnjzgeda las iastas.
Yk rkia
rkianjk
njkedg
edg rkg
rkgljz
ljzgr
gr las nge
ngetke
tkejn
jnjket
jketas
as prkvket
prkvketjva
jvass prafrgn
prafrgngdas
gdas y skr kst
kstrji
rjitas
tas ke kl
iunpljnjketa dk lgs crkiukeijgs dk jetkrvkeijùe, fgrgetjzgeda lgs prukhgs quk sk rkgljzge ke lgs
vçlvulgs jetkrvkejdgs prkvjgnketk gl jejija dk lg apkrgijùe.
Nkdjgetk lgs gitjvjdgdks rkiankedgdgs, sk ngetkedrçe las ianpaeketks dk lgs vçlvulgs ke huke
kstgda y lg praduiijùe ea sk dktkedrç par ianplkta, lg knprksg sk keigrfgrç dk dktkrnjegr sj la
kokiutgrç. Yjkeda ksta pasjhlk, sk pralaefgrç lg vjdg ÿtjl dk lgs vçlvulgs.
CGI[LTGD DK JEFKEJKXÎG Z
IJKEIJGY HÇYJIGY
mttp?//www6.ui.il/swQkdui/mjdralafjg/IgpjtulaQ6/nadula6/igp8.pdc.
mttp?//www.ngtmwgvk.ian/ks/praduits/kgsycjtQckgturks.mtnl
mttp?//mglwkh.ui9n.ks/ksp/Rkrsaegl/pkrsaegs/onngrje/ksp/RKst/tkng4pk.pdc
mttps?//www.yautuhk.ian/wgtim1v>fO=93=[dxzs
mttp?//www.kiaeanjigs.uhg.gr/wp-iaetket/uplagds/8273/24/6-Ngtrjiks-kstai%I9%G7stjigs-
gpljigdgs-g-nadklas-gitugrjglks-dk-dkirknketa-n%I9%HGltjplk.-Ngt%I9%GDgs-Lgrr
%I9%G7.pdc