Theories Regarding Psychological Needs System- dictionary: an assemblage of objects united by some

form of regular interaction or interdependence.

1. Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy- satisfying needs
- Satisfy the lower needs for the higher needs to Crunkilton and Finch: collection of elements,
be operative. interacting with each other to achieve common goal

Physiological- basic needs like hunger and thirst (salary)
Safety- security in all kinds (seniority and security in job)
Love- relate closely t o others (belong to a friendly work group)
Ego- status and recognition (status and promotion)
Self-Actualization- achieving one’s potential (achievement of
things consonant with one’s self-image)
2. McClelland’s Three Motives Theory-
Simple:
Achievement- concern for excellence, competing w/ standard
of excellence, setting challenging goals, awareness of hurdles,
trying alternative path to goals
Affiliation- concern with close personal relationships, value for
friendship, tendency to express emotion.
Complex:
Power-
- A set of interrelated and interdependent
constituent parts arranged in a manner that
produces a unified whole.
Two types:
Closed system- does not get influenced and interacts less
with outer environment.
- Gets little feedback. Self-sufficient and self-
regulatory. No exchange of material with
environment. Non-adaptive system.
Open system- continually interacts with its environment
- Always well informed about various changed
within its surroundings and its position is relative
to these changes.
Important Features:
Subsystem- an organization is integrated and purposeful
system which consists of several interconnected, interacting
and interdependent constituent elements.

(control motive)- urge to control others Synergy- it is the entire system to equal more than the sum of
its parts.
- Concern w/ orderliness, desire to stay informed,
monitor situation, take corrective action Elements of system-

(influence motive)- Desire to make an impact to others Inputs: material or human resources

- Concern for making an impact on others, desire Transformation processes: technological and
to make people do what one thinks is right, managerial processes to the inputs
change things and develop people
Outputs: products and services derived from input
(extension motive)- Desire to use power for the benefit of
Feedback: reaction or response from the
other persons or groups
environment to the output
- Concern for others, interest in superordinate
Structure of Educational System:
goal, desire to be relevant and useful to larger
groups, including society. Input:
Personalized power- urge to control others Process:
Socialized power- desire to make an impact and use power Output:
for the benefit of other persons and groups.
Feedback:
3. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
- Extension of Maslow’s theory Identify and state the goals to be achieved
- Does not suggest that lower needs must be
satisfied before higher needs become
motivational.
Steps in System Approach:
- If upper needs are not satisfied, individual will
regress, and lower needs become the major Analysis of existing situation
motivation determinants.
- As a person starts satisfying higher needs, they Before planning:
become more intese- the more power a person
Identify the problem to be solved
gets, the more power he wants.
Specific Trends in Educational Administration
Existence- psychological and safety needs
Decision Making- cognitive process of deciding on a course of
Relatedness- involve interpersonal relationships, similar to
action.
love and ego needs
Newman and Sumber (1961): decision making is a synonym
Growth- attainment of one’s potential. Similar to self-
of planning
actualization
Dorsey (1957): decision making process as an extension of a
4. Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory
series of interrelated communication events.
- Reducing dissatisfaction is not the same as
providing positive satisfactions. Simon (1960): decision making as though it were synonymous
with managing
Hygiene factors- cause dissatisfaction if not met
Tarter and Hoy’s (2010): decision making as rational,
- Safety, working conditions, company policy,
deliberative, purposeful action
supervision, work group
Types of Decisions in Educational Organizations:
Motivators- provide positive satisfaction if met.
Strategic decision- have long term impact on organization.
- Advancement, development, responsibility,
recognition, achievement, and work itself. Tactical decision- decision made during implementation
Systems Approach Operational decision- day to day basis

Programmed vs non-programmed decision-