PERSUASIVE SPEECH

It is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal of convincing

the audience to accept his or her point of view.
The art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for your point of view.
Convince your audience thinking, belief, or acts as you want them to
Who uses persuasion techniques
Media and Advertising
Television
Radio
Billboards
Magazines, and newspapers
Politicians
You and I
Some Propaganda Techniques
Bandwagon
You must join in to fit in.
Testimonial
A famous endorses an idea or product and implies the person uses it
and so should we.
PURPOSES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECH
1. To urge a choice among options.
2. Persuaders act as advocates for a cause of point of view.
3. To use supporting materials as evidence that justified advice.
4. Asks for audience commitment to a cause.
5. Establishes character and commitment of speaker through leadership.
6. Makes appeal to feelings.
7. Makes us confront our obligation to believe and act in socially and morally
responsive ways.
TYPES OF EVIDENCE TO USE IN PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Facts, figures, and statistics
Use examples from “real life”
Narratives– make your audience witness a living drama
Use expert testimony/ Witnesses
Develop a proof
PATHOS
Appeals to personal feelings such as fear, pity, and anger.
ETHOS 
Audiences respond to the speaker competence, character, goodwill, and
dynamism, and the credibility of the evidence.
LOGOS
Appeals to reason (logical arguments)
ETHOS
Establish your character and ethics

Show that you are competent.

Be sincere and genuine in your delivery.

Be energetic and enthusiastic about your topic.

Prove that you have a credible voice on your topic.

LOGOS

Apply logical reasoning

Use reasons supported by evidence to explain/ justify your speech.

Evidence from your life experience

Evidence from your research

Evidence from other people

PATHOS

Emotional appeal

Cite specifics

Use vivid language

Include personal references

MUST DO:

Maintain ethical standards

It is unethical for public speakers:

To lie or deceive

To distort

To engage in name-calling

To attack person or an idea without giving evidence

 To deny the opposition the right to reply

Avoid manipulating your audience

Persuade; do not manipulate

Adapt your persuasive speech to your audience

Toward your topic, your audience could be:

Mostly favorable

Mostly neutral

Mostly apathetic

Mostly hostile
FAVORABLE AUDIENCE

A favorable audience means most of the  listeners agree with you.

Need to sustain and build on their favorable attitude

NEUTRAL AUDIENCE

Neutral audience is one in which the majority of the listeners have not
reached a decision about your speech.

They will listen to all sides of your speech equally, so you need to give
them information to persuade them to take a stand.
APATHETIC AUDIENCE

An apathetic audience is one in which the majority of the listeners have no

interest in your speech.

You need to show your speech affects them personally to persuade.

HOSTILE AUDIENCE

They are the ones in which the majority of the listeners oppose your 
speech.

You need to show the listeners that they are being fair in listening to you,
that what you have to say matters to them, and you are worth listening to.
 INTENSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
PRONOUN
It is one of the parts of speech.
is a word that substitutes for a noun.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

It sounds like reflection.

It reflects back to the subject.
These are objects that refer to the subject.
It can be used as the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.
DIRECT OBJECT
a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" 
after an action verb.
INDIRECT OBJECT
a noun or pronoun answering "to whom/what" or "for whom/what" after
an action verb.
OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
 noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after a preposition.
INTENSIVE PRONOUN
These are used to emphasize a noun or a pronoun.
It emphasizes a preceding noun 
These can be omitted from the sentences without changing its meaning.

MODALS
It is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality.
It express ideas such as capacity , possibility, obligation, permission ,
prohibition, probability, and request.
These are verbs that cannot be used without another verb.
It is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality.
It express ideas such as capacity , possibility, obligation, permission ,
prohibition, probability, and request.
These are verbs that cannot be used without another verb.

V
Verb S
Subject  M
Modal
For example: 
I can write poems.
FORM
There is no “s” in singular.
For example: He cans dance.
There is no “do/does” in the question?
      For example: Do you like to can come with me?
There is no “don’t/ doesn’t” in the negative
     For example: They don’t can be serious.
MODAL VERBS
Can Must May Ought to Will Could Shall Would
HOW TO USE?
WILL
FUTURE ACTIONS
I will call you later.
OFFER
I will do that for you if you like.
PROMISE
I will be honest from now on.
SHALL
OFFER
Shall I do it for you?
SUGGESTION
Shall we move the meeting next week?
PERMISSION
Shall I return this medal?
MAY
PERMISSION
May I have another cup of coffee?
UNCERTAINTY
I may come tomorrow.
CAN
ABILITY
Abby can write a good composition.
REQUEST
Can you submit your paper later?
PERMISSION
Can I get your number?
COULD
PAST ABILITY
My brother could play the piano when he was younger.
SLIGHT POSSIBILITY
You could have passed the examination
TO GIVE SUGGESTION/ ADVICE
You could ride a bus to go there.
OUGHT TO
OBLIGATION
You ought to practice using the drums some more.
ADVICE 
she ought to stop eating candies.
MUST
PROBABILITY
She cannot write that well. She must have copied it
NECESSITY
You must review so you can pass the test.
Space  Technology 

EXPLORING  THE MOON

October 4, 1957 
- A Soviet rocket launched Sputnik I into orbit around Earth. 
- Marked the beginning of the SPACE AGE. 
- USSR dominated space exploration until 1961.
3 November 1957 
Sputnik 2, or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into
Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a
Soviet space dog named Laika. 
Laika died on the fourth orbit due to overheating caused by an air
conditioning malfunction.
31 January 1958 
Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States and was part
of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year. 
The continued success of the Explorer program led to the creation of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
January 3, 1959 Luna 1, also known as Mechta, E-1 No.4 and First Lunar
Rover, was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, and the
first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. 
Intended as an impactor, Luna 1 was launched as part of the Soviet Luna
programme in 1959.
September 12, 1959 Luna 2, originally named the Second Soviet Cosmic
Rocket and nicknamed Lunik 2 in contemporaneous media, was the sixth of
the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon. 
-First spacecraft to impact on the moon. 
- The 1st moon junk.
October 4, 1959 
Luna 3, was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna
programme. It was the first mission to photograph the far side of the Moon
and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon.
19August 1960: Aboard the Soviet Union's Sputnik 5, the first animals (two
dogs, Belka and Strelka) and a range of plants are returned alive from
space.
31 January 1961: Ham, a US chimpanzee,  becomes the first hominid  (or
great ape) in space and  the first to successfully  survive the landing.
12April 1961: The Soviet Union achieve a clear triumph in the Space Race. 
Aboard the Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin makes a single orbit around the Earth
and becomes the first man to reach space. 
He remained in space for one hour and forty-eight  minutes before
landing in Saratov Oblast, west Russia. 

5 May 1961: The US achieve the first pilot controlled journey

and first American in space with Alan Shepard aboard the
Mercury-Redstone 3 (or Freedom 7) spacecraft. 

On this flight, Shepard  did not orbit Earth. He flew 116 miles

high. The flight lasted about 15 minutes. 

16 June 1963: Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first

civilian and first woman in space. She spends almost three
days in space, orbiting the Earth 48 times aboard her
spacecraft, Vostok 6. 
18 March 1965: Alexei Leonov leaves his spacecraft, the Voskhod 2, in a
specialized spacesuit and conducts a twelve-minute spacewalk, the first of its
kind. 
14 July 1965: The US satellite, Mariner 4, performs the first successful
voyage to the planet Mars, returning the first close-up images of the
Martian surface.
1967: This year proves the most deadly of the Space Race for both the
US and Soviet Union. In January, American astronauts Ed White, Gus
Grissom, and Roger Chaffee die when a fire ignited in their Apollo 1
capsule on the launch pad. 
Only a few months later the Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov is
also killed when the parachute on his Soyuz 1 capsule fails to open on
his reentry into Earth's atmosphere.
21 December 1968: US spacecraft Apollo 8 becomes the first human-
crewed spacecraft to reach the Moon, orbit it, and successfully return
to Earth.
20 July 1969: Neil Armstrong and later Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become
the first men to walk on the Moon while their crewmate Michael
Collins continues to orbit the Moon aboard the Apollo 11. This secured a
victory for America in the Space Race with a televised landing
witnessed around the world by 723 million people.
Moon 
NEIL ARMSTRONG
EDWIN ALDRIN 
11 April 1970: The US Apollo 13 mission is known as the first explosion
onboard a spacecraft where the crew survived. 
19 April 1971: The USSR launches the first space station. Salyut 1
(DOS-1) was the world's first space station launched into low Earth orbit
by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. Parts of this spacecraft will
become core segments of the International Space Station (ISS) almost
thirty years later in November 2000.
1 August 1971: David Scott, commander of the Apollo 15 mission,
becomes the first person to drive on the Moon. He's also remembered for
paying tribute to the Soviet Union and US astronauts who died in the
advancement of space exploration. When walking on the Moon, Scott
places a plaque with a list of the dead. Alongside this, he leaves a small
aluminium sculpture of an astronaut in a spacesuit, created by Belgian
artist Paul Van Hoeydonck. 
The Apollo missions that landed on the moon and brought them back safely
to  Earth. Apollo Mission 11 
Astronauts Dates Walked on the Moon Command Module Pilots 

Neil Michael July 20, 1969

Armstrong Collins
11Edwin “Buzz” (Jul 16, 1969 – Jul 20, 1969)
Aldrin,Jr.
12Charles “Pete” Richard November 19, 1969
Conrad Gordon
Alan Bean (November 14-24, 1969)

14Alan Shepard, Jr. Stuart February 5, 1969 February

Roosa
Edgar Mitchell (January 31, 1971 –
9, 1971)

15David Scott Alfred between July 30 &August 2

James Irwin Worden (July 26 –August 7, 1971)

16 John Young Ken April 21, 1972

Charles Duke Mattingly (April 16–27, 1972)
 17 Eugene Ronald December 11, 1972
Cernan Evans (December 7–19, 1972)
Harrison
Schmitt

15 July 1975: With tensions between the US and USSR softening, the
first cooperative Apollo-Soyuz mission is launched. With two separate
flights, the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft dock in space and the two
commanders Tom Stafford and Alexei Leonov exchange the first
international handshake. This act can be seen to symbolically end the
Space Race, paving the way for future joint missions, such as the
International Space Station and the Shuttle-Mir programme. 
SPACE STATION
Space stations were built to provide research facilities to study, Earth,
Sun, the solar system, and the galaxies. 
Numerous science experiments are also conducted in space stations.
The United States launched its first space station, Skylab, on May 14, 1973.
Skylab was a space station specially designed to perform experiments in
space. 
Astronauts aboard rockets could dock with Skylab and enter the
laboratory. Later, these astronauts could return to earth with their data. 
However, after 8 months of operation, it went unused and finally fell from
orbit and dropped into Earth’s atmosphere on July 11, 1979. A few large
pieces of debris survive its fiery descent.
Joe Kerwin on board  Skylab Today, the Space Shuttle, a ship carried into
space by rockets, has taken the place of the Skylab. 
But unlike any space vehicle ever built, the Space Shuttle can return from
space and can be used again. The Space Shuttle returns to earth like a
glider. An important component of the Space Shuttle is its laboratory, often
referred to as Spacelab. Spacelab makes it possible for non NASA
scientists, engineers, and doctors to conduct experiments in orbit.
Today, the Space Shuttle, a ship carried into space by rockets, has taken the
place of the Skylab. But unlike any space vehicle ever built, the Space
Shuttle can return from space and can be used again. The Space Shuttle
returns to earth like a glider. An important component of the Space Shuttle is
its laboratory, often referred to as Spacelab. Spacelab makes it possible
for non NASA scientists, engineers, and doctors to conduct experiments
in orbit.
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS)
U.S.A. 
GREAT BRITAIN 
SWITZERLAND SWEDEN SPAIN NORWAY NETHERLANDS CANADA 
JAPAN 
RUSSIA 
BELGIUM 
DENMARK FRANCE 
GERMANYITALY NASA Astronaut Sunita (Suni) Williams gives us the best
inside tour of the International Space Station (ISS). How do astronauts live on
the ISS? How do they go to the bathroom? How to the eat food? What Kinds of
special equipment and technology do they need and use?
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 
The International Space Station (ISS) is a multi nation construction project that is
the largest single structure humans ever put into space. Its main construction was
completed between 1998 and 2011, although the station continually evolves to
include new missions and experiments. It has been continuously occupied since
Nov. 2, 2000.
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) The International Space
Station costs about $3 billion per year for NASA to operate, roughly a 
third of the human spaceflight budget. As of
May 2022: 
258 individuals from 20 countries have visited the International Space
Station. 
The top participating countries include the United States (158 people) and
Russia (54 people).
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 
The ISS includes contributions from 15 nations. 
NASA (United States), 
Roscosmos (Russia) 
European Space Agency 
Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency 
Canadian Space Agency. 
Through a private company called Axiom Space, private astronauts are
starting to work on the orbiting complex, from time to time; additionally,
astronauts from other nations such as the United Arab Emirates do fly
occasionally to the ISS.
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) Current plans call for the
space station to be operated through at least 2024, with the partners discussing a
possible extension. 
NASA has approved an extension to 2030, although Russia says it will withdraw
after 2024 to focus on building its own space station around 2028. ******
THE JAMES WEBB SPACE STATION 
The James Webb Space Telescope took 30 years and $10 billion to
build, has flown over 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth. NASA has
promised the deepest image of our universe that has ever been taken, and
these first sets of images are only the first step in a long job of expanding
our view of the universe.
Where is the James Webb Space Telescope now? 
The James Webb Space Telescope is now in L2 Orbit - its final
destination, about 1.5 million kilometres from Earth. This is a journey that
took roughly a month to complete.
SPACE  SATELLITES
SPACE SATELLITES
What are the importance and uses of  Satellites in our life? 
1. Satellites send television signals directly to  homes. 
2. Satellites are used for communication.  
- telephones, social media, and other apps, etc 
*Satellites offer flight phone communications on airplanes. 
*Communications satellites have the ability to rapidly communicate between
a number of widely dispersed locations. -the big manufacturing companies
and the department stores can perform inventory management 
- provide instant credit card authorization and automated teller
banking services
3. Satellites are used in astronomy Astronomy satellites are the new
technology that is mounted on earth orbiting satellites or on the deep
space probes, and they can give us an unobstructed view without the
earth’s atmosphere interfering.
4. Satellites are used for navigation 
Satellite-based navigation systems like the Global Positioning Systems
(GPS)  enable anyone with a handheld receiver to determine his
location to within a  few meters. 
GPS locators are increasingly included in the car direction services, 
GPS based systems are used by the civilians and the military for
navigation on land, the sea, and the air, and they are crucial in the
situations like a ship making a difficult course in a harbor in the bad
weather or the troops lost in unknown regions.
5.Satellites are used for surveillance There are surveillance or spy
satellites, Reconnaissance satellites are used to spy on other countries,
They provide intelligence information on the military activities of
foreign countries, They can detect missile launches or nuclear
explosions in space. 
Reconnaissance satellites can pick up and record the radio and radar
transmissions while passing over a country. 
Ocean surveillance satellites are used to search for the ships or the
submarines, They can spot the nuclear vessels, and new advancements may
allow them to scan the depths of the ocean, Early warning satellites are
primarily used by the armed forces, These basically protect the countries
from the sneak attacks, and they can be used to detect if other countries are
building or storing the nuclear warheads.
6. Weather Satellites are used for monitoring the weather 
Satellites provide meteorologists with the ability to see the weather on a
global scale, They allow them to follow the effects of phenomena like the
volcanic eruptions and burning gas and oil fields to the development of
large systems like hurricanes.
7. Satellites are used in the field of oceanography, 
Now marine scientists and marine biologists can detect everything that goes
on in the ocean, They use satellites to detect oceans effect on the
environment, they can analyze the wave patterns. They can monitor the
marine surface life and help them tell you what the water will be like, and
help them find out about the ocean life.
8. Satellites are the best sources of data for climate change research,
They monitor the ocean temperatures and the prevailing currents, The
data acquired by the satellite-borne radars were able to show that sea
levels have been rising by three mm a year over the last decade. 
Imaging satellites can measure the changing sizes of the glaciers which
is difficult to do from the ground due to the remoteness and darkness
of the polar regions, The satellites can determine the long-term
patterns of the rainfall, the vegetation cover, and the emissions of the
greenhouse gases.
9. Satellites can take the search out of search and  rescue
for the people in the distress in the remote  regions,  
Distress radio beacons directly linked to a search and  rescue
satellite can lead the rescuers quickly and  accurately to the land,
the sea, or the air emergency  location.
10. Satellites can take photographs and observe the areas all over
the globe. Satellites can detect the underground water and the
mineral sources 
Imaging satellites produce high-resolution data of the entire landmass
on earth  which are used in the closely guarded military capability, but
now anyone with  an internet connection can find his house using
Google Earth.
Hazard: Dangerous Phenomenon that may cause loss of life and many others
Exposure: The degree to which the element is at risk
Vulnerability: characteristics and circumstance of community to be susceptible to
the damaging effect of the hazard
Capacity: Combination of all strengths and resources available
Disaster: 20% of population 40% of Livelihood
Pacific Ring of Fire: Area where the most active volcano are located
Typhoon: From the pacific ocean
Hurricane: From the pacific ocean
Tsunami: A disaster where people who live near water are most affected
Landslide: movement of stones that cause the collapse of a part of land
Oil Spill: Has killed many coral reefs

Disaster is Natural or an-Made

Disaster occur when hazards meet vulnerability
Man-Made disaster are the consequence of technological or human hazard

Taal Volcano: 1754, 1911

Typhoon Erlan 1,500 death
Typhoon Angela September 22 1867
Mt. Hibok-hibok December 4 1951
Moro Gulf August 17, 1967
Strongest earthquake
Typhoon Uring November 4 1991
Mayon Volcano Febuary 1 1814
Typhoon yolanda November 3 2013
Typhoon Haphong October 8 1881
Cholera march 20 1904

Disaster preparedness: Information and capacity prepared by the government,

professional organizations that will help respond and recover, community and
individual
Early Warning(EW): A provision for relevant and affective information
Red Warning: evacuation
Orange Warning: Alert
Yellow warning: Monitor

Before the Typhoon

Monitor the News
During the Typhoon
Do not go near river
After the Typhoon
Check the electricity cables that are in the flood

Before the Earthquake

Make sure the heavy object are by the wall
During the Earthquake
Don’t panic just do the duck cover and hold
After the earthquake
If you are trap stay where you are and call for help

PAG-ASA- Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service

Administration

Climate change: Change in climate pattern or the usual climate in the past many
years
Global warming: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth
Green Gases: Protective layer that help the earth to not be too hot nor cold
Acid rain: Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution it causes

UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme

IPPC- International Panel on Global Change

20 steps to stop global warming

1) Ensure the of your vehicles wheels, machine and mileage
2) Carpooling
4) Turn off lights in the workplace during break time
5) Use reusable bag
6) Buy appliance with energy star logo
7) Patronize organize vegetables even a few times in a week
8) Monitor the consumption of electricity
9) Open the window in your home
10)Pay your own bills online
11)Live in a city
12) Ride the bus
13) Commute
14) Dry clothes traditional way
15) Have a small home
16) Replace electricity bulb with LED bulb
17) Use electric cars
18) Do not use shower or bath tub
19)Use solar
20) Vote wisely