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If the solubility product of AgBrO3 and Ag2SO4 are 2ｘ10-5
and 5.5ｘ10-5 respectively, the relationship between the
solubilities of these can be correctly represented as -

A AgBrO3 > Ag2SO4

B AgBrO3 < Ag2SO4

C AgBrO3 = Ag2SO4

D AgBrO3 ≃ Ag2SO4
If the solubility product of AgBrO3 and Ag2SO4 are 2ｘ10-5
and 5.5ｘ10-5 respectively, the relationship between the
solubilities of these can be correctly represented as -

A AgBrO3 > Ag2SO4

B AgBrO3 < Ag2SO4

C AgBrO3 = Ag2SO4

D AgBrO3 ≃ Ag2SO4
If the solubility product of AgBrO3 and Ag2SO4 are 2ｘ10-5
and 5.5ｘ10-5 respectively, the relationship between the
solubilities of these can be correctly represented as -

Solution

So solubility AgBrO3 < Ag2SO4

If the salts M2X, QY2 and PZ3 have the same solubilities,
their, Ksp values are related as -

A K sp (M 2 X) = K sp (QY 2 ) < Ksp (PZ 3 )

B K sp (M 2 X) > K sp (QY 2 ) = Ksp (PZ 3 )

C K sp (M 2 X) = K sp (QY 2 ) = Ksp
(PZ 3 )

D K sp (M 2 X) > K sp (QY 2 ) > Ksp (PZ 3 )

If the salts M2X, QY2 and PZ3 have the same solubilities,
their, Ksp values are related as -

A K sp (M 2 X) = K sp (QY 2 ) < Ksp (PZ 3 )

B K sp (M 2 X) > K sp (QY 2 ) = Ksp (PZ 3 )

C K sp (M 2 X) = K sp (QY 2 ) = Ksp (PZ 3 )

D K sp (M 2 X) > K sp (QY 2 ) > Ksp (PZ 3 )

If the salts M2X, QY2 and PZ3 have the same solubilities,
their, Ksp values are related as -

Solution

Ksp of M2X = 4s3

Ksp of QY2 = 4s3
Ksp of PZ3 = 27s4
When equal volumes of the following solutions are
mixed, precipitation of AgCl (Ksp = 1.8ｘ10-10) will occur
only with -

A 10 -4 M (Ag + ) and 10 -4 M(Cl - )

B 10-5 M (Ag + ) and 10-5 M(Cl - )

C 10 -6 M (Ag + ) and 10 -6 M(Cl - )

D 10-10 M (Ag + ) and 10-10 M(Cl - )

When equal volumes of the following solutions are
mixed, precipitation of AgCl (Ksp = 1.8ｘ10-10) will occur
only with -

A 10 -4 M (Ag + ) and 10 -4 M(Cl - )

B 10-5 M (Ag + ) and 10-5 M(Cl - )

C 10 -6 M (Ag + ) and 10 -6 M(Cl - )

D 10-10 M (Ag + ) and 10-10 M(Cl - )

When equal volumes of the following solutions are
mixed, precipitation of AgCl (Ksp = 1.8ｘ10-10) will occur
only with -

Solution

Ksp < Qsp (ionic product) → Precipitate will form

The pH at which Mg(OH)2begins to precipitate from a
solution containing 0.10M Mg2+ ions [Ksp of Mg(OH)2= 1ｘ
10-11] is -

A 5

B 9

C 4

D 10
The pH at which Mg(OH)2begins to precipitate from a
solution containing 0.10M Mg2+ ions [Ksp of Mg(OH)2= 1ｘ
10-11] is -

A 5

B 9

C 4

D 10
The pH at which Mg(OH)2begins to precipitate from a
solution containing 0.10M Mg2+ ions [Ksp of Mg(OH)2= 1ｘ
10-11] is -

Solution

When Mg(OH)2 starts precipitation, then -

[Mg2+] [OH-]2 = Ksp ofMg(OH)2
[0.1] [OH-]2 = 1ｘ10-11
[OH-] = 10-5 M

pOH = 5
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 - 5 = 9
 Dissociation of weak acid

Initial conc. , t = 0 C 0 0

Conc. at equilibrium C - Cɑ Cɑ Cɑ

C = initial conc.
𝞪 = extent up to which HX is ionised into ions
Ka = Dissociation constant

Ka is a measure of the strength of the acid

Ka ↑ , acidic strength↑
Dissociation of weak acid
Dissociation of weak base

Initial conc. , t = 0 C 0 0

Conc. at equilibrium C - Cɑ Cɑ Cɑ

C = initial conc.
𝞪 = extent up to which HX is ionised into ions
Kb = Dissociation constant

Kb is a measure of the strength of the base

Kb ↑ , basic strength ↑
Dissociation of weak base
Q. A monoprotic acid in 1.00 M solution is 0.01%
ionised. The dissociation constant ofthis acid is -

A 1×10 -8

B 1×10 -4

C 1×10 -6

D 10 -5
Q. A monoprotic acid in 1.00 M solution is 0.01%
ionised. The dissociation constant ofthis acid is -

A 1×10 -8

B 1×10 -4

C 1×10 -6

D 10 -5
Q. A monoprotic acid in 1.00 M solution is 0.01%
ionised. The dissociation constant ofthis acid is -

Solution

𝛂 << 1so 1-𝛂 ≃

1
Q. When 0.1 mole of ammonia is dissolved in
sufficient water to make 1 litre of solution. The solution is
found to have a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.34ｘ10-3.
The dissociation constant of ammonia is -

A 1.8ｘ10 -
5

B 1.6ｘ10 -
6

C 1.34ｘ10 -
3

D 1.8ｘ10 -
4
Q. When 0.1 mole of ammonia is dissolved in
sufficient water to make 1 litre of solution. The solution is
found to have a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.34ｘ10-3.
The dissociation constant of ammonia is -

A 1.8ｘ10 -
5

B 1.6ｘ10 -
6

C 1.34ｘ10 -
3

D 1.8ｘ10 -
4
Q. When 0.1 mole of ammonia is dissolved in
sufficient water to make 1 litre of solution. The solution is
found to have a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.34ｘ10-3.
The dissociation constant of ammonia is -
Solution

NH + H2O ⟶ NH4OH
3 0.1
0.1 ⇌ NH 4 + + OH -
NH4OH x x
0.1- x
Q. HClO is a weak acid. The concentrations of [H+] ions in
0.1 M solution of HClO (Ka = 5ｘ10-8) will be equal to-

A 7.07ｘ10 - 5
M

B 5ｘ 10 - 7 M
C 6ｘ 10 - 7
M
D 6ｘ 10 - 7
M
Q. HClO is a weak acid. The concentrations of [H+] ions in
0.1 M solution of HClO (Ka = 5ｘ10-8) will be equal to-

A 7.07ｘ10 - 5
M

B 5ｘ 10 - 7 M
C 6ｘ 10 - 7
M
D 6ｘ 10 - 7
M
Q. HClO is a weak acid. The concentrations of [H+] ions in
0.1 M solution of HClO (Ka = 5ｘ10-8) will be equal to-

Solution :
Q. pKa values of four acids are given below at 25oC.
The strongest acid is -

A 2.0

B 2.5

C 3.0

D 4 .0
Q. pKa values of four acids are given below at 25oC.
The strongest acid is -

A 2.0

B 2.5

C 3.0

D 4 .0
Q. pKa values of four acids are given below at 25oC.
The strongest acid is -

Solution

More is Ka, lesser is pKa (pKa = -log Ka), more is

acidic strength.
 Self ionisation of water
H2O is amphiprotic and gives H 3 O ⊕ and OH as a result of self-ionisation.

H2O(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + OH(aq)

Acid Base CA CB

This dissociation constant is represented by:

● The concentration of H2O is omitted from the denominator as water is

a pure liquid and its concentration remains constant.
● [H2O] is incorporated with in the equilibrium constant to give a new
constant, Kw
● Kw is called the ionic product of water which increases with the increase of
temperature.
Self ionisation of water
In water at 298 K
The concentration of [H ⊕ ] = [OH] = 1.0ｘ10-7 M

Thus, the value of Kw at 298 K.

Kw = (1ｘ10-7)2 = 1ｘ10-14 M2.

-log Kw = pKw = -log(10-14) =14
pKw = 14

Note - The value of Kw is temperature-dependent and it is

an equilibrium constant.
Self ionisation of water

H OH
−
OH
−
H OH
−
OH
−
H OH
+ + + −

OH H H H OH H
− + + + −
+

Neutral Acidic Basic

[H3O+] = [OH−] [H3O+] > [OH−] [OH−] > [H3O+]
Q. The dissociation of water at 25oC is 1.9ｘ10-7
percent and the density of water is 1.0g/cm3. The
ionisation constant of water is-

A 3.42ｘ10 -
6

B 3.42ｘ10 -
8

C 1.00ｘ10 -
14

D 2.00ｘ10 -
16
Q. The dissociation of water at 25oC is 1.9ｘ10-7
percent and the density of water is 1.0g/cm3. The
ionisation constant of water is-

A 3.42ｘ10 -
6

B 3.42ｘ10 -
8

C 1.00ｘ10 -
14

D 2.00ｘ10 -
16
Q. The dissociation of water at 25oC is 1.9ｘ10-7
percent and the density of water is 1.0g/cm3. The
ionisation constant of water is-

Solution
Mol/L
Q. The ionic product of water at 60oC is 9.61ｘ10-14.
The pH of water at 60oC is -

A 6.51

B 6.70

C 6.91

D 7.0
Q. The ionic product of water at 60oC is 9.61ｘ10-14.
The pH of water at 60oC is -

A 6.51

B 6.70

C 6.91

D 7.0
Q. The ionic product of water at 60oC is 9.61ｘ10-14.
The pH of water at 60oC is -

Solution
 pH Scale
This scale is used to specify how acidic and basic a water based solution.

pH = 7 represent a neutral solution.

pH < 7 Acidic solution and pH > 7 Alkaline solution

For pure water,

Measurement of pH

1. pH meter
● It is a device that measures pH dependent
electrical potential of the solution.
● It is used for greater accuracy measure with
0.001 precision.
2. pH paper

● It shows different coloured solution with

different pH.
● pH of a solution can be found roughly with
the help of pH paper.
● pH measures with 0.5 accuracy.
Q. THe gastric juice in our stomach contains enough
hydrochloric acid to make the hydrogen ion concentration
about 0.01 mol/litre. The pH of the gastric juice is -

A 0.01

B 1

C 2

D 14
Q. THe gastric juice in our stomach contains enough
hydrochloric acid to make the hydrogen ion concentration
about 0.01 mol/litre. The pH of the gastric juice is -

A 0.01

B 1

C 2

D 14
Q. THe gastric juice in our stomach contains enough
hydrochloric acid to make the hydrogen ion concentration
about 0.01 mol/litre. The pH of the gastric juice is -

Solution
[H+] = 10-2 M

pH = -log [10-2]

pH = 2
Q. The pH of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid having
degree of dissociation 12.5% is -

A 4.509

B 3.723

C 2.903

D 5.623
Q. The pH of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid having
degree of dissociation 12.5% is -

A 4.509

B 3.723

C 2.903

D 5.623
Q. The pH of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid having
degree of dissociation 12.5% is -

Solution

[H+] = c.𝛼= 0.01 ⨉

= 1.25 ⨉10-3
Thus, pH = -log 1.25⨉10-3
=2.903
pH Calculation
Strong acid solution

Case -I

● If conc. > 10-6M ,

● H + ions coming from water can be neglected

● So [H+] = normality of strong acid solution

Case -II
● If conc. < 10-6M ,
● H + ions coming from water cannot beneglected
● So [H+] = normality of strong acid solution + H+ ions
coming from water in presence of this strong acid
pH Calculation
Strong base solution

● Calculate the [OH-] which will be equal to normality

of the strong base solution.
● Then use Kw = [H+] x [OH-] , to calculate [H+]

pH of mixture of two strong acids

If V1 volume of a strong acid solution of normality N1 is mixed with
V2 volume of another strong acid solution of normality N2 , then -
Number of H+ ion from I - solution = N1V1
Number of H+ ions from II - solution = N2V2
If final normality is N and final volume is V , then NV = N1V1 + N2V2
pH Calculation
pH of mixture of two strong bases

If V1 volume of a strong base solution of normality N1 is mixed with

V2 volume of another strong base solution of normality N2 , then -

Number of OH- ion from I - solution = N1V1

Number of OH- ions from II - solution = N2V2

If final normality is N and final volume is V , then NV = N1V1 + N2V2

pH of mixture of strong acid and strong bases

If V1 volume of a strong acid solution of normality N1 is

mixed with V 2 volume of a strong base solution of
normality N 2 , then

Number of H+ ions from -solution =N1V1

Number of OH- ions from -solution =N 2 V 2

pH of mixture of strong acid and strong bases

If N1V1 > N2V2 If N2V2 > N1V1

Q. The pH of the solution obtained by mixing 10 mL of
10-1 N HCl and 10 mL of 10-1 N NaOH is -

A 8

B 2

C 7

D None ofthese
Q. The pH of the solution obtained by mixing 10 mL of
10-1 N HCl and 10 mL of 10-1 N NaOH is -

A 8

B 2

C 7

D None ofthese
Q. The pH of the solution obtained by mixing 10 mL of
10-1 N HCl and 10 mL of 10-1 N NaOH is -

Solution

Meq. of HCl = N1V1 = 10ｘ10-1 = 1

Meq. of NaOH = N2V2 = 10ｘ10-1 = 1

Both are neutralized and 1 Meq. of NaCl (a salt of strong acid and
strong base) which does not hydrolyse and thus, pH = 7.
Q. The pH of a solution formed by mixing 40 mLof
0.10 M HCl and 10 mL of 0.45 M NaOH is -

A 5

B 8

C 12

D 10
Q. The pH of a solution formed by mixing 40 mLof
0.10 M HCl and 10 mL of 0.45 M NaOH is -

A 5

B 8

C 12

D 10
Q. The pH of a solution formed by mixing 40 mLof
0.10 M HCl and 10 mL of 0.45 M NaOH is -

Solution
Meq. of HCl = 40 ⨉0.1 = 4
Meq. of NaOH = 10 ⨉0.45 = 4.5

HCl + NaOH ⟶ + H2O

Na
C l- 4 = 0.5
Meq. of NaOH left = 4.5

Total volume = 40 +10 = 50mL

Now, [OH+] = = 10-2

pOH = 2 and pH = 12
Q. In 100 mL of an aqueous HCl of pH 1.0, 900 mL of
distilled water is added, the pH of the resultant solution
becomes -

A 1.0

B 2.0

C 4 .0

D 7.0
Q. In 100 mL of an aqueous HCl of pH 1.0, 900 mL of
distilled water is added, the pH of the resultant solution
becomes -

A 1.0

B 2.0

C 4 .0

D 7.0
Q. In 100 mL of an aqueous HCl of pH 1.0, 900 mL of
distilled water is added, the pH of the resultant solution
becomes -

Solution
Volume after dilution 900 + 100 = 1000 mL

100 ⨉10-1= 1000 ⨉N

N HCl = 10-2
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log [ 10-2]
pH = 2
pH of a weak acid solution

● Weak acid does not dissociate 100% therefore

we have to calculate the percentage
dissociation using Ka.
pH of a weak acid solution
We have to use Ostwald’s Dilution law.

HA ⇌ H+ + OH-
t=0 C 0 0
t = teq C(1-𝛂) C𝛂 C𝛂
pH of a weak acid solution

On increasing the dilution ⇒C ↓

⇒𝛂 ↑ and [H+]↓ ⇒
pH↑
pH of a weak base solution

● Weak base does not dissociate 100% therefore

we have to calculate the percentage
dissociation using Kb.
pH of a weak base solution

● We have to use Ostwald’s Dilution law.

MOH ⇌ M+ + OH-
t=0 C 0 0
t = teq C(1-𝛂) C C
pH of a weak base solution
Q. If pKb for CN- at 25oC is 4.7, the pH of 0.5 M
aqueous NaCN solution is -

A 10

B 12

C 11.5

D 11
Q. If pKb for CN- at 25oC is 4.7, the pH of 0.5 M
aqueous NaCN solution is -

A 10

B 12

C 11.5

D 11
Q. If pKb for CN- at 25oC is 4.7, the pH of 0.5 M
aqueous NaCN solution is -

Solution
Q. What is the pH of a 1 M CH3COONa solution? (Ka of
acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 , Kw = 10-14 mol2 litre-2)

A 2.4

B 3.6

C 4 .8

D 9.4
Q. What is the pH of a 1 M CH3COONa solution? (Ka of
acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 , Kw = 10-14 mol2 litre-2)

A 2.4

B 3.6

C 4 .8

D 9.4
Q. What is the pH of a 1 M CH3COONa solution? (Ka
of acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 , Kw = 10-14 mol2 litre-2)

Solution
Common ion effect
● It is defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides
more of an ionic species already present in the dissociationequilibrium.

● This is based on Le Chatelier’s principle.

● For example Dissociation equilibrium of acetic acid (CH3COOH),

represented as HAc.

HAc(aq) ⇌H⊕(aq) + Ac⊝(aq)

[H ⊕ ] [Ac⊝]
Ka=
[HAc]
Common ion effect

HAc(aq) ⇌H⊕(aq) + Ac⊝(aq)

● On addition of acetate ions (Ac⊝) to an acetic acid

solution, [H⊕ ] decreases.

● If H ⊕ ions are added from an external source the

equilibrium moves in the direction of undissociated
acetic acid in a direction of reducing the concentration
of H ⊕ ions. This is called common ion effect.
Q. What happens to pH of a solution when NH4Cl
crystal is added to a dilute solution of NH4OH?

A Decreases

B Increases

C Remains unaffected

D All of these
Q. What happens to pH of a solution when NH4Cl
crystal is added to a dilute solution of NH4OH?

A Decreases

B Increases

C Remains unaffected

D All of these
Q. What happens to pH of a solution when NH4Cl
crystal is added to a dilute solution of NH4OH?

Solution
Due to common ion effect-

Dissociation of NH4OHdecreases

pOH increases or pH decreases.

Q. The common ion effect is shown by which of the
following sets of solutions?

A BaCl2 + BaNO 3

B NaCl + HCl

C NH4OH + NH 4 Cl

D None ofthese
Q. The common ion effect is shown by which of the
following sets of solutions?

A BaCl2 + BaNO 3

B NaCl + HCl

C NH4OH + NH 4 Cl

D None ofthese
Q. The common ion effect is shown by which of the
following sets of solutions?

Solution
Common ion effect includes two necessary points
one presence of common ion and the other a weak
electrolyte.
pH of very dilute solution

● The pH calculation of 10-7 M or 10-8 M HCl is not correct .

● The pH of 10-7 M and 10-8 M HCl will be 7 and 8, respectively,
but any acid solution cannot behave neutral (pH = 7) and
basic (pH = 8).
● The [H ⊕ ] in any acid solution would always be more than the [H ⊕ ]
in water alone, therefore, the pH of such dilute solutions are
calculated by considering [H ⊕ ] coming from water.
● The addition of an ion to an equilibrium having the same ion
makes the equilibrium move in a direction to consume the ion due
to common ion effect.
 pH of very dilute solution

● Water would dissociate less in the presence of HCl due to common ion effect.

Example - The pH calculation of 10-7 M HCl

2H2O(I) ⇌H3O⊕(aq) + OH-(aq)...(i)
x x
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌H3O⊕(aq) + Cl⊝(aq)...(ii)
10-7 M 10-7 M
[H3O⊕]Total from equations (i) and (ii) = (x + 10-7) M

At equilibrium [H3O⊕] [OH-] = 10-14 = Kw

(x + 10-7) (x) = 10-14

Or x2 + 10-7x - 10-14 = 0
pH of very dilute solution
x2 + 10-7x - 10-14 =0
This a quadratic equation in x and can be solve by usual method.

[OH-] = x = 0.618 ⨉10-7 M

Therefore, [H3O⊕]Total = (10-7 + 0.618 ⨉10-7) M
pH = log (1.618 ⨉10-7) = 6.7910
Q. Calculate pH of 10-7 M of NaOHsolution
 Q. Calculate pH of 10-7 M of NaOHsolution

Solution
[OH-] from NaOH = 10-7
[OH-] from water = x (due to common ion effect)
H2O ⇌ OH- + H+
- (x + 10-7) x

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10-14 = x (x + 10-7)

x2 + 10-7 x - 10-14 =0

[OH-] = 10-7 + 0.618ｘ10-7 = 1.618ｘ10-7

pOH = 7 - log (1.618) = 6.79
pH = 14-6.79 = 7.21
Relation between Ka andKb
● Ka and Kb represent the strength of an acid and a base respectively.
● The conjugate acid - base pair are related in manner so that if one is known
, the other can be calculated .
Example -
……………(i)

⊕
(Ka represents the strength of NH4 as an acid)
……………(ii)

(Kb represents the strength of NH3 as a base)

Relation between Ka and Kb
Adding equation (i) and (ii), the net equation is:
⊝
2H2O(l) ⇌H3O⊕(aq) + OH(aq) ………...(iii)
⊝
Kw = [H3 O⊕] [OH] = 10-14 M

Multiplying Ka and Kb, we get -

⊝
= [H3 O⊕][OH] = Kw = 10-14
Thus, K a ｘK b = Kw

(5.6ｘ10-10) (1.8ｘ10-5) = 10-14 M

Relation between Ka and Kb
The equilibrium constant for a net reaction obtained after
adding two or more reactions equals to the product of the
equilibrium constants for individual reactions.
KNet = K1ｘK2ｘ......

Similarly, in case of a conjugate acid-base pair,

KaｘKb = Kw

Taking negative logarithm both side

- log (Ka) - log Kb = - log Kw
pKa + pKb = pKw (at 298 K)
In case of a conjugate acid-base pair, knowing one, the other can be
obtained.
Types of Salt

● Salt are compound made up of positive and negative

ions.

● The positive part comes from a base while negative

part comes from an acid.

● Salt are ionic compounds and strong electrolyte.

● Types of salt -
1. Simple salt
2. Double salt
3. Complex salt
4. Mixed salt

Normal salt
● The salt formed by the loss
of all possible protons of an
acid (as H+ )
Example - NaCl , NaNO3 ,
K2SO4
Types of Salt
Simple salts
Acid salt
● The salt formed by incomplete
neutralization of polybasic acid
● Such type of salt contain one or
more replaceable hydrogen
atoms
● Example - NaHCO3 , NaHSO4 ,
Na2HPO4
Basic salt
● The salt formed by incomplete
neutralization of polyacid base
.
● Such type of salt contain one or
more replaceable hydroxyl
group.
● Example - Zn(OH)Cl , Mg(OH)Cl ,
Fe(OH)2Cl
Types of Salt
Double salts
● The addition compound formed by the combination of two
simple salts are termed double salts.

● Such salt are stable in solid state only and lose their identity in
solution state.

● The solution of double salt shows all the properties of the

simple salts from which it has been constituted.

Example -

FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O ( ferrous ammonium sulphate )

K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (potash alum)

Types of Salt
Complex salts
● These type of salt are formed by combination of simple salt or
molecular compounds .

● These are stable in solid state as well as retain their identity in

solutions.
Example -
FeSO4 + 6KCN → K4[Fe(CN)6] + K2SO4
(simple salt) (complex salt)

Mixed salts

● The salt which furnishes more than one cation (excluding H+)
or more than one anion (excluding OH- ) when dissolved in
water .
Example - Ca(OCl)Cl, NaKSO4, NaNH4HPO4
The mixed salt among the following is -

CHOHCOOK

ㅡ
A
CHOHCOONa

B NaKSO 4

C CaOCl 2

D All of these
The mixed salt among the following is -

CHOHCOOK

ㅡ
A
CHOHCOONa

B NaKSO 4

C CaOCl 2

D All of these
The mixed salt among the following is -

Solution

A mixed salt is one which furnishes two types of cations or anions.

Q. Mg(OH)Cl is an example of -

A Acidic salt

B Basic salt

C Neutral salt

D Amphoteric salt
Q. Mg(OH)Cl is an example of -

A Acidic salt

B Basic salt

C Neutral salt

D Amphoteric salt
Q. Mg(OH)Cl is an example of -

Solution

Mg(OH)Cl

A basic salt has one or more replaceable OH in it.

Salt Hydrolysis

● Salt hydrolysis is a reverse of neutralisation

Salt + water ⇌acid + base
● When salt is added to water , the solid salt first
dissolve and breaks into ions completely
● When cation react with water always produce H3O+
ions .
● When anion react with water will produce OH- ions.
Salt Hydrolysis

● Depending upon the extent of hydrolysis and on

amounts of H3O+ and OH- ions the solution can be acidic
, basic or neutral.

● If salt is BA then-

● BA (s) ⟶ BA(aq) ⟶ B+ (aq) + A-(aq)

A- (aq) + H2O(l) ⇌HA(aq) + OH- (aq) (anionic hydrolysis )
B+(aq) + 2H2O(l) ⇌BOH (aq) + H3O+ (cationic hydrolysis )
Salt Hydrolysis

There are four types of salt.

(1) Salt of strong acid and strong base

(1) Salt of strong acid and weak base

(1) Salt of weak acid and strong base

(1) Salt of weak acid and weakbase

Salt of strong acid and strong base

● The cations of strong bases (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , and anions

of strong acids (Cl- , Br- , NO-3 ) simply get hydrated but
do not hydrolysis.

● Neither of the ion will undergo hydrolysis so the

solution contain only the equilibrium of ionization of
water

● 2H2O(l) ⇌H3O+ +OH-

● Therefore the solutions of salts formed from strong

acids and bases are neutral .

● Thus , the pH of solution will be 7 (neutral solution )

Salt of strong acid and weak base

● The example can be NH4Cl , (NH4)2 SO4 , AlCl3

● Only cation will undergo hydrolysis and the solution will be acidic
For example in the solution of NH4Cl of concentration C

NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H+

t=0 c 0 0 0
at eq. c(1-h) ch ch (h - degree of hydrolysis)

= called hydrolysis constant of the salt

Salt of strong acid and weak base

From above equation K h ｘK b =

Kw
NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H+
t=0 c 0 0 0
at eq. c(1-h) ch ch
Salt of weak acid and strong base

● The example can be CH3COONa, KCN , Na2C2O4 ,K3PO4

● Only anion will undergo hydrolysis and the solution will be basic
For example in solution of CH3COONa concentration C
Salt of weak acid and strong base

From above equation kh x ka = kw

Salt of weak acid and weak base

● The example can include - CH3COONH4 , NH4CN ,

Ca(CH3COO)2, MgC2O4

● Both cation and anion will undergo hydrolysis

Salt of weak acid and weak base

H2O ⇌H+ + OH- Kw = [H+] [OH-] ……………..(iv)

From equation (i) , (ii), (iii) and (iv)

K h ｘ K a ｘ K b = Kw

From equation (ii)

The pKa of a weak acid HA, is 4.80. The pKb of a weak
base. BOH, is 4.78. The pH of an aqueous solution of the
corresponding salt, BA, will be -

A 9.22

B 9.58

C 4 .79

D 7.01
The pKa of a weak acid HA, is 4.80. The pKb of a weak
base. BOH, is 4.78. The pH of an aqueous solution of the
corresponding salt, BA, will be -

A 9.22

B 9.58

C 4 .79

D 7.01
The pKa of a weak acid HA, is 4.80. The pKb of a weak
base. BOH, is 4.78. The pH of an aqueous solution of the
corresponding salt, BA, will be -

Solution B+ + A- + H2O ⇌BOH +HA

1-h 1-h h h
HA ⇌H+ + A-
In the hydrolytic equilibrium,
A- +H2O ⇌HA +OH-
Ka = 1.0ｘ10-5. The degree of hydrolysis of 0.001 M solution of
the salt is -

A 10-3

B 10 -4

C 10 -5

D 10 -6
In the hydrolytic equilibrium,
A- +H2O ⇌HA +OH-
Ka = 1.0ｘ10-5. The degree of hydrolysis of 0.001 M solution of
the salt is -

A 10-3

B 10 -4

C 10 -5

D 10 -6
In the hydrolytic equilibrium,
A- +H2O ⇌HA +OH-
Ka = 1.0ｘ10-5. The degree of hydrolysis of 0.001 M solution of
the salt is -

Solution
Q. The ionization constant of ammonium hydroxide is
1.77ｘ10-5at 298 K. Hydrolysis constant of ammonium
chloride is -

A 5.65ｘ10 -
12

B 5.65ｘ10 -
10

C 6.50ｘ10 -
12

D 5.65ｘ10 -
13
Q. The ionization constant of ammonium hydroxide is
1.77ｘ10-5at 298 K. Hydrolysis constant of ammonium
chloride is -

A 5.65ｘ10 -
12

B 5.65ｘ10 -
10

C 6.50ｘ10 -
12

D 5.65ｘ10 -
13
Q. The ionization constant of ammonium
hydroxide is 1.77ｘ10-5at 298 K. Hydrolysis constant of
ammonium chloride is -

Solution
Q. pH for the solution of salt undergoing anionic
hydrolysis (CH3COONa) is given by -

D None of the above

Q. pH for the solution of salt undergoing anionic
hydrolysis (CH3COONa) is given by -

D None of the above

Q. pH for the solution of salt undergoing anionic
hydrolysis (CH3COONa) is given by -

Solution
Q. Which salt undergoes hydrolysis?

A CH 3 COONa

B KNO3

C NaCl

D K2SO4
Q. Which salt undergoes hydrolysis?

A CH 3 COONa

B KNO3

C NaCl

D K2SO4
Q. Which salt undergoes hydrolysis?

Solution

Salts of strong acid and strong base do not undergo

hydrolysis.
CH3COONa is a salt of weak acid with strongbase
which hydrolysis.
Q. The dissociation constant of HCN is 1.3ｘ10-19. The
value of hydrolysis constant of KCN will be -

A 1.3ｘ10 -
9

B 10-14

C 7.7ｘ10 -
5

D 0.77ｘ10 -
5
Q. The dissociation constant of HCN is 1.3ｘ10-19. The
value of hydrolysis constant of KCN will be -

A 1.3ｘ10 -
9

B 10-14

C 7.7ｘ10 -
5

D 0.77ｘ10 -
5
Q. The dissociation constant of HCN is 1.3ｘ10-19. The
value of hydrolysis constant of KCN will be -

Solution
The pKa of CH3COOH and pKb of NH4OH is 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of ammonium
acetate (CH3COONH4) at 298 K and also the degree of
hydrolysis and pH of its (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.04 M solutions.
The pKa of CH3COOH and pKb of NH4OH is 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of ammonium
acetate (CH3COONH4) at 298 K and also the degree of
hydrolysis and pH of its (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.04 M solutions.

Solution
Ka = antilog (-4.76) = aㅡntilog[(- 4 - 0.76 + 1 - 1)]
= 5.24)]
= 1.74ｘ10-5
Kb = antilog(-4.75) = a ntilog[(-4 -0.75 + 1 - 1)
ㅡ
= 5.25] = 1.77ｘ10-5

Since, Kh is small, and (1 - h) ≃ 1.

The pKa of CH3COOH and pKb of NH4OH is 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of ammonium
acetate (CH3COONH4) at 298 K and also the degree of
hydrolysis and pH of its (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.04 M solutions.
The pKa of CH3COOH and pKb of NH4OH is 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of ammonium
acetate (CH3COONH4) at 298 K and also the degree of
hydrolysis and pH of its (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.04 M solutions.

Solution

The degree of hydrolysis (h) and the pH are independent of

concentration and thus pH of 0.01 M and 0.04 solutions of
CH3COONH4 is same.
So pH = 7.005.
The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of NH4OH are 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
 The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of NH4OH are 4.76 and 4.75,
respectively. Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.

Solution

Acetic acid and NH4OH are weak acid (WA) and weak base (WB)
respectively.
When they combine a salt of ammonium acetate is formed.

So by using hydrolysis equation for salts of WA and WB.

Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of a mixture of aniline and
acetic acid each of them being 0.01M.
Ka of acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 and Kb of aniline = 4.5ｘ10-10. Also
calculate pH of themixture.
 Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of a mixture of aniline and
acetic acid each of them being 0.01M.
Ka of acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 and Kb of aniline = 4.5ｘ10-10. Also
calculate pH of themixture.

Solution -
when we mix equal concentrations of aniline and acetic acid, they will neutralise
other to form acetanilide (salt).
The salt is of weak base and weak acid, so hydrolysis takes place.
C6C5NH2 + CH3COOH ⇌C6H5NHCOCH3 +H2O

The degree of hydrolysis of the salt of weak acid and weak base is given by -
Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of a mixture of aniline and
acetic acid each of them being 0.01M.
Ka of acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 and Kb of aniline = 4.5ｘ10-10.Also
calculate pH of the mixture
 Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of a mixture of aniline and
acetic acid each of them being 0.01M.
Ka of acetic acid = 1.8ｘ10-5 and Kb of aniline = 4.5ｘ10-10.Also
calculate pH of the mixture

Solution -

However the pH of solution can be calculated by using the standard result -

Calculate pH of M/100 solution of CH3COONa at 25oC where Ka
of CH3COOH is 2.0ｘ10-5. (pKa =4.7
 Calculate pH of M/100 solution of CH3COONa at 25oC where Ka
of CH3COOH is 2.0ｘ10-5. (pKa =4.7

Solution -

It is salt of WAand SB (pKa =4.7)

Calculate pH of M/100 solution of NH4Cl at 25oC where Kb for
NH4OH is 2.0ｘ10-5. (pKb =4.7)
Calculate pH of M/100 solution of NH4Cl at 25oC where Kb for
NH4OH is 2.0ｘ10-5. (pKb =4.7)

Solution -
It is salt of W B and S A (pKb =4.7)
 Buffer solution
The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small
amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer Solutions.

Types of buffer solution

Acidic buffer Basic buffer

● Buffer solution which has pH < 7
● It is prepared by mixing weak acid
and its salt with strong base.
Example -
CH3COOH + CH3COONa
● Buffer solution which has pH > 7
● It is prepared by mixing weak base
and its salt with strong acid.
Example -
NH4OH+ NH4Cl
Acidic buffer
It is prepared by weak acid and its salt with a strong base
if the weak acid HA ionises in water,

Rearranging the expression

Taking -ve logarithm on both side

Acidic buffer

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

Acidic buffer

Most of the conjugate base comes from ionisation of salts of the acid

If [Salt] = [Acid] then, log 1 = 0

In a buffer solution consisting of a weak acid and its
conjugate base, the ratio of concentration of conjugate
base to acid is increased tenfold; then the pH of the
solution will be -

A Increase by one

B Increased tenfold

C Decrease by one

D Decrease tenfold
In a buffer solution consisting of a weak acid and its
conjugate base, the ratio of concentration of conjugate
base to acid is increased tenfold; then the pH of the
solution will be -

A Increase by one

B Increased tenfold

C Decrease by one

D Decrease tenfold
In a buffer solution consisting of a weak acid and its
conjugate base, the ratio of concentration of conjugate
base to acid is increased tenfold; then the pH of the
solution will be -
Solution
Henderson Hasselbalch equation

[C.B.]
= 10 log10 =1
[Acid]

pH = pKa + 1

pH of the solution will be Increase by one

A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 10 mL of 1.0 M
acetic acid and 20 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate and then
diluted to 100 mL with distilled water. If the pKa of
CH3COOH is 4.76, what is the pH of the buffer solution
prepared?
A 5.21

B 4 .76

C 4 .34

D 5.21
A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 10 mL of 1.0 M
acetic acid and 20 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate and then
diluted to 100 mL with distilled water. If the pKa of
CH3COOH is 4.76, what is the pH of the buffer solution
prepared?
A 5.21

B 4 .76

C 4 .34

D 5.21
A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 10 mL of 1.0 M
acetic acid and 20 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate and then
diluted to 100 mL with distilled water. If the pKa of
CH3COOH is 4.76, what is the pH of the buffer solution
prepared?

Solution
[Conjugate base]
pH = pKa + log [Acid]
20 ⨉0.5 10 ⨉1
[Conjugate base] = ;[Acid] = 30
30
1
∴ pH = 4.76 + log 1 = 4.76
Q. For preparing a buffer solution of pH 6 by
mixing sodium acetate and acetic acid, the ratio of
concentration of salt and acid (Ka =10-5) should be -

A 1: 10

B 10 :1

C 100 :1

D 1: 100
Q. For preparing a buffer solution of pH 6 by
mixing sodium acetate and acetic acid, the ratio of
concentration of salt and acid (Ka =10-5) should be -

A 1: 10

B 10 :1

C 100 :1

D 1: 100
Q. For preparing a buffer solution of pH 6 by
mixing sodium acetate and acetic acid, the ratio of
concentration of salt and acid (Ka =10-5) should be -

Solution
[Conjugate base]
pH = pKa + log
[Acid]
10
= 5 + log if [Conjugate base]/[Acid] = 10 : 1,
1

Then pH = 6.
Q. A buffer mixture of acetic acid and potassium
acetate has pH = 5.24. The ratio of [CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH]
in this buffer is (pKa =4.74) -

A 3:1

B 1: 3

C 1: 1

D 1: 2
Q. A buffer mixture of acetic acid and potassium
acetate has pH = 5.24. The ratio of [CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH]
in this buffer is (pKa =4.74) -

A 3:1

B 1: 3

C 1: 1

D 1: 2
Q. A buffer mixture of acetic acid and potassium
acetate has pH = 5.24. The ratio of [CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH]
in this buffer is (pKa =4.74) -

Solution
[Conjugate base]
pH = pKa + log [Acid]
[Conjugate base]
5.24 = 4.74 + log [Acid]
[Conjugate base]
∴ =
3. [Acid]
Basic buffer
It is prepared by weak base and its salt with a strong acid
if the weak base BOH ionises in water,

Rearranging the expression

Taking -ve logarithm on bothside

Basic buffer

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

 Basic buffer

Most of the conjugate acid comes from ionisation of salts of the base
Which can act as buffer?

A NH 4 Cl + NH4OH

B CH3COOH + CH3COONa

C 4 0 mL of 0.1 M NaCN + 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl

D All of the above

Which can act as buffer?

A NH 4 Cl + NH4OH

B CH3COOH + CH3COONa

C 4 0 mL of 0.1 M NaCN + 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl

D All of the above

Which can act as buffer?

Solution
(a) NH4Cl + NH4OH (it is a mixture of weak base and salt
with strong acid which acts as buffer)

(b)CH3COOH + CH3COONa (It is a mixture of weak acid and salt

with strong base which acts as buffer)

(c)NaCN (4 millimole) and HCl (2 millimole) on reaction give

2 millimole of HCN and 2 millimole of NaCN are left which
acts as buffer.
Q. When 1.0 mL of dil. HCl acid is added to 100 mL
of a buffer solution of pH 4.0, the pH of the solution -

A Becomes 7

B Does not change

C Becomes 2

D Becomes 10
Q. When 1.0 mL of dil. HCl acid is added to 100 mL
of a buffer solution of pH 4.0, the pH of the solution -

A Becomes 7

B Does not change

C Becomes 2

D Becomes 10
Q. When 1.0 mL of dil. HCl acid is added to 100 mL
of a buffer solution of pH 4.0, the pH of the solution -

Solution

Buffer solutions do not change their pH on addition of small

amount of acid or base.
Buffer capacity (𝛃)

● The property of buffer solution to resist a change in pH is

known as buffer capacity

● It is defined as the number of moles of acids or bases

added in one litre of solution to change the pH by unity.

𝛃 = Moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer

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