6) The Man Who Was a Hospital

Sr No: Words Synonyms

1. Patent ‫موزوں‬ Proprietary, branded, licensed, certified, authentic
2. Circular 08L ‫اشتہار‬ Leaflet, pamphlet, handbill, notice, advertisement
3. Extraordinary ‫غیر معمولی‬ Remarkable, exceptional, amazing, outstanding,
4. Impelled ‫مجبور‬ Forced, compelled, obliged, inclined
5. Virulent ‫جان لیوا‬ Deadly, fatal, lethal, harmful, detrimental, premonitory,
6. Diagnosis ‫تشخیص‬ Identification, detection, discovery,
7. Correspond to ‫کے مطابق‬ Equivalent to, match with
8. Sensations ‫احساسات‬ Feelings,
9. Slight ‫ہلکا سا‬ Small, tiny, insignificant, faint,
10. Ailment ‫بیماری‬ Illness, sickness, disease, malady, distemper
11. Fancy ‫سوچنا‬ Think, believe, imagine
12. Idly ‫سستی سے‬ Lazily, indolently, casual, carelessly, passively,
13. Indolently 09L ‫کاہلی سے‬ Lazily, idly, casual, carelessly, passively,
14. Distemper ‫مرض‬ Infectious disease, malady, ailment,
15. Plunge into ‫کودنا‬ Jumped into, went into
16. Scourge ‫اذیت‬ Affliction, plague, curse, blight
17. Glanced ‫دیکھنا‬ Look quickly, look briefly, peep, glimpse
18. Premonitory ‫ڈرانے والی‬ Threatening, indicative, ominous, foreboding, virulent
19. Devastating ‫تباہ کن‬ Disastrous, destructive, ruinous, catastrophic, damaging,
20. Born in upon Realize, dawn on/upon
21. Listlessness ‫کاہلی‬ Lethargy, laziness, inactivity, weariness, impassivity,
sluggishness
22. Despair ‫مایوسی‬ Hopelessness, disheartenment, desperation, despondency
23. Sift ‫چھاننا‬ Investigate, examine, probe, analyze, explore,
24. Acute 14G,16L ‫شدید‬ Serious, critical, severe, drastic, grave, intense, intensive
25. Commence ‫شروع کرنا‬ Start, begin, initiate, embark on
26. Relieved ‫پرسکون‬ Glad, satisfied, comforted, calm,
27. Bright’s disease ‫مرض کانام‬ Nephritis (inflammation of kidney)
28. Complications ‫پیچیدگی‬ Complexities, intricacies,
29. Plodded ‫گھنگال‬ Labour, toil, slog, wade --- moved, go through,
30. Conscientiously ‫احتیاط سے‬ Carefully, alertly, honestly,
 31. Malady ‫مرض‬ Illness, sickness, disease, ailment
32. Slight (n) ‫بے عزتی‬ Insult, affront, disregard, disrespect
33. Invidious ‫ناخوشگوار‬ Unpleasant, awkward, objectionable – unjust, unfair,
34. Reservation ‫دوری‬ Restriction, withholding, limitation,
35. Grasping ‫قبضہ کرنے‬ Greedy, avaricious, possessive, selfish, covetous
‫والی‬
36. Reflected ‫سوچنا‬ Think about, consider, contemplate, ponder,
37. Malignant 07L ‫جان لیوا‬ Virulent, dangerous, deadly, fatal, uncontrollable, cancerous,
irremediable, serious
38. Evidently ‫بظاہر‬ Obviously, apparently, seemingly, outwardly,
39. Pondered 06G,07L ‫غور کرنا‬ Think about, consider, contemplate, reflected, meditate
40. Acquisition ‫ضرورت‬ Acquiring, gaining, obtainment, requirement, need, possession
41. Induced ‫مائل ہونا‬ Persuaded, convinced, prompted, inclined, impelled
42. Account for ‫وضاحت کرنا‬ Explain, clarify, clear up, answer for
43. Patted ‫تھپکانا‬ Tapped, clapped, stroked, touched
44. Crawled ‫رینگنا‬ Creep, wriggle, squirm, inch,
45. Decrepit 10G ‫کمزور‬ Feeble, weak, infirm, frail, fragile, unhealthy, ailing
46. Wreck (n) ‫بیمار آدمی‬ Unhealthy person, incurable, invalid, goner
47. Chum ‫لنگوٹیا‬ Friend, companion, fellow, playmate, pal
48. Commonplace ‫عام سی‬ Ordinary, mediocre, average,
49. Clutched ‫دبوچنا‬ Grip, grasp, clasp, hold, seize
50. Cowardly ‫بزدلنہ‬ Timid, faint-hearted, shrinking, craven, lily-livered
51. Butted ‫مارنا‬ Hit, strike, beat
52. Prescription ‫نسخہ‬ Instruction, script, direction
53. Folded it up ‫تہہ لگانا‬ Wrap, enclose, enfold
54. Oblige ‫مدد کرنا‬ Help, serve, assist, benefit, please, favour
55. Hampers ‫روکنا‬ Hinder, prevent, restrict, curb, obstruct, thwart, impede
56. Stuff ‫سامان‬ Fill, pack, load
57. Preserved ‫محفوظ‬ Protected, saved, guarded,

Short Questions
1. How did Jerome K. Jerome suspect that his liver was out of order? 07G,12L, 12L, 18L,
The writer came to know that his liver was out of order when he read a patent liver-pill circular. The various
symptoms of the disease were written in detail. Jerome K. Jerome thought to have the disease after reading the
symptoms.
2. Was he pleased to find he didn’t have housemaid’s knee?
No, the writer was not pleased. He was rather hurt when he came to know that he did not have housemaid’s
knee. He was unhappy at unpleasant reservation of housemaid’s knee from him.
3. What was his first reaction?
His first reaction was that of fear and hopelessness. He read the book with a little chance of survival. His fear
and hopelessness went on mounting up as he read more of the book. However, he felt hurt in case of
housemaid’s knee.
4. Why should he be an acquisition to the medical class? 09L,
The writer thought that he would be quite valuable for the medical students because they did not need to go to
the hospitals to gain experience from variety of patients if they had him. He considered himself to be a hospital
in himself.
5. Describe his visit to the medical man. 14L, 16L,
To the writer, the medical man treated him casually whereas the writer obliged him with profound experience.
He examined the writer, felt his pulse, hit him over the chest, butted him with the side of his head and wrote
out a prescription.
6. He thought he was doing the doctor good turn by going to him. Why?
The writer thought so because he was carrying so many diseases with him that he considered himself to be a
hospital. He believed that the doctor would gain more experience from him than from seventeen hundred
ordinary patients with one or two diseases each.
7. What was the prescription given to him by the doctor? 08L,09G,11G,17L,
What was the piece of advice the doctor gave to Jerome? 12G,
Write down the prescription the doctor wrote for the rope? 15L,
The prescription given to the writer did not contain any medicine chart. It was actually a kind of instruction to
the writer. It advised him to take one pound of beefsteak every six hours, ten-mile morning walk, bed at 11
sharp and not to stuff his head with the things that he was unable to understand.
8. Describe his visit to the chemist. 13G,
What did the chemist tell the writer? 10L, 17L,
The writer handed over the folded prescription to the chemist who refused to oblige him. The chemist told him
that if he had been running a co-operative store and a family hotel combined, he would have been able to
oblige the writer.
9. What is the significance of the doctor’s advice: don’t stuff your head with things you don’t
understand?
What is the moral lesson of the essay “The Man who was a Hospital”? 18L,

The last part of the prescription was more important since that was the major problem with the writer. The
writer without any professional knowledge of medicine was making wrong interpretations of medical books.

7) My Financial Career

Sr No: Words Synonyms

1. Rattled 07L ‫پریشان ہونا‬ Confused, disturbed, unnerve, upset
2. Wickets ‫کھڑکیاں‬ Small window or opening
3. Threshold ‫دہلیز‬ Entrance, doorway, doorstep
4. Transact ‫لین دین کرنا‬ Do, perform, conduct, carry out
5. Beforehand ‫ پہلے ہی سے‬Already, in advance, earlier
6. Shambled 06L ‫ڈگمگانا‬ Staggered, stumbled, faltered, hobbled, shuffle
7. Timidly ‫بزدلی سے‬ Nervously, shyly, cowardly, hesitantly
8. Sepulchral 10G ‫سوگوار‬ Sorrowful, sad, gloomy, dismal
9. Solemnly ‫سنجیدگی‬ Seriously, gravely, soberly,
‫سے‬
10. Fetched ‫بالنا‬ Call for, summon, bring,
11. Grave 10G ‫سنجیدہ‬ Serious, solemn, sober,
12. Crumpled ‫کچلے ہوے‬ Crushed, wrinkled, creased,
13. Clutched ‫تھاما ہوا‬ Gripped, grasped, seized,
14. Self-evident ‫واضح‬ Clear, obvious, plain
15. Alarm ‫خطرہ‬ Fear, panic, fright, anxiety
16. Awful ‫خوفناک‬ Dreadful, terrible, frightful,
17. Interruption ‫رکاوٹ‬ Disturbance, interference, intervention, intrusion
18. Presume ‫سوچنا‬ Suppose, think, assume,
19. Gathered ‫سمجھنا‬ Understood, thought, concluded
20. Mysterious ‫پر اسرار‬ Secretive, furtive, enigmatic,
21. Detective ‫جاسوس‬ Spy, investigator, secret agent
12G,14L, 15L

22. Imply ‫مطلب ہونا‬ Suggest, indicate, mean,

23. Rival ‫دشمن‬ Competitor, opponent, adversary,
24. Prompted ‫اکسانا‬ Urged, incited, provoked, motivated, stimulated
25. Intend ‫ارادہ ہونا‬ Plan, aim, propose, want, wish
26. Relieved ‫پرسکون‬ Relaxed, comforted, pleased, glad,
27. Concluded ‫نتیجہ اخذ‬ Inferred, gathered, deduced, judged
‫کرنا‬
28. Fairly ‫کافی‬ Reasonably, quite, relatively,
29. Whispered ‫سرگوشی‬ Murmur, mutter, mumble, speak softly
‫کرنا‬
30. Propose ‫ارادہ ہونا‬ Plan, aim, intend, want, wish
31. Poked ‫دھکیلنا‬ Push, prod, thrust
32. Convulsive ‫ جھٹکے والی‬Jerky, sudden, violent, uncontrollable,
33. Conjuring ‫جادوئی‬ Magical, trick, occult
34. Ghastly 13L ‫خوفناک‬ Horribly, terribly, frightfully, extremely
35. Fit Attack, spasm, convulsion
 36. Hollow ‫دبی ہوئی‬ Dull, muffled, flat, low, expressionless
37. Vibrating ‫کانپتی ہوئی‬ Trembling, quivering, shaking,
38. Invalid 06L,08L ‫معذور‬ Disabled, sick, ailing, infirm,
39. Thrust ‫سونپنا‬ Push, shove, throw
40. Reason ‫وجہ‬ Argue, debate, dispute with,
41. Reckless 12L ‫لپرواہ‬ Careless, wild, mindless, rash, thoughtless, heedless
42. Misery ‫مصیبت‬ Difficulty, problem, trouble, distress, disturbance,
43. Made a plunge ‫کودنا‬ Made a move – go for,
44. Astonished ‫حیران‬ Surprised, amazed, bewildered, dazed, stunned, astounded
45. Struck ‫سوجھنا‬ Occur to, hit on/upon, dawn on
46. Wretched ‫بیچارگی‬ Poor, worthless, pathetic, miserable
‫والی‬
47. Temper ‫مزاج‬ Nature, mind, attitude, mood, tenor, disposition
48. Dryly ‫خشکی‬ Coldly, unemotionally, indifferently, impassively
49. Echo ‫گونج‬ Reverberation, resounding, ringing
50. Roar ‫قہقہ‬ Guffaw, howl , hoot, gale,

Short Questions
1. What light do the following expression throw on Leacock’s state of mind when he entered the bank:
‘looked timidly round’, shambled in’?
The expressions show the nervousness of the writer. The writer has never been comfortable with a bank. He
gets confused whenever he tries to deal with a bank. Everything in the bank makes him confused.
2. Why did the manager come to think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal? 09L, 10L,
The manager thought so because the writer wanted to see the manager alone. The writer’s bold and mysterious
manners also realized the manager that he was a detective and had an awful secret to reveal.
3. What was the attitude of the manager towards Leacock on learning that he only wished to deposit 56
dollars in the bank?
The moment the manager heard that Leacock wanted to deposit only 56 dollars, he got angry. The manager
stood up and asked the writer unkindly to leave the office.
4. Write at least two blunders Leacock committed after leaving the manager’s office? 07G, 08L, 12L,
14L,
What kind of mistakes did the writer commit in the bank? 10G,
Firstly, he threw the money to the accountant as if he were doing some conjuring trick. Secondly, he deposited
56 dollars without keeping any money for the current use. Thirdly, the writer mistakenly wrote 56 instead of
6 dollars on the cheque-book.
5. After this misadventure in the bank where did Leacock keep his money? 09L,14L, 17L,
Where does the writer keep his money after his bitter experience in the bank? 07L,11L 17L,
After the misadventure, the writer vowed not to bank in future. Since then he kept his money in cash in his
trousers pocket and his savings in silver dollars in a sock.
6. Give as many examples as you can to show that Leacock was feeling completely lost in the bank all
the time he was there. 18L,
Firstly, he stepped into the safe instead of using the office door. Secondly he threw the money to the accountant
as if he were doing some conjuring trick. Thirdly, he deposited 56 dollars without keeping any money for the
current use. Lastly, the writer mistakenly wrote 56 instead of 6 dollars on the cheque-book.

8) China’s Way to Progress

Sr No: Words Synonyms

1. Flexible ‫لچکدار‬ Bendable, soft,
2. Countered ‫سامنا ہونا‬ Retaliate, answer, respond to, hit back,
3. Rigid ‫سخت‬ Strict, stern, inflexible, stiff, hard
4. Disregard ‫غفلت‬ Neglect, ignoring, indifference,
5. Bang ‫دھماکہ‬ Blast, explosion,
6. Quasi- ‫نام نہاد‬ So-called, pseudo, apparent, seeming, would-be, supposedly,
7. Occidentals 19L ‫مغربی‬ Relating to West, western
8. Launched ‫شروع کرنا‬ Started, commence,
9. Numerous ‫ان گنت‬ Countless, innumerable,
10. Dislocating ‫بازو نکلنا‬ Put out of joint, disengage, disjoint, disunite, disconnect
11. Delegations ‫وفد‬ Representatives, envoys, delegates,
12. Constant ‫مسلسل‬ Continual, persistent, steady, regular
13. Souvenir ‫یادگار‬ Keepsake, memorial, memento, token, relic
14. Recognize ‫تسلیم کرنا‬ Acknowledge, accept, admit,
15. Mounting ‫بڑھتی ہوئی‬ Increasing, growing, rising,
16. Absurdity 17G ‫حماقت‬ Stupidity, foolishness, folly, insanity
17. Oblivion ‫غفلت‬ Disregard, neglect, obscurity, anonymity, forgetfulness
18. Conservative ‫قدامت پسند‬ Traditional, conventional, old-fashioned, orthodox
19. Bourgeois (adj) ‫متوسط‬ Middle-class, conservative, traditional, conventional
20. Compromised ‫مفاہمتی‬ Conciliatory, appeasing, pacifying
21. Confronting ‫سامنا ہونا‬ Face, tackle, deal with
22. Enigma ‫معمہ‬ Mystery, puzzle, problem, riddle
23. Grim ‫ناخوشگوار‬ Unpleasant, terrible, stern, dreadful, frightful --- sad, dismal,
gloomy
24. Inheritance ‫وراثت‬ Legacy, heritage,
25. Pervasive ‫پھیال ہوا‬ Widespread, general, common, prevalent
26. Schizophrenia 07L ‫ذہنی مرض‬ Mental illness, mental disorder, derangement, split
personality
27. Split ‫مسخ شدہ‬ Shattered, damaged, broken
28. Aftermath ‫نتیجہ‬ Result, consequence, aftereffects, outcome
29. Heritage ‫وراثت‬ Inheritance, legacy,
30. Withstood ‫سامنا کرنا‬ Resisted, tolerate, stand, endure,
31. Ascetic ‫پرہیزگار‬ Simple, abstinent, self-denying, noble, chaste
32. Plagued ‫تباہ کرنا‬ Afflicted, troubled, disturbed, destroyed
33. Nutrition ‫غذائیت بخش‬ Nourishment, food,
34. Gross ‫مجموعی‬ Total, cumulative, collective,
35. Inequalities ‫فرق‬ Difference, disproportion, imbalance, inequity
36. Consumption ‫اخراجات‬ Use, expenditure, utilization,
37. Gigantic 16L ‫بہت بڑا‬ enormous, colossal, large, huge,
38. Concern (v) ‫پریشان کرنا‬ Worry, trouble, bother,
39. Striving ‫کوشش کرنا‬ Try, labour, struggle, toil, make effort
40. Interpreter ‫ترجمان‬ Translator,
41. Utterly ‫مکمل طور‬ Totally, completely, absolutely, perfectly
‫پر‬
42. Absence of ‫غیر‬ Non-existence, lack of, scarcity, shortage,
‫موجودگی‬
43. Backwardness ‫پسماندگی‬ Underdevelopment, primitiveness
44. Neon signs ‫اشتہارات‬ Advertising boards, billboards, hoardings, signboards
45. Masses 19L ‫لوگ‬ Public,
46. Exodus ‫ہجرت‬ Migration, emigration, leaving, flight
47. Partly ‫جزوی طور‬ Partially, relatively, in part, somewhat, a little
‫پر‬
48. Concerns ‫کاروبار‬ Business, firm, organization, corporation
49. Considerable ‫کافی‬ Much, great, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of
50. Urbanized ‫شہروں میں‬ Living in cities and towns
‫رہنا‬
51. Caution ‫احتیاط‬ Care, carefulness, attention,
52. Incorporated ‫شامل ہونا‬ Included, contained, united, merged
53. Flee ‫بھاگنا‬ Leave, escape, avoid,
54. Cumbersome ‫بے قابو‬ Unmanageable, unwieldy, burdensome
55. Subsist on ‫گزارہ کرنا‬ Live, survive, stay alive,
56. Invading ‫حملہ کرنا‬ Attacking, occupying, capturing, seizing
57. Enterprise ‫کاروبار‬ Business, concern, firm
58. Populous ‫گنجان آباد‬ Populated, crowded, packed, thronged
59. Literally ‫حقیقی معنو‬ Really, exactly, precisely,
‫ں میں‬
60. Root out ‫جڑ سے‬ Wipe out, get rid of, eradicate, uproot
‫اکھاڑنا‬
61. Dedicated ‫مخلص‬ Committed, devoted,
62. Conceive ‫سوچنا‬ Imagine, think, suppose, dream of, visualize
63. Embellishment ‫سجاوٹ‬ Decoration, adornment, beautification
64. Maxim 10L ‫قول‬ Saying, motto, adage
65. Forces 13L ‫وسائل‬ Resources,
66. Indigenous ‫مقامی‬ Native, local, domestic
67. Stimulate ‫ابھارنا‬ Motivate, urge, encourage, inspire
68. Revolutionary ‫انقالبی‬ Radical, new, modern, innovatory
69. Shortly ‫جلد ہی‬ Soon, presently, in a little while
70. Chores ‫گھریلو کام‬ Task, job, duty,
71. Illustrate ‫دیکھانا‬ Demonstrate, show, exhibit
72. Femininity 18G ‫نسوانیت‬ Womanliness, delicacy,
73. Nonexistent ‫تصوراتی‬ Imaginary, unreal, not present, m
74. Lists ‫فہرست بنانا‬ Make a list of, catalogue
75. Affirming ‫توثیق کرنا‬ Confirming, stating, declaring, asserting, attesting,
proclaiming
76. Radical ‫انقالبی‬ New, revolutionary, progressive- total, complete
77. Hitherto ‫ابتک‬ Until now, so far, thus far, till now, previously, earlier
78. Dignity ‫عزت نفس‬ Self-respect, self-esteem, pride, worth
79. Work overalls ‫وردی‬ Dungarees, bib-overalls
80. Vary ‫مختلف ہونا‬ Differ, change,
81. Tied up ‫جڑا ہوا‬ Connected, linked,
82. Kindergarten ‫بچو ں کا‬ A school for kids, a nursery school
‫سکول‬
83. Entitled ‫اہل ہونا‬ Permitted, allowed, authorized,
84. Regime ‫حکومت‬ Govt, state, rule
85. Subsistence ‫بقا‬ Living, existence, survival, sustenance
86. Intervenes ‫مداخلت کرنا‬ Involve, interfere, step in,
87. Handicaps ‫معذور‬ Disability, abnormality, defect, impairment
 Handicapped 15G b
88. Constituted ‫قائم ہونا‬ Created, set up, framed, formed, make
89. Comprising ‫مشتمل‬ Consisting of, containing, making up,
90. Resorted to ‫رجوع کرنا‬ Turn to, utilized, used, fall back upon
91. Prospects ‫امکانات‬ Likelihood, chance, probability,
92. Overthrow ‫گرانا‬ Defeat, put an end, beat, overpower,
93. Yardstick ‫پیمانہ‬ Standard, criterion, parameter,
94. Juxtaposition ‫موازنہ‬ Comparison, contrast, placing side by side.
95. Compact ‫مکمل‬ Solid, firm, packed, condensed,
96. Tends to ‫رحجان ہونا‬ Inclined to, prone to, be likely to
97. Decisive ‫فیصلہ کن‬ Deciding, crucial, significant, influential

Short Questions
1. Why has the world changed its attitude towards China?
Why have the Western countries changed their attitude towards China? 18L,
When the world realized that the future belonged to China, they rushed to develop good relations with China.
They also realized the mistake of not acknowledging China for so long.
2. Discuss Chinese agriculture system. 12L, 13G,
Chinese agriculture system is based on the system of communes, with subdivision into production brigades
and teams. Machinery is used in agriculture while keeping a balance between manpower and machines.
3. How does China rely on its own resources? 09G,11L, 13G,
China relies on its own resources as it does not import things, especially machinery rather it motivates its
people to buy the indigenous things that are economical and easy to use. The indigenous things also contain
foreign features.
4. Describe a day in the life of a Chinese student. 13L, 15L,
A Chinese student gets up early, does a few chores, goes to school at 8, gets back to home at 3, does the
homework at school, goes through lesson at home for an hour, listens radio and reads papers to relax, and likes
to play sports, especially ping-pong.
5. Write a note on the Chinese women. 09G,16L,
Chinese women lack femininity. They don’t use beauty products much. They are determined to keep pace with
men. They enjoy many social security benefits like 8 hour working day, free hospitalization and medical care,
nursery and infants schools, 56 paid-up leaves before child.
6. What are the social security benefits provided to the Chinese workers? 12G, 14G,
In the agricultural communes, housing is free and small expenses are non-existent. Chinese workers enjoy free
medical treatment, 6 months’ paid-up medical leave. They live on a pension after retirement. Each factory has
an economical cafeteria.
7. “It is the people and not the things that are decisive.” Discuss.
Mao believed that people are more important than things. To work on people and to make them skillful and
educated is far better to adorn cities and towns.
8. “The heart of the matter is the need to root out selfishness.” Discuss.
It means that progress can only be made when things are in the hands of selfless, devoted and honest people.
We need to bring humanitarians in command who can serve in the best way.
9. What is meant by economic decentralization? 08L, 09L, 13L, 15L,
Economic decentralization is to transfer power to provinces and to make them self-dependent. It means to
spread industry and incentives all over the country without making any particular region “an economic hub”.

9) Hunger and Population Explosion

Sr No: Words Synonyms

1. Starving ‫فاقے کرنا‬ Die of hunger, be famished
2. Last ‫رہنا‬ Remain, continue, go on
Slices ‫ٹکڑے‬ Piece, portion, segment, loaves
3. Nutrition centre ‫غذائی مرکز‬ Food centre,
4. Pang ‫درد‬ Pain, ache,
5. Weigh ‫وزن ہونا‬ Have weight,
6. Famine ‫قحط‬ Food shortage, scarcity of food
7. Grave ‫شدید‬ Serious, critical, dire, acute, pressing
8. Starvation 17L ‫بھوک‬ Hunger
9. Carved ‫کنندہ کرنا‬ Engrave, inscribe
10. Granite ‫پتھر‬ Stone, boulder, rock
11. Reign ‫دور‬ Rule, command, empire, sovereignty
12. Scarce ‫ناکافی‬ Insufficient, in short supply, scant, sparse,
13. Food bins ‫خوراک‬ Food container, food vessel
‫ذخیرہ‬
14. Surrounding adj ‫گردونواح‬ Neighbouring, adjacent, local, bordering
15. Countryside ‫دیہی عالقہ‬ Country, rural areas,
16. Widespread ‫وسیع‬ Common, extensive, large-scale
17. Disaster ‫تباہی‬ Destruction, ruin, catastrophe
18. Averted 06G, 18L ‫بچنا‬ Avoid, prevent, ward off
19. Plentiful ‫کافی‬ Sufficient, abundant, ample, profuse, copious, bountiful
20. Harvests -‫کاشت‬ Yield, crop, produce, production
‫پیداوار‬
21. Folk-lore ‫لوک کہانیاں‬ Folk tales, folk stories, myths
22. Poaching ‫لوٹنا‬ Hunt illegally, steal, rob, plunder,
23. Perished 12G, ‫فنا ہونا‬ Died, killed, expired, passed away
13G, 15G, 16G
24. Cope with ‫نمٹنا‬ Deal with, handle, struggle with,
25. Cargoes ‫سامان‬ Goods, freight, eatables
26. Isolated ‫الگ تھلگ‬ Remote, outlying, far, distant, far-off, faraway
27. Rapidly ‫تیزی سے‬ Quickly, fast, swiftly, briskly, hastily
28. Gigantic ‫بہت بڑا‬ Huge, great, large, massive, enormous
29. Tremendous ‫شاندار‬ Great, wonderful, immense, huge, big
17L,18G,

30. Explosion 10G ‫اضافہ‬ Rapid increase, rise, growth,

31. Taking place ‫رونما ہونا‬ Happen, occur, come about,
32. Checked ‫روکنا‬ Stopped, checked, controlled, hampered,
33. Fraction of 15G ‫بہت سے‬ A bit of, a part of, fragment of, tiny amount
34. Interval ‫وقفہ‬ Break, pause, gap
35. Comparatively ‫نسبتا‬ Relatively, rather, somewhat
36. Epidemic ‫وبا‬ Plague,
37. Mortality ‫شرح اموات‬ Death, loss of life
38. Yaws ‫بیماری کانام‬ A contagious disease causing ulcer
39. Pimples ‫مہاسے‬ Spot, acne,
40. Blotch ‫پھوڑے‬ Patch, mark, freckle,
41. Ulcer ‫السر‬ A sore area on body,
42. Deformed 06L ‫خراب‬ Distorted, twisted, bent, disfigured
43. Carried out ‫کرنا‬ Executed, launched, conducted,
44. Massive ‫بہت بڑا‬ Huge, enormous, vast, immense, large
45. Paradoxes ‫تضاد‬ Contradiction, conflict, -- enigma, mystery, puzzle
46. Relatively ‫نسبتا‬ Comparatively, somewhat, rather,
47. Characterized ‫نمایاں‬ Distinguished, marked, identified
48. Eke out ‫گزارہ کرنا‬ Use sparingly, subsist, survive, live on
49. Subsistence 16G ‫روزی‬ Food, nutrition, livelihood, living, maintenance
50. Inadequate ‫ناکافی‬ Insufficient, short, scarce, lacking, meager
51. Subject to ‫کے تابع‬ Dependent on, conditional on, contingent on
52. Fluctuation ‫تبدیلی‬ Change, shift, variation
53. Impact ‫اثر‬ Effect, influence
54. Abolish ‫ختم کرنا‬ Stop, end, get rid of, do away with
55. Distress ‫پریشانی‬ Suffering, pain, agony, misery
56. Will 16G ‫ارادہ‬ Determination,
 Short Questions
1. What does hunger mean on a large scale as viewed by the author?
What is the real hunger? 14L, 10G,
How does the writer explain the hunger? 18L,
What is the real hunger? Mention the three characteristics of real hunger? 11L,
Hunger means never having enough to eat. It also means you never know when and from where you are going
to have your next meal. Millions of people lose their lives if timely aid is not provided in the affected area.
2. Describe some great famines of the past. 09L, 10L,
What does famine mean? Describe some great famines of the past. 07G,
Lack of food over a long period of time in a region is called famine.
9.5 million people lost their lives in one major famine in China. Russian famine in 1921-22 killed several
million people. ten million died in Bengal famine 1969-70. In 1942, one million starved to death in Bombay.
3. How do famines occur? 08G,09G,
What are main causes of famines? 11G,
Overpopulation, lack of rain and the failure of crops are the reasons that cause famines. When the number of
eating mouths increases and the production of food does not, famines occur.
4. What is the main reason for population increase today? 08L, 15L, 17L,
The main reason for overpopulation is the difference between death-rate and birth-rate. Birth-rate is mounting
up and death-rate is getting down because of progress in medical science.
5. What is meant by birth-rate and death-rate, and how do they affect the population of a country? 14L,
Birth-rate and death-rate mean number of births and deaths per 1000 people respectively. Population increases
when birth-rate goes up whereas death-rate goes down because of progress in medical science.
6. What have public-health measures to do with increase in population?
Public-health measures have reduced death-rate especially among infants. Modern medicines, epidemic
control and vaccination have lessened death-rate. Resultantly, the population of the world is increasing.
7. Account for high-birth-rate in under-developed countries?09G,
In under-developed countries, the lack of awareness of family-planning is one major cause of high birth-rate.
The people do not know the benefit of limited-family set-up.
8. Why is birth rate not so high in the more advanced countries? 18L,
In advanced countries, they have developed awareness of family-planning. People tend to use contraceptives
since they have been told the benefits of limited family set-up.
9. Give a brief account of the poor economic conditions prevailing in under-developed countries.
Life-style is very miserable in under-developed countries. Poverty and illiteracy rule, beggars wander
around, villagers live on bare subsistence. There is lack of factories, hospitals, schools and colleges.

10) The Jewel of the World

Sr Words Synonyms
No:
1. Dynasty 14G, 15L, ‫حکومت‬ Empire, rule, regime, bloodline, line, lineage
2. Overthrown ‫گرانا‬ Toppled, subdued, defeated, overpowered
3. Accession to ‫حکومت‬ Taking over, taking up, succession, attainment, taking over of
‫سنبھالنا‬
4. Signalized ‫نمایاں ہونا‬ Marked, indicated, characterized, highlighted
5. Ruthless ‫بے رحم‬ Merciless, cruel, savage, brutal, relentless
6. Extermination ‫خاتمہ‬ Murder, massacre, slaughter, killing, slaying
7. Striking ‫نمایاں‬ Impressive, stunning, outstanding, attractive
8. Aquiline 13G ‫عقابی‬ Eagle-like, hooked, curved, angular, pointed
9. Nerve ‫بہادری‬ Bravery, courage, daring,
10. Exceptional 11L ‫غیر معمولی‬ Remarkable, outstanding, marvellous, notable, extraordinary
11. Wipe out ‫خاتمہ کرنا‬ Destroy, eliminate, eradicate, erase, exterminate
12. Dramatic ‫ڈرامائی‬ Exciting, emotional, thrilling, sensational
13. Standards ‫جھنڈا‬ Flag, banner, pennant
14. Dashed ‫کودنا‬ Rush, run, spring, shoot, race --- Jumped into, leaped into, rushed
15. Evidently ‫واضح طور‬ Obviously, clearly, apparently, seemingly
‫پر‬
16. Heeded ‫سنننا‬ Listened to, paid attention to, attend to
17. Afoot ‫پیدل‬ On foot,
18. Friendless ‫اکیال‬ Alone, lonely, companionless,
19. Penniless ‫غریب‬ Poor, moneyless,
20. Set out ‫روانہ ہونا‬ Set off, start out, leave, depart,
21. Assassination ‫قتل‬ Murder, killing, slaughter
12L

22. Pursued ‫پیچھا کرنا‬ Follow, run after, chase, hunt,

23. Spy ‫جاسوس‬ Secret agent, undercover agent, detective
24. Strait ‫آبنائے‬ Channel, stretch of water,
25. Stationed ‫ٹھہرنا‬ Put on duty, placed, deployed,
26. Subjection ‫غلبہ‬ Subjugation, domination, oppression, enslavement, suppression
27. Contest ‫مقابلہ کرنا‬ Compete in, contend for
28. Preserved ‫محفوظ‬ Saved, secured, set aside
29. Wrapped ‫لپٹا ہوا‬ Covered, enclosed, enveloped
30. Fervent ‫جذباتی‬ Ardent, earnest, enthusiastic, passionate
31. Foe ‫دشمن‬ Enemy, rival, opponent, adversary
32. Rejoinder ‫جواب‬ Reply, answer, response
33. Subduing ‫شکست دینا‬ Conquering, defeating, vanquishing, overcoming
34. Adversaries ‫مخالفین‬ Opponent, rival, enemy, antagonist,
35. Generous ‫سخی‬ Plentiful, ample, large, abundant, rich
36. Sermon ‫خطبہ‬ Preaching, address, speech, lesson, homily
37. Hitherto (adv) ‫ابتک‬ Previously, until now, formerly, earlier, beforehand, so far, thus
far
38. Successor ‫جانشین‬ Heir, inheritor, next-in-line, beneficiary, descendant
39. Contented ‫مطمئن‬ Satisfied, pleased, content with,
40. Shake off ‫رد کرنا‬ Get rid of, escape, elude
41. Recognized ‫تسلیم کرنا‬ Acknowledged, accepted,
42. Realm ‫سلطنت‬ Kingdom, state, country, empire, land, domain
43. Consolidated ‫مستحکم کرنا‬ Strengthened, stabilized, reinforced, cemented
44. Domain ‫سلطنت‬ Kingdom, empire, realm,
45. Aqueduct ‫کاریز‬ Conduit, channel, waterway, canal, inland waterway
46. Erected ‫نصب کرنا‬ Built, established, formed, set up
47. Imitation ‫کی نقل‬ Copy, replica,
48. Villa ‫گھر‬ Large house,
49. Exotic 10L ‫غیر ملکی‬ Foreign, non-native, tropical
50. Tender ‫ دل‬-‫ رومانوی‬Romantic, moving, touching, sentimental
‫سے‬
51. Verses ‫شاعری‬ Poem, lyrics, poetry
52. Composition ‫تخلیق‬ Creation, invention, formulation
53. Rival ‫دشمن‬ Match, equal, equivalent
54. Enlarged ‫بڑھانا‬ Extended, expanded, built up
55. Forest of ‫بہت سے‬ A mass of (tall narrow objects)
56. Stately ‫عالی شان‬ Grand, majestic, impressive, august, dignified
57. Spacious ‫کھال‬ Large, huge, broad, vast, extensive
58. Transformed ‫بدلنا‬ Change, altered, converted,
59. Cathedral ‫چرچ‬ The main church of a district
60. Boast ‫اترانا‬ Possess, have, own, enjoy, --- brag, crow
61. Corrupted from ‫بگڑا ہوا‬ Changed from, distorted from,
62. Regime ‫حکومت‬ Government, rule, authority
63. Arches ‫محراب‬ Archway, dome, vault
64. Envoys ‫وفد‬ Ambassador, diplomat, emissary,
65. Monarch ‫بادشاہ‬ Ruler, emperor, sovereign
66. Inhabitants ‫مکین‬ Residents, locals, natives, dwellers, settlers
67. Yielded to ‫تابع ہونا‬ Bow, submitted to,
68. Magnificence ‫ شان و شوکت‬Splendour, grandeur, glory, majesty,
69. Columns ‫ستون‬ Pillar, post, support, obelisk
70. Nucleus ‫مرکز‬ Centre, core, heart, hub,
71. Suburbs ‫گردونواح‬ Outskirts, residential area, neighbourhood
72. Partly ‫جزوی طور‬ Partially, slightly, in part, to some extent, somewhat
‫پر‬
73. Excavated ‫کھودنا‬ Dig out, unearth, expose, dig up
74. Treason ‫بغا وت‬ Disloyalty, mutiny, treachery,
75. Brigandage ‫ڈاکہ زنی‬ Robbery, burglary, stealing, theft
76. Aristocracy ‫امارت‬ Nobility, upper class, elite,
77. Flourished ‫ترقی کرنا‬ Prospered, thrived, grew,
78. Sufficed for ‫کافی‬ Be enough, be sufficient, be adequate,
79. Prosperous ‫خو شحال‬ Thriving, flourishing, booming, well-off,
80. Genius ‫ذہین‬ Brilliance, intellect, intelligence, cleverness
81. Sovereignty ‫سالمیت‬ Rule, supreme power, domination,
82. Nominal ‫معمولی‬ Minimal, small, little, trivial, insignificant, token
83. Ascension to ‫حکومت‬ Succession, taking over, assumption, inheritance, entering upon
‫سنبھالنا‬
84. Revolts ‫بغاوت‬ Rebellion, mutiny, uprising, insurgency
85. Neighbouring ‫ساتھ والے‬ Bordering, nearby, connecting, adjacent, adjoining.
86. Illustrious ‫مشہور‬ Famous, eminent, notable, distinguished,
87. Predecessor ‫پہلے والے‬ Forerunner, precursor, ancestor,
88. Sagacity ‫دانش مندی‬ Wisdom, shrewdness, prudence, discernment,
89. Proclamation ‫اعالن‬ Declaration, announcement, notice, decree
90. Marked ‫نمایاں‬ Denote, indicated, illustrated, betoken, herald,
91. Suburbs ‫ گردونواح والی‬Residential area, neighbourhood, outskirts, precincts, environs
‫بستیاں‬
92. Awe ‫احترام‬ Wonder, respect, reverence
93. Paved ‫ پکی‬-‫ہموار‬ Bricked, concrete, metalled,
94. Illuminated ‫روشن‬ Lighted, lit up
95. Bordering ‫ساتھ والے‬ Neighbouring, adjoining, connecting,
96. Subsequently ‫بعد والی‬ Later, afterwards, following this, consequently,
97. Threshold ‫دہلیز‬ Doorstep, doorway, gate, door
98. Penetrated to ‫پہنچنا‬ Enter, get in to, reached
99. Distant ‫دور‬ Far-off, remote, faraway, outlying,
100. Thickly ‫گنجان‬ Densely, heavily, closely
101. Populated ‫گنجان‬ Inhabited, occupied, settled,
102. Tanning ‫چمڑہ سازی‬ The act of converting animal’s skin into leather
103. Embossing ‫نقش نگار‬ The act of putting a raised design on paper, leather etc
‫بنانا‬
104. Monopoly ‫اجارہ داری‬ Control of market, hold in trade
105. Thrived ‫ترقی کرنا‬ Flourish, prosper, bloom, grow
106. Glassware ‫برتن سازی‬ Articles made from glass, objects made glass
107. Noted for ‫مشہور‬ Renowned, famous, well-known, prominent
108. Ruby ‫یاقوت‬ Red stone
109. Inlaying ‫نقش نگار‬ Decorate by embedding pieces of different articles
110. Peasantry ‫کسان‬ Peasants
111. Proverbial for ‫مشہور‬ Famous, well-known, prominent
112. Extensive ‫وسیع‬ Large, considerable, wide, huge, vast
113. Amphitheatre ‫پیالہ نما‬ An open space/building surrounded by high sloping land/steps
114. Cascades ‫آبشار‬ Waterfalls, falls, cataract, torrent
115. Shrubs ‫جھاڑیاں‬ Bush, scrub
116. Gigantic ‫بہت بڑا‬ Huge, great, large, massive, vast, enormous
117. Cypresses ‫سرو‬ A tall straight evergreen tree
118. Myrtles ‫جھاڑی‬ A bush, evergreen shrub
119. Consumption ‫استعمال‬ Use, utilization
120. Saffron ‫زعفران‬ A yellow flavouring and colouring powder
121. Figs ‫انجیر‬ A soft sweet fruit (full of small seeds and often eaten dried)
122. Nautical ‫بحری‬ Naval, marine, boating, sailing, seamen, of ships
123. Testify to ‫ثابت کرنا‬ Prove, confirm, show, indicate, attest to
124. Arsenal ‫اسلحہ‬ Weapons, arms
125. Supremacy ‫مہارت‬ Domination, sovereignty, mastery, rule, authority
126. Patronized ‫سرپرستی‬ Support, promote, sponsor, back
‫کرنا‬
127. Generous to 06L ‫فیاضانہ‬ Charitable, magnanimous, benevolent, kind
128. Preeminence ‫نمایاں خوبی‬ Superiority, distinction, excellence, prestige
129. Preceded ‫پہلے آنا‬ Lead, go before
130. Enlarged ‫بڑھانا‬ Expand, increase, extent, built up
131. Conducted ‫کرنا‬ Transmit, carried,
132. Mosaic ‫نقش و نگار‬ Designing, decoration
133. Set aside ‫محفوظ کرنا‬ Save, put by, put aside, lay by
 134. Endowments ‫عطیہ‬ Funding, financing,
135. Magnitude ‫وسعت‬ Immensity, size, extent, largeness, hugeness
136. Ransacked -‫تالش کرنا‬ Searched, went through, explored ---- plunder, robbed, looted,
‫لو ٹنا‬
137. Manuscript ‫دستاویز‬ Hand-written books, document, text, script
138. Devoted to ‫مخلص‬ Loyal, faithful, true to, dedicated,
139. Rendered ‫دینا‬ Made, gave, presented,
140. Prized ‫قیمتی‬ Valued, appreciated, treasured, cherished
141. Descendant ‫بچے‬ Successor, child, issue, inheritor
142. Distinguished ‫نمایاں‬ Eminent, famous, renowned, prominent, well-known
143. Enthusiastically ‫جذباتی طور‬ Keenly, eagerly, fervently, passionately, excitedly
‫پر‬
144. Rudiments ‫بنیاد‬ Basics, fundamentals, foundation

Short Questions
1. Give an account of the early career of Abd-al-Rahman I, his dramatic escape and his adventures in
Africa. 08G, 09L, 11G, 12L, 16L
Abd-al-Rahman, an heir to Umayyad dynasty, while saving his life reached Spain at last. He set his rule in
Spain, introduced many social and educational plans and consolidated his realm.
Abd-al-Rahman was in Bedouin camp near the river. Abbasids soldiers reached there chasing him. Abd-al-
Rahman and his brother dived into the river. The younger brother heeded to the reassurances of forgiveness
and was killed. Abd-al-Rahman reached the opposite bank.
2. How did Abd-al-Rahman deal with the governor appointed by the Abbasid caliph to contest his rule?
09G,
Abd-al-Rahman beheaded the governor. After preserving it in salt and camphor and wrapping it in a black
flag, Abd-al-Rahman sent his head to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad.
3. What did the Abbasid caliph say on receiving the head of his governor? 13G, 15L,
The Abbasid caliph exclaimed fervently to see the head of his governor, “Thanks be to Allah for having placed
the sea between us and such a foe!”
4. What did Abd-al-Rahman do to make himself strong and to beautify his capital? 12G, 14G,
What did Abd-al-Rahman do to make himself strong? 18L,
To make himself strong, he made an army of well-trained Berbers, won their devotion by generous pay,
introduced his own Friday sermon and assumed the title of “amir” for himself.
To beautify his capital, Abd-al-Rahman erected a palace and garden outside Cordova, built an aqueduct for
the supply of drinking water, ordered the construction of a wall around it and established the great mosque of
Cordova in 786.
5. Give an account of the all-round progress made by the Arabs under Abd-al-Rahman III.
Spain became the most cultured and wealthiest land in Europe. Cordova, the capital, got international fame.
Under Abd-al-Rahman III, industry flourished, education prevailed, agricultural development was made,
paved streets were illuminated by lights, and agricultural and industrial products were exported.
6. What did Al-Hakam do to promote learning and scholarship in his kingdom? 08L, 09G, 09L, 10L,
12L, 13L, 15L, 15G
Al-Hakam established 27 free schools in the capital mosque. He enlarged the mosque having university and
invited professors from east on lucrative salaries. The capital library contained 40,000 books; many of them
were bought or copied from the bookshops of Alexandria, Damascus, and Baghdad.
7. What kind of plants did Abd-al-Rahman introduce in his palace? 11L,
He introduced exotic plants like peaches and pomegranates. He also imported a palm-tree from Syria and
composed poetry for it.
8. Who was Abd-al-Rahman and what were his physical features? 11L
Abd-al-Rahman, the grandson of the tenth caliph in Damascus, established Umayyad dynasty in Spain. He
was tall, lean and striking young man. With his sharp aquiline features, he was a man of exceptional courage
and ability.
9. Why was Cordova called the “Jewel of the World”? 10G,
Cordova, the capital, got international fame. With its beautiful palace and remarkable garden, drinking-water
aqueduct, a protection wall around the capital, skilled professionals in every field and paved streets illuminated
by lights, Cordova earned a matchless fame.
10. Describe briefly Al-Hakam. Who was the successor of Abd-al-Rahman III? 08L,08G, 09L,
Al-Hakam was the successor of Abd-al-Rahman. He was a scholar and a patron of learning. He was generous
to scholars, built university and library that invited people all over the world.
11. Describe al-Zahra.
Al-Zahra was the royal palace built by Abd-al-Rahman. There were 400 rooms and apartments in it. Marble
and columns were imported or received as gifts from Constantinople. 10,000 workmen with 1,500 beasts of
burden were engaged in its construction.
12. What happened when the Abbasids dethroned the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus? 18L,
When the Abbasids dethroned the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus and took control of Damascus, they started
killing ruthlessly every member of the defeated dynasty. A kind of brutal massacre took place after the
incident.