The Cardiovascular

System
Instructor: Cerela S. Looc
AG-CC113 Introduction to Animal Science
BSA 1C
November 7, 2021 (Tuesday: 5:00-6:00pm)
I. Objectives
• To understand the components of the heart.
• To learn the different heartbeat of animals.
• To differentiate the function of red from white blood cells.
II. Sources:

• https://extension.psu.edu/ Pulse Rate

• https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/ Cardiovascular system
III. Topics: The Cardiovascular System
• Consists of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels.
• The Heart
- at each pumping of the heart, the aortic arterial
pressure rises to its highest point (systole) and falls
to its lowest point (diastole)
- its contraction is spontaneous; initiated by the
depolarization of the Sino-atrial node.
Anatomy of the heart
Cardiovascular system in mammals.
• The Mammalian Heart
- has 4 chambers (upper: 2 atria; lower: 2 ventricles)
- AV valve/atrio-ventricular valve: prevents backflow of blood
from the ventricle to the atrium during ventricular systole
- aortic valves and pulmonary valves prevent backflow of the
blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during
diastole
- tricuspid: the valve on the right; bicuspid (mitral): the valve on
the left
• The Sino-atrial node (SA node)
- the cardiac pacemaker
- its rate of discharge determines the rate at which the heart
beats
• The Heart Sound/The Heart Beat
- first sound (low and slight): “lub”, caused by the closure
of the mitral and the tricuspid valve
- second sound (shorter and high pitch): “dub”, caused
by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
just after the end of the ventricular systole
- sequence: contraction of the aorta (atrial systole),
followed by the contraction of the ventricles
(ventricular systole), then diastole (relaxation of
the heart muscles)
 Heart Rate Respiration Rate
Species Rectal Temperature (beats per minute) (breaths/minute)
Dog 38.1-39.2°C 60-120 10-30
Cat 37.8-39.2°C 140-220 15-25
Cow 38-39.5°C 40-100 27-40
Horse 37.8-38.5°C 28-40 10-14
Sheep 38.9-39.7°C 70-80 12-20
Pig 38.5-39.5°C 60-80 10-20
Rabbit 37.5-39.5°C 130-325 32-60
Poultry 39.4-41.7°C 250-300 Males: 12-20
Females: 20-36
Goat 38-39.7°C 70-90 15-30
Humans 36.4-37.6°C 60-110 12-20

Source: https://extension.psu.edu/
• Pulse or pulse wave
- the arterial palpation of a heartbeat
- the wave of systolic pressure which starts at the heart
and spreads throughout the arterial network
- occurs due to the filling of the arteries from the left
ventricle with oxygenated blood during systole
- is determined to measure the rate or heartbeat
- can be felt in arteries near the surface of the body,
particularly if the artery can be pressed against an
underlying bone or other solid structure.
Normal average pulse rate per minute and the location in
feeling the artery:
• Carabao and cattle: 54, external maxillary artery slightly on
the outer surface of the lower jaw, and the coccygeal artery
at the base of the underneath of the tail.
• Goat: 78, femoral artery
• Horse: 38, external maxillary artery; about the middle of the
lower jaw
• Chicken: 200-400, auscultation method using stethoscope at
the chest region (same with other farm animals)
• The Blood Vessels
Artery – the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood
away from the heart
Vein – carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
Exception:
Pulmonary artery – carries unoxygenated blood from
the right ventricle into the lungs
Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atrium of the heart
• Systemic blood circulation
- the oxygen is taken in by the tissues and carbon dioxide
is given off by the tissues to the circulating blood
- includes the following special systems of blood
circulation:
Coronary circulation – supplies blood to the heart
Hepatic circulation – supplies arterial blood into the liver
Cerebral circulation – supplies arterial blood in the brain
Renal circulation – supplies arterial blood into the kidney
Splanchnic circulation – supplies arterial blood into the
digestive tract
• The Blood
- A thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous
solution of electrolytes and some non electrolytes
- A circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood
plasma, and other dissolved substances
- By centrifugation, it can be separated into two
categories: cells and plasma
• The Blood Plasma
- the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of
ions, inorganic molecules, and organic molecules
which are in transport of other substances
- normal plasma volume: about 3-5% of the body weight
• The Three Blood Cells
A. Leukocytes (White blood cells)
- responsible for the defense/protection of the body
- classified into three
1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) – the
most numerous; main function is to phagocyte
2. Monocytes – large and non-nuclear; actively phagocytic
3. Lymphocytes – most formed in the lymph nodes, spleen
and thymus; believed to produce antibodies and
counteract toxins.
B. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
- contain red pigment hemoglobin
- biconcave disks manufactured in the bone marrow
- carries oxygen for distribution to the different tissues
• Hemoglobin – a complex conjugated globular protein
containing iron responsible for its oxygen-carrying property
- an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells that gives
red blood cells their unique red color.
C. Thrombocytes (platelets)
- platelets collects itself and stick into the wall of the
injured site, and liberate serotonin which leads to
local vasoconstriction
- also liberates thromboplastin which is essential for
blood clotting
 Example of normal blood range

PCV – packed cell volume

Hgb – hemoglobin
MCV – mean corpuscular volume
MCH – mean corpuscular hemoglobin; It's the average amount in each red blood cells of a protein called hemoglobin,
which carries oxygen around your body.
MCHC – mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; the average amount of hemoglobin in a group of red blood
cells.