1. Define Electrode.

Write about the types of Electrodes and various methods of placement of

electrodes in low and medium frequency stimulation. APR’19 10M
2. Types of Electrodes APR’15 2M
3. Skin electrode interface JULY’21 2M
 Electrodes. These are the two metal plates which are partially dipped in the electrolyte for
passing the current through the electrolyte.
 Anode: The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery, L.e. the electrode at
higher potential is called anode.
 Cathode: The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the battery, i.e. the electrode
at lower potential is called is cathode.
 TYPES :
 PAD/PLATE: made of conducting rubber which are comfortable eh and long lasting. larger
plater electrodes give comfortable treatment and deeper effect. - smaller electrodes used
for localized effect, but the effect is more superficial. Attached to patient by means of straps
to assure a good contact & greater tolerance of treatment.
 VACCUM: made of vacuum unit plug into a rubber suction cup connected to machine
capable of producing vaccum -suction shouldn't be constant.- wet sponges are placed in
cups and moisten the edges of cups.- excellent for treating flat smooth areas. not indicated
for treatment of hairy areas.
 PEN
 PLACEMENT OF ELECTRODES IN LF CURRENTS:

this is determined by the target muscle or muscle group either single or in relation to other
muscles

 Unilateral : Unilateral placement causes inflammation of one limb or half of muscle

pair.
 Bilateral : It allow the stimulation of both limbs or both halves of a muscle Pair
 Uni-polar : Only one of two essential leads and the electrode connected to it are
placed over the target area affected by the stimulation This electrode is called
treatment electrode.
 Quadripolar : Involve the use of two sets of electrode each originating from its own
channel. It may be considered the concurrent application of two bipolar circuit. This
technique could be used with stimulation of agonist and antagonist. Also could be
used in crossed pattern or for large flat area as back.
  PLACEMENT OF ELECTRODES IN MED FREQUENCY CURRENTS:

SKIN ELECTRODE INTERFACE:

 The skin is a resistor to the flow of current

 Good skin preparation is important; always clean skin to remove dirt, oils, and dead skin
 To lower impedance clean the skin (alcohol or soap)
 Proper electrodes and conductive medium are essential!