Practical Research 1 – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 13: Selecting Relevant Literature

First Edition, 2020

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 Practical
Research 1 11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 13
Selecting Relevant Literature
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Self-Learning Module on Selecting

Relevant Literature!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Self-Learning Module on Selecting Relevant

Literature!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is about selective relevant written material for a literature review.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate literature and studies, as well as the different kinds of literature
reviews;
2. distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary sources;
3. use reliable web sources for online articles; and
4. exercise diligence in collecting information from written sources.

PRETEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your notebook.

1. Which of the following written work could be classified as a study?

A. autobiography
B. journal article
C. magazine article
D. science website feature

2. Which literature review features a synthesis of findings from different

approaches or explanations from the phenomenon being investigated?
A. integrative
B. narrative
C. scoping
D. syntactic

3. This information source refers to the first formal appearance of certain

information.
A. primary source
B. secondary source
C. tertiary source
D. anonymous source

4. Video recordings could be classified as what information source?

A. primary source
B. secondary source
C. tertiary source
D. anonymous source
 5. Which of the following statements best describes tertiary sources of
information?
A. Tertiary sources are not falsifiable.
B. It is generally better than primary and secondary sources.
C. It is a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources.
D. It provides information but not as accurate as primary and secondary
sources.

RECAP

Directions: Write at least three (3) benefits of qualitative research for you as a
student. Write your responses in your notebook.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________

LESSON
In July 1518, at Strasbourg, France, one woman
started to dance uncontrollably in the city streets.
Eventually, she was joined by other people, mostly
women, who also started to dance continually and
uncontrollably without any clear reason. The dancing
crowd continued to grow in number and it was estimated
that at least 50 to 400 were dancing for days.

This event was known as the Dancing Plague of

1518 (Viegas, 2012). City and church officials as well as
doctors recorded this event and documented that it
indeed occurred, however, they were not sure why it
happened and how it spread. Modern social researchers
Dancing Plague. and psychologists have examined the records and have
Engraving by Hendrik Hondius
(c. 1642)
tried to explain the causes of the apparent mania. Some
experts believe that it was caused by the people’s
consumption of ergot fungi which contains a compound that may have led to them
having hallucinations. Other experts disagree with the fungi theory and suggested
that it may have been caused by the extreme stress brought by the poverty in the
Alsace region of France. The stress led to the people experiencing mass hysteria or
unusual behavior exhibited by a group of people at the same time.
 It would have been interesting to observe this event today, however, we could
only rely on records and documents published during the 16th century to
understand what happened and how it happened. We can also refer to the
understanding of these documents developed by modern scholars to explain the
probable causes of the event. This examination of documents is called a literature
review.

In most cases, other researchers have already documented or observed the

same phenomenon you are investigating but in a different setting. Since comparing
experiences and perspectives is essential in qualitative research, selecting and
obtaining relevant information from various written works enable you to gain a better
understanding of the phenomenon you are studying.

Literature vs. Studies

In a research paper, the literature review is contained in the Review of Related

Literature section. There is a need for us to define the difference
between literature and studies first.

• Literature refers to any written document which is related to the topic being
investigated. These may be from books, magazine articles, pamphlets, public
records, or even online articles.

• Studies are specific examples of literature that are produced scholarly. This
consists of published research found in journals, unpublished research found
in university libraries, case studies, position papers, and other articles that
are products of scholarly research.

The Importance of a Literature Review

There are several reasons why research includes a literature review. Prieto,
Naval, and Carey (2017, 84) present the following reasons:
1. To indicate the research that has been conducted on the topic, to ensure that
the researcher is not ‘reinventing the wheel’
2. To demonstrate that you are aware of important and recent studies on the
topic. This prevents you from being discouraged when you suddenly find out
that there is a similar study already conducted on the topic.
3. To ensure that you have not missed literature detailing and efficient way for
you to conduct your study, or pointing you to a data collection tool that is
most appropriate for your study
4. To explain the theoretical background of your proposed research project
5. To demonstrate your ability to critically analyze the literature in your study
Kinds of Literature Review

Literature reviews come in various forms and compositions according to the

purpose of the researcher. Researchers can create any of the following literature
reviews:
1. Narrative – the literature review provides an overview of the current
understanding of the topic as presented in various articles and studies. The
research narrates what other authors or researchers are saying about the
topic.

2. Integrative – This review synthesizes findings from different approaches such

as qualitative and quantitative studies.

3. Syntactic – This review synthesizes actual pieces of evidence and findings

collected to minimize bias.

4. Scoping – This review involves a broad research question that explores the
current evidence base.

Sources of Literature

Literature may be taken from various sources. However, literature sources are
classified according to how near they were to the event being studied.

• Primary sources are literature produced by those who experienced the event
and indicates the first appearance of new information. Primary sources
include:
o Transcript of interviews from those who witnessed and experienced the
event, autobiographies, diaries, letters, and original social media
posts.

• Secondary sources are literature that are interpretations and evaluations

made from primary sources. They are written with the benefit of hindsight,
where the author compares various primary sources to produce the
evaluation. These include:
o Biographies, commentaries, encyclopedia entries, published research
in journals, textbooks, and survey results.

• Tertiary sources are distillations and collections of primary and secondary

sources. Tertiary sources serve as a good jumping-off point for searching more
direct references that contain the actual data on the event. Examples of these
are:
o Almanacs, fact books, chronologies, indices and bibliographies, and
directories. Wikipedia articles on a topic can sometimes count as a
tertiary source.
 It is important to remember that the closer a researcher is to a primary source
of data, the more accurate the data collected will be. Primary sources are the best
sources of data because they come from those who experienced the event being
investigated, and they are free from interpretations and biases of other authors.
However, in the absence of primary sources, secondary and tertiary sources may
suffice as long as the literature review is a balanced presentation of all possible views
and interpretations of an event. Obtaining information from Wikipedia is often
discouraged, because Wikipedia articles can be edited by anyone, and may even be
vandalized. However researchers may use the References section of a Wikipedia
article to examine primary and secondary sources used for the article.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Direction: Try to classify the following written materials according to their source.
In your notebook, copy the given table below and list the given terms in the box under
their respective columns.

Archaeological artifact Video recording Book review

Research abstract Social media posts Diaries
Tourist guidebook Radio commentary Patents
Newspaper articles Encyclopedia entry Historical review
Websites Census results Case Study

Primary Source Secondary Source Tertiary Source

Activity 2
Directions: This activity will help you practice obtaining information from both
literature and studies. For every term given below, supply one definition from any
literature source, and one definition from a study. Do not forget to indicate the author
and date of publication. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Entitlement
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: _______________________________________________ (author, date)
 2. Korean Wave
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: _______________________________________________ (author, date)

3. Memes
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: _______________________________________________ (author, date)

Activity 3
Directions: While Wikipedia may not be considered as a reliable source, it can be a
good starting point in looking for first-hand sources for a topic. Given below are
Wikipedia articles about certain topics. Provide a description of the topic based on a
primary or secondary source, not the Wikipedia description. Indicate the article title,
author, and date of publication. Write your answers in your notebook.
Tip: Use the References section of the Wikipedia page in looking for sources.

Wikipedia Article and Link Other Literature Sources

Spanish Flu Description:
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu) Article Title:
Author:
Date:
Crowdfunding Description:
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding) Article Title:
Author:
Date:
Sustainable Tourism Description:
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourism) Article Title:
Author:
Date:

WRAP-UP

Directions: Let’s see how much you understood the lesson. In your own words
and without directly copying the definitions from this module, write a brief statement
that tells the difference between these terms in your notebook.

A. Literature vs. Studies

B. Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources vs. Tertiary Sources
 Literature Studies

Primary Source Secondary Source Tertiary Source

VALUING

There is also a more effective way of using the internet articles for the literature
review. Babbie (2016, 487-488) recommends taking time to sift through search
results when using search engines such as Google or Yahoo. The first result is not
always the most accurate resource to use, which is why you are required to evaluate
the results of the search. You can also implement the following tips:

1. Use specific keywords.

Searching the internet has
improved so much that you can
narrow down the search with
specific keywords. Be reminded
that the first result is not always
the most accurate.

2. Perform snowballing.
Snowballing is the process of
adding new sources based on the
recommendations of the prior Google Scholar sample screen
source. Some articles online
include their references and sources,
and you may examine them for your
evaluation.
 3. Prioritize research journals over online magazines or blogs. While any article
may be included for literature review, researches published on online journals
are of higher quality as they went through a peer-review process (the findings
of a research are evaluated and replicated by fellow experts in the topic).

4. You may use Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) for retrieving researches

from public access research journals.

Directions: Try looking for articles about the topics in Activity 2 on Google Scholar.
Write the title, author name, and date of publication in your notebook.

1. Entitlement: ____________________________________________
2. Korean Wave: ___________________________________________
3. Meme: __________________________________________________

POSTTEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your research
notebook.

1. Wikipedia articles may be considered as what kind of information source?

A. primary Source
B. secondary Source
C. tertiary Source
D. invalid Source

2. Which kind of literature review synthesizes the different approaches on the

topic such as quantitative and qualitative studies?
A. narrative
B. integrative
C. scoping
D. syntactic

3. Which of the following may NOT be classified as primary source of

information?
A. biography
B. witness testimony
C. video recording
D. diary entry
4. Tertiary sources may be considered as _____.
A. good eyewitness testimonies of a particular event.
B. good reviews of available information from first-hand sources.
C. good jumping-off point for obtaining primary and secondary sources.
D. unusable for any research purposes.

5. Interview transcripts belong to what kind of information source?

A. primary Source
B. secondary Source
C. tertiary Source
D. invalid Source
 KEY TO CORRECTION

point for author, and 1 point for date of publication.

Answers may vary, but give 2 points for each description, 1 point for article title, 1
Activity 3

and 1 point for publication date. Highest score is 15 points.

Answers may vary, but give 3 points for each definition, 1 point for author name,
Activity 2

Historical review Case study Patents

Book review Encyclopedia entry Diaries
Census results Radio commentary Social media post
Websites Research abstract Video recording
Tourist guidebook Newspaper articles Archaeological artifact
Tertiary Source Secondary Source Primary Source
Activity 1

5. A 5. C
4. C 4. A
3. A 3. A
2. B 2. A
1. C 1. B
Posttest Pretest

References
Babbie, Earl. 2016. The Practice of Social Research. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Prieto, Nelia, Victoria Naval, and Teresita Carey. 2017. Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Centralia College Kirk Library. 2020. “Primary and Secondary Sources.” Research: A
Step-by-step Guide. Last updated May 1, 2020.
https://libguides.centralia.edu/c.php?g=383652&p=2600069

Viegas, Jennifer. 2012. “’Dancing Plague’ and Other Odd Afflictions Explained
(archived).” Discovery News via The Wayback Machine. Last updated October
13, 2012.
https://web.archive.org/web/20121013075434/http://dsc.discovery.com/
news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html