i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6

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Numerical simulation of mixing of hydrogen jet at

supersonic cross flow in presence of upstream
wavy wall

Tran Dinh Manh a, Nguyen Dang Nam a, M. Barzegar Gerdroodbary b,

Houman Babazadeh c,d,*, R. Moradi e
a
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
c
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh
City, Viet Nam
d
Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
e
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Khazar University, Baku,
Azerbaijan

highlights

3D simulations were performed to study the hydrogen mixing rate in scramjet engine.

Mass distribution and stream line of hydrogen are comprehensively investigated.

Effect of sinusoidal wall and hydrogen jet total pressure on the mixing rate is fully studied.

Results show that the presence of sinusoidal wall with high amplitude increases the mixing rate up to 35%.

article info abstract

Article history: The spreading of hydrogen jet within the combustion chamber is extremely important for
Received 29 July 2019 the fuel consumption and enactment of scramjet engines. In this article, a numerical
Received in revised form method is used to simulate the influence of wavy wall on distribution of the hydrogen cross
24 October 2019 flow jet in the downstream of the injectors. To examine the main role of wavy surface on
Accepted 28 October 2019 the fuel distribution, a 3-D model is selected with an appropriate grid to detect the primary
Available online 4 December 2019 interaction of the hydrogen fuel jet with the deflected supersonic free stream. Code was
developed to solve the Navier-stokes equation with energy and species mass transport
Keywords: equations. This study compares the effect of the amplitude of the wavy upstream wall on
Fuel jet the main flow structure and hydrogen fuel distribution within the confined channel. The
CFD effects of hydrogen jet pressure on the main stream are also studied. Our findings display
Hydrogen mixing that the mixing rate of fuel inside the combustor rises about 35% when high amplitude
Supersonic combustion chamber surface wall is applied in the upstream of jet.
Cross flow © 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wavy wall

* Corresponding author. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh
City, Viet Nam.
E-mail address: houman.babazadeh@tdtu.edu.vn (H. Babazadeh).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.217
0360-3199/© 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6
Introduction
Recently, the importance of the scramjet engine has increased
in aerospace engineering since this engine is the most effi-
cient method to reach the high-speed velocity. Simplicity and
high efficiency of this type of engine attract the attention of
the engineers to improve its efficiency for various conditions
[1e5]. Hence, comprehensive experimental and numerical
examinations are done to modify and enhance this engine for
higher velocity [6e9].
Among the various parts of the supersonic vehicles, the
scramjet engine is recognized as the heart of the vehicle and
plays a vital character in the overall enactment of the super-
sonic vehicles [10e14]. In the supersonic vehicles, the mixing
process of the fuel jet within the tank is exceedingly substantial
for the adeptness of the scramjet engine [14e20]. To rise the fuel
mixing within scramjet engines, several systems and injection
arrangements are established [21e26]. Addition of the shock
producer, fuel injection within the cavity and multi air and fuel
injections are the key modifications for improvement of the
fuel mixing within the engine of scramjet. Also, micro fuel jets
also increase the fuel mixing in the scramjets.
The ramjet engine could not efficiently operate in super-
sonic speed more than 4. Hence, development of this engine
for the higher Mach number was the primary purpose of the
aerospace engineers and scholars [25e36]. Scramjets which is
a developed version of the ramjet could reach to high speed
with a simple mechanism. The low fuel consumption and
easy maintenance are the two primary advantages of this type
of engine. It doesn't required a large fuel tanks and this is
highly desirable for the efficient and low cost high-speed
flight. This significant advantages take the attention of the
scholars to this type of engine [37e57].
The main effective part of the scramjet engine is combustor
where the fuel injection and mixing with air occur. Obtaining
low fuel consumption is the main goal to reduce the cost of the
flight. Systems of fuel injection and mixing in combustor is
mainly categories according to the angle of injection and ge-
ometry of combustor. Cavity flame holders, strut injection,
cross jet, angled injections are some of main technique for the
fuel injection inside combustor. These techniques have their
own cons and prone and they applied according to the flight
conditions. Although mixing is the primary characteristic of the
each injection system, pressure drop and fuel penetration are
also evaluated for these systems.
The main concept of most researches is to find a new simple
technique for enhancement of the fuel distribution through the
Supersonic
free stream
Sinusoidal Wall
Fig. 1 e Schematic of proposed model.
1097
combustion chamber. Usage of the dual technique such as
shock generator, multi jets and steps is greatly active on the
overall mixing rate of the fuel. In our previous works, the
impact of the shock generator on the multi jet shows that
mixing enhances in our model due to high interactions. Be-
sides, the flow feature analysis disclosed that the normal mo-
mentum is highly significant on the interaction. Although
the main deficiency of these methods is pressure drop, the
high fuel distribution is a favorite outcome of this combined
technique.
Computational method is highly effective approach for the
recognition of the main significant term. Different computa-
tional techniques of RANS and LES are widely applied by en-
gineers who tried to perform analysis on the flow structure in
the combustion chamber. In fact, the experimental exami-
nations offer limited data which could not effective for the
study of the model. Meanwhile, the cost of experimental ex-
amination is high which motivated scholars to follow their
investigation by the numerical simulations.
The recent research shows that use of shock generator is
effective on the mixing efficiency of the fuel. The presence of
the distributors such as wedge shock generator could highly
enhance and augment fuel distribution inside the combustor.
The main challenge for this technique is the pressure from
along the combustor. Fig. 1 illustrates the geometry of this
model. As displayed in the figure, the existence of the up-
stream wave surface makes two separate shocks in the up-
stream of the case. The bow shock is the first shock and the
second one is the separation shock. The position and angle of
the second shock considerably varies according to the inlet
velocity and profile of the wavy wall.
In this research, some computational studies are per-
formed to disclose the role of the upstream sinusoidal wall
on the mixing rate and diffusion of fuel jet at supersonic
cross flow. The interaction of fuel jet with supersonic free
stream is comprehensively explained. Besides, the impact of
the amplitude of the wavy wall on the establishment and
structure of the produced shock as well as dimension of the
mixing region is expansively inspected. In conclusion, the
penetration district of diverse fuel jet conditions is evalu-
ated to disclose the core operative factors in the mixing
region.
Computational method
Fig. 2 shows the geometry of the chief computational domain
which was gotten from the suggested case of 2-D supersonic
Mach disk
Hydrogen jet
1098 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6

Fig. 2 e Model and geometry.

chamber of the main reference. [57]. One-jet case with 2 mm-
!

vr V
!
!
!
!
! ¼
diameter injector ports was applied for the fuel injection. þ V :ðr V V Þ ¼  V p þ V : t þ rg (2)
vt
In this work, the influence of three dissimilar sinusoidal
wavy profiles with amplitude of 2 mm, 5 mm and 8 mm is vrE
!
!
! 
! X ! ¼
!
þ V :ð ðrE þ PÞ V Þ ¼ V : keff V T  hj Jj þ t eff : V
studied to define the role of shock interaction on size and vt j
stability of mixing zone. All dimensions of the model are
(3)
displayed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 portrayed the produced grid in our case. As displayed,
vrYi
!
!
! !
the produced grid is structure and this rises the accuracy of þ V :ð r V Yi Þ ¼  V : Ji (4)
vt
the results. To warrant the mesh independency, model with !
640000, 960000, 1220000 and 1480000 cells are inspected and where Ji is the diffusion flux of species i, Yi is the mass frac-
¼
according to the deviation of the results, the model with tion, E is a modified total energy, and t is the stress tensor,
1220000 cells is selected. respectively and defined as:
In this study, the implicit algorithm is used to resolve the  
2
! ! a ! !
Navier-stocks equations in addition to species transport t¼m ð V : V Þ1 þ ðV V þ t V V Þ (5)
3
equations. In the following, governing equations are briefly
explained in the followings: p v2
E¼h þ (6)
vr
!
! r 2
þ V :ðr V Þ ¼ 0 (1)
vt

Fig. 3 e Grid generation.

 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6
 
! m
!
Ji ¼  rDi;m þ t V Yi
Sct
where m is the molecular viscosity, and Sct is the turbulent
Schmidt number and mt is the turbulent viscosity. Besides, Ji
can be stated in terms of the binary diffusion coefficient Di;m
and is determined by Fick's law. Di;m can be calculated as
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 ffi
T3 M1A þ M1B
Di;m ¼ 0:0018583 2
P dAB UAB
where UAB is the collision integral parameter.
Prandtl and Schmidt numbers is assumed constant in this
study. In our computational studies, a Mach number of 4 is
applied at inlet with temperature and pressure 1000 K of and
1 atm, respectively, applied at the inlet supersonic air stream.
The jet pressure is defined due to the total pressure ratio of the
main stream. In this work, two Pressure ratios of 0.1 and 0.27
are selected.
Results and discussion
Verification
To evaluate the precision of the obtained results, the penetra-
tion height of the hydrogen jet of simple channel without wavy
surface is compared with that of Povinelli [58] and McClinton
[59]. Obtained results (see Fig. 4) clearly confirm the precision of
our result. According to this evaluation, it is found that applied
technique for the simulation of this problem is trustworthy and
reliable. The application of computational method is widely
applied in the engineering problems [51,60e89].
Flow feature analysis
The recognition of the main effect of the wavy surface with a
sinusoidal profile requires to simulate the three-dimensional
Fig. 4 e Validation (penetration height).
1099
illustrations of the fuel jet distribution inside the channel.
Fig. 5 compares the plume of the hydrogen jet with/without
(7)
the existence of the sinusoidal wall (Y11 ¼ 8sin (920)). In this
figure, the total pressure ratio of fuel jet is 0.27 and the free
main stream Mach number is 4. The penetration and profile of
the hydrogen gas within the region clearly show that the ex-
istence of the sinusoidal surface in the upstream of the cross-
flow jet declines the concentration of the hydrogen in the
main core of the jet and increases the fraction of the fuel in the
span wise direction. Meanwhile, the vertical penetration of
(8) the fuel augments when the wavy surface is applied in the
upstream of the injector.
To demonstrate the main effect of the wavy surface on our
model, Fig. 6 demonstrates the contour of the mixing zone for
diverse sinusoidal wave profiles. In these profiles, the ampli-
tude of the sinusoidal profile is change while the frequency
remains fixed. The outputs of Fig. 6 are associated with Mach
number of the 4 with Jet Pressure ratio of 0.27. The results of
mass concentration in the plane of the jet injection clearly
demonstrate that increasing the amplitude of the wavy sur-
face forms circulation in the space of wavy wall and jet and
this declines the hydrogen mass concentration in the jet
plane. Therefore, the fuel concentration in the other direction
augments.
Since the pressure of the hydrogen jet is high with
PR ¼ 0.27, the impact of the wavy surface is not noticeable.
Fig. 7 compares the three-dimensional flow pattern as well as
fuel distribution for models with/without wavy surface while
the jet pressure ratio is 0.1. The gotten results visibly
demonstrate the main effective change by the presence of the
wavy surface.
Fig. 8 demonstrates the three-dimensional contour of
hydrogen mass concentration for two profile with a different
amplitude of 2 and 8 mm. The pressure ratio of the fuel is 0.1
in this figure. Comparison of the hydrogen jet for these two
model shows that power of the circulation in the vicinity of
the injector augmented as the amplitude of the wavy surface
increases. Furthermore, the fuel could move in the vertical
direction easily when the amplitude of the wavy surface is
high.
Fig. 9 also shows the flow pattern of the fuel jet for these
two wavy surface profiles. Since the pressure of the hydrogen
jet augments the core circulation in the distance of the two
models does not show a distinct difference. The pattern of
streamline in the profile of Y11 also shows that flow stream
fluctuates more in this profile. In fact, the penetration and
distribution of the fuel increases and this is favorable for the
combustion chamber.
To understand the main change these two model, Figs.
10 and 11 compare the Mach contour of these two pro-
files for different jet Pressure Ratios of 0.1 and 0.27. As
displayed in these figures, two main shocks are dominant
in the problem: Bow shock and Separation shock. As
illustrated in Fig. 10, the angle of the first shock is low
when the profile of the wavy surface has a low amplitude.
In addition, the second separation shock occurs within the
vicinity of jet. However, the angle of both two shocks is
higher in the Y11 profile. It was expected that the presence
of the sinusoidal profile with high amplitude strengthens
the front shock.
1100 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6

Fig. 5 e Hydrogen mass distribution (M ¼ 4).

Fig. 6 e The effect of the profile on hydrogen gas distribution (M ¼ 4-PR ¼ 0.27).

Fig. 11 compares the Mach contour of the two profile of Y11 the upstream in compression with results of Fig. 10. In addi-
and Y12 when the jet pressure ratio of hydrogen is 0.27. Since tion, the interaction of the shock becomes more intense in the
the pressure of the jet is so high, the second shock is pushed to high amplitude of the sinusoidal profile (Y11).
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6 1101

Fig. 7 e Comparison of the hydrogen mass distribution (M ¼ 4, PR ¼ 0.1).

Fig. 8 e Hydrogen gas distribution under the effect of amplitude of wave profile on (PR ¼ 0.1).
1102 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6

Fig. 9 e The effect of amplitude of wave profile on hydrogen gas distribution (M ¼ 4-PR ¼ 0.27).

Fig. 10 e The influence of sinusoidal wave profiles on Mach Contour (PR ¼ 0.1) (1. Bow shock 2. Separation shock).

Mixing rate

hmix ¼ ∬YrH2 ru:dy:dz (10)

∬YH2 ru:dy:dz
In the previous sections, comprehensive qualitative in-
vestigates are presented to explain the key effective changes where
by the presence of the wavy sinusoidal profile in the up- 8
> YH2 ; YH2  Y st
stream of the fuel jet. In this section, the mixing rate of the >
<
H2
!
fuel is quantitatively compared for the various models. Lee Y rH2 ¼ (11)
> Y st 1  YH2 ; Y > Yst
>
[1] offered the definition for the calculation of mixing as : H2 H2 H2
1  Y st
H2
follows:
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 5 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 1 0 9 6 e1 1 0 6
Fig. 11 e The influence of wave profile on flow feature and Mach Contour (M ¼ 4-PR ¼ 0.27) (1. Bow shock 2. Separation
shock).
Fig. 12 e The influence of various profiles of upstream
sinusoidal wave on mixing rate in the downstream of the
jet (M ¼ 4-PR ¼ 0.1).
where Yst H2 is the stoichiometric hydrogen concentration for a
fuel/air mixture. Fig. 12 plots the variation of the hydrogen
mixing in the downstream of the jet with various surface
profiles. As shown in this plot, the mixing rate declines when
the amplitude of the wavy surface is low. This occurs since the
low amplitude declines the main interaction of the jet with the
mainstream. The obtained results also show that the mixing
rate expressively increases as the amplitude of the wavy
surface is raised.
Conclusion
Current article study applied the numerical technique to
examine the effect of the upstream sinusoidal wall on the
1103
flow structure and fuel diffusion of the cross flow jet at a
supersonic Mach number of 4. The main objective of this
article is to disclose the rate of mixing in the downstream of
the jet when the wavy surface is applied in the upstream of
the hydrogen fuel jet. In order to simulate the mixing zone, a
3-D model with uniform grid is generated to capture of the
main shocks in the scramjet engine. Moreover, the effect of
the different surface profiles on the mainstream is compre-
hensively investigated to disclose the significant parameters
on the mixing rate. The mixing zone of different models is
compared to find an efficient model for the combustion
chamber. Furthermore, the shock interactions due to the
presence of the sinusoidal wall are entirely illustrated and
discussed in this work.
According to obtained results, the presence of the sinu-
soidal wave considerably changes the flow feature and mixing
zone in the supersonic combustion chamber. It is clearly
found that the two shocks occur due to the sinusoidal wall and
the mixing rate augments as the first shock known as a bow
shock is intensified. The evaluation of the 3D flow structure
depicts that the hydrogen fuel jet could easily penetrate in the
upstream as this wavy surface is applied. The outcomes reveal
that the high amplitude of wavy wall induces high bow shock
and this significantly enhances the mixing rate.
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